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发表于 2005-8-21 11:03:01 |只看该作者 |倒序浏览

88 The following appeared in a newsletter about health published in the country of Sauria.
"According to Sauria's leading nutritional experts, a diet high in complex carbohydrates, and low in fat is optimal for good health and longevity. Because this was the diet of the people who lived in ancient Sauria, one would expect them to have had long and healthy lives. Yet the mummified remains of Sauria's ruling classes from two to three thousand years ago show the existence of many medical problems among the ancient Saurians, including dental problems, elevated blood pressure, obesity, heart disease, and early mortality. Clearly, the diet of the ancient Saurians was responsible for these problems. The high incidence of high blood pressure, obesity, and heart disease in Sauria today even among those who have tried low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets further proves that Sauria's leading nutritional experts are wrong."寄托家园
根据Sauria的权威营养专家的看法，碳水化合物含量高而脂肪含量低的饮食对于健康和长寿是最为有利的。由于古代Sauria的居民所吃的就是这类饮食，我们可以推测他们应该健康而且长寿。然而一两千年前Sauria统治阶级的木乃伊残骸显示古代Sauria人存在很多疾病，包括牙齿疾患，高血压，肥胖，心脏病和早夭。显然，古代Sauria人的饮食是这些疾患的原因。今天Sauria那些既便尝试了低脂肪高碳水化合物饮食的人中也存在的高血压，肥胖和心脏病的较高发病率进一步证明了Sauria权威营养学家是错误的。

提纲：1. 本文未考虑其他方面，其中包括这些木乃伊是否限制在一定的地区或性别?是否统治阶级的健康问题适用于大多数古代Sauria人，他们的饮食是否相同等;即使他们的饮食相同，他们的生活习惯是否相同？
2. 这些疾病的存在并不意味着古代Sauria人不健康和长寿，也许他们是在晚年才得的这些病。或者是其他因素导致了这些疾病。
3. 对现代人的较高发病率的调查缺少相关信息，如多少人参加了调查？调查是不是限制在某一特定地区？什么时候他们尝试健康饮食？多少人得病之后才开始健康饮食？

正文

While Sauria’s leading nutritional experts seems wrong based on these health problems of ancient Saurians, the argument contains several facets that are questionable. I will discuss them in turn.

Firstly, in evaluating the evidence of the survey, one must consider how broad the survey. Perhaps these mummified remains were limited to a particular area or gender. And the argument apparently fails to consider whether these medical problems of Sauria’s ruling classes occurred in most ancient Saurians. It is highly possible that different from Sauria’s ruling classes in diet, most ancient common people escaped from these health problems. Hence, the generalization drawn might not apply to the common people. In addition, even if their diet is the same, one must consider whether there are other possible alternatives for ruling classes to having these diseases, from which the common people might not suffer. Such alternatives may conclude the fact that ruling classes were addictive to smoking, drugs and drinking, as well as sleeping lately, or that populace had to engage in the physical work to make a live. Factors such as these could explain the survey results and could undermine the generalization of the survey results.

Moreover, even if one accepts the existence of these medical problems among the ancient Saurians, the argument remains questionable. The argument assumes that the existence of these problems doesn’t mean good health and longevity. However, it is largely possible that the ancient Saurians had a long life span and affected one or several of these problems at the end of life, so can we think the ancient Saurians didn’t experienced long and health lives? Again, the diet is only one of many factors which lead to the health problems. Perhaps the ancient Saurians lack the necessary and basic commen sense to protect the healthy and resist the diseases because of poor knowledge. If the argument convinces us, it should provide sufficient evidence to support the conclusion.

Finally, what about that high incidence of these healthy problems in Sauria today? Is survey limited to a few people in a certain area? When do the survey respondents begin to have tried low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets? How many respondents have had these problems before they tried the diets? A more specific statement about high incidence of these medical problems is needed in order to make the argument forceful.

In conclusion, the argument, while it seems logical at first, has several flaws as discussed above. The argument could be improved by providing evidence on reliability and generalization of the survey. It could be further improved by evaluating all possible alternatives.