原创 <逻辑> 难题解析 -- 001

chairmanmaoUID: 3420525

Whenever a major political scandal erupts before an election and voters blame the scandal on all parties about equally, virtually all incumbents, from whatever party, seeking reelection are returned to office. However, when voters blame such a scandal on only one party, incumbents from that party are likely to be defeated by challengers from other parties. The proportion of incumbents who seek reelection is high and remarkably constant from election to election.

Q: if the voters’ reactions are guided by a principle, which one of the following principals would best account for the contrast described above?

a.        Whenever one incumbent is responsible for one major political scandal and another incumbent is responsible for another, the consequences for the two incumbents should be the same.
b.        When a major political scandal is blamed on incumbents from all parties, the judgment is more accurate than any judgment that incumbents from only one party are to blame.
c.        Incumbents who are rightly blamed for a major political scandal should not seek reelection, but if they do, they should not be returned to office.
d.        Major political scandals can practically always be blamed on incumbents, but whether those incumbents should be voted out of office depends on who their challengers are.
e.        When major political scandals are less the responsibility of individual incumbents than of the parties to which they belong, whatever party was responsible should be penalized when possible.

解析：
第一句话断句比较难，主要成分应该是all incumbents are returned to office，第一个逗号前面都是从句，不要误把equally 和 virtually 连读。
A没有方向判断，假如responsible的consequence是不能return to office，那么这个consequence就会和第一句话产生矛盾。
B方向错误。如果当所有party的incumbents都对scandal负责这个判断更加精准(accurate)的话，all incumbents from all parties不应该return to office，与文章相反。
C方向错误。如果blame for scandal de incumbents不能参选，或者即使参选也不能Return to office的话，那么第一句话的virtually all incumbents, seeking reelection are returned to office就不能成立，与题干矛盾。
D正确，前半句话排除了judgment和party的相关性，而指明political scandal永远能怪罪到incumbent头上，但是这些responsible的incumbents是否能return to office要由challengers决定，假如所有的incumbents都有责任，那大家扯平，因为这时候challenger也有责任，但假如只有一个party的incumbents有责任，这时他们的challenger没有责任，那么，高下立判，有责任的incumbents要出局。
E无关信息。看似正确，但是文中没有提到only one party is responsible的时候到底是party更responsible还是incumbents更responsible