[主题活动] 【clover】 106G Issue& Argument outline by 九天揽月 [复制链接]

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146

9"Academic disciplines have become so specialized in recent years that scholars' ideas reach only a narrow audience. Until scholars can reach a wider audience, their ideas will have little use."

Introduction: Nowadays specialization of academic disciplines is unavoidable on account of the knowledge bombardment and deep social division of labor. Although specialization may decline the influence of specific area, however, it is undoubtedly that when scholars focus on a narrow field, they may make more contributions to it. Thus as long as the goals of academic disciplines are to serve the whole society, even though fewer audiences could reach them, the ideas are also useful.

1. Academic disciplines specialization is an inevitable result of division of labor in society and the rapid increase of knowledge. The industry revolution has brought human society dramatic changes during the past centuries, which promoted the highly development of science and technology to a large extent. That causes various kinds of jobs which require specific knowledge and skill. At the same time, humankind is confronted with overload information which is difficult to absorb and tackle with completely. As the accumulated knowledge is sufficient and we are on the way of exploring the essence of many things, it is necessary to devote to a narrow area.

2. Specialization is advantageous in a myriad of aspects in the academic area and our society. First, scholars could accomplish a single goal by deep research. Second, it is possible to explore a broader area to add knowledge.

3. Over-specialization may lead to the separation of scholars from different fields and as they have little knowledge in other fields, they may lack of effective communication, and can hardly do a favor to other fields.

4. However, the value of academic doesn’t lie in whether it is specific or how much it can attract audience but what it can contribute to the progress of society. Such as nano-material, few people understand the very principles of it, however it is still useful. On the other hand, the response of populace is not always positive for the research which perhaps obstacle the progress of science. Such as the resistance of abuse of animals in biological experiments. Moreover, even if an idea is known by a large number of people, it may not be useful. Such as pseudoscience. Therefore, what scholars should concern about their research is not the react of the populace if the research itself is valuable, otherwise it may obstruct the progress of academy.

Conclusion: As long as the academic disciplines aim at promoting the society in the right way, specialization will be useful to the academy and society if not every individual.

147

12"People's attitudes are determined more by their immediate situation or surroundings than by any internal characteristic."

Terminology: attitudes

A: internal characteristic

B: immediate situation, surroundings

内因与外因

Introduction:

People’s perspective toward a specified target and way of saying and doing things seem to vary under different situations. However, the internal characteristic, which formed through the process of one’s early life, more likely to determine the essence of one’s behavior.

人们对特定事物的看法及言行的方式表面上看来似乎随情况的不同而发生变化，但实际上，人的态度行为本质上是受内在性格的引导的，外在环境可能对其产生推动或限制的作用。

1.态度是一个人内在价值观、人生观、世界观的外在反映，而一个人的价值观等根本上是受遗传影响的。比如具有暴力倾向的人可能是因为父母的性格遗传影响，如暴力基因等，遗传因素在某种程度上决定了我们的性格。

2.后天环境对我们性格的形成也具有作用，比如社会环境、家庭等，对我们的性格改变有一定影响。

3.然而即使是在同一情况下，人们对同一件事采取的态度也可能不同。比如乐观与悲观的人对待事物的不同态度就是受性格影响。比如在地震中，面对灾难，不同性格的人会选择逃命，但是性格坚强的人在面对危险时会更顽强更有韧劲，而性格懦弱的人可能会失去希望。

148

37"In most societies, competition generally has more of a negative than a positive effect."

1. When there is no regulation of it in the society, competition may be more harmful than beneficial. Such as military competition, over-competition, illegal competition do harm to the society.

2. Justified competition is more advantageous than disadvantageous which will promote the development of society.

3. Without competition societies may regress.

4. The most important is to employ the legal competition while regular the illegal.

149

57"The depth of knowledge to be gained from books is much richer and broader than what can be learned from direct experience."

Introduction:

Knowledge generally includes two parts, direct and indirect. From books we can learn the indirect knowledge broadly and systematically, while from experience the direct knowledge is impressive and can testify the knowledge from books.

1. The direct knowledge from experience is impressive. Make comparisons, such as tourism and magazine, theory and experiments. While there are something from books can’t be taken into practice, that’s why we need to learn abstract theories from books.

2. The indirect knowledge from books is systematic and complicated, beyond the limitation of time and space.

3. Practice and experience can broaden and complete the knowledge from books.

Conclusion: In sum, the knowledge from books is systematic and broad, while we also need to practice in real life to testify and complete it.

150

75"The people who make important contributions to society are generally not those who develop their own new ideas, but those who are most gifted at perceiving and coordinating the talents and skills of others."

Introduction:

Is it true that creative people can make less important contributions than gifted organizers? If it is towards the politics and business I can agree with to some extent. However, when it comes to science and art, the result is perhaps the opposite.

1.It is undoubtedly that in politics those who make important contributions to society are the ones can utilize others’ talents and skills. From historical events to contemporary affairs there are a myriad of examples. Churchill was just a typical instance. During the World War Two, when England was faced with the attack of Nazi, Churchill, then the premier, calling on the whole country to unite and fight for the victory, finally won the battle. It is because the one who can perceive others talents and skills is able to make the maximum usage to serve for the whole society. By contrast, those only develop their own ideas may be unable to appeal to the public, and then one may not make better contributions.

2. As for the management in business, one needs more talent to perceive others and organize them to survive in the competition. Ford.

3.However, when it comes to science, which requires more personal creativity, significant devotion may be contributed to the creative ones. Since in scientific research, it needs individual originality to obtain important discoveries. Faraday. Although nearly every new achievement is based on the ones in the past. However, compared with utility of them, one’s own new idea is more important to the contribution. Without innovative ideas of one’s own, one may just repeat others.

4Art is especially needed individuals who can develop one’s own innovative ideas and convey them skillfully. Mozart.

Conclusion: In conclusion, when it is in politics and business world, employing of others’ talents and experience may be useful to obtain more important devotion than those only develop ones’ own. While in science and art, those who are creative can do more contributions.