年底大贴——TPO阅读疑难问题汇总解答

sy222650UID：2416719

TPo12 Which Hand Did They Use?

5题

原文中
1.one also has to make the assumption that hands were stenciled palm downward--a left hand stenciled palm upward might of course look as if it were a right hand.

2. Toth's knapping produced 56percent flakes with the cortex on the right, and 44 percent left-oriented flakes.

这两句始终不能完全理解，请LZ赐教

jiang08UID：2391146

楼主麻烦下，再翻下这句：
% k( [4 Y2 N; t
An Amsterdam merchant purchasing soap from a merchant in Marseille could go to an exchanger and pay the exchanger the equivalent sum in guilders, the Dutch currency. The exchanger would then send a bill of exchange to a colleague in Marseille, authorizing the colleague to pay the Marseille merchant in the merchant`s own currency after the actual exchange of goods had taken place.
gexuming 发表于 2009-12-26 17:03

A城商人若要从M城商人那里买肥皂，可以前往一个exchanger那里，付给他A城汇率所需要的价钱。（当中没有写的情节应该是肥皂被送到A城商人手上）然后exchanger把帐单给他在M城的同事，该同事可以用M城汇率的价钱付给M城那个商人。

jiang08UID：2391146

楼主又好久没来了…………
TPO11 Ancient Egyptian Sculpture

In order to understand ancient Egyptian art, it is vital to know as much as possible of the elite Egyptian view of the world and the function and contexts of the art produced for them. Without this knowledge, we can appreciate only the formal content of Egyptian art, and we will fail to understand why it was produced or the concepts that shaped it and caused it to adopt its distinctive forms. In fact, a lack of understanding concerning the purposes of Egyptian art has often let it to be compared unfavorably with the art of other cultures: why did the Egyptians not develop sculpture in which the body turned and twisted through space like classical Greek statuary? Why do the artists seem to get left and right confused? And why did they not discover the geometric perspective as European artists did in the Renaissance? The answer to such question has nothing to do with a lack of skill or imagination on the part of Egyptian artists and everything to do with the purposes for which they were producing their art

2. paragraph 1 suggests that one reason Egyptian art is viewed less favorably than other art is that Egyptian art lacks.
○ a realistic sense of human body proportion.
○ a focus on distinctive forms of varying sizes.
○ the originality of European art.
○ the capacity to show the human body in motion

这道题，我没有看出哪个答案正确哦。文中可以定位。问less favorably than other 第二处红色有显著的compared unfavorably 对应，再理解前面的，就是应为没有理解它的目的，所以不能明白为什么采用特殊的形式。也正因为没有理解，才导致于别的ART相比unfavorably。
不知道对不对？

如果对的话，那答案给的D，说不能表现出人的一种趋势或行动……有关吗？
觉得答案应该是缺少理解之类的吧。
gexuming 发表于 2010-1-2 16:50

对不住阿 前些天实在没空………………等会给大家加钱谢罪。。。OJZ

仔细读题干：埃及艺术不被好评的一个原因。而不是the reason。后者就是你说得 没有理解艺术的目的。而题目要问的，是冒号后面的部分。从这几个问句里找和选项意思一致的。蓝字部分=选项D
或者看其它选项 都是细节的内容 可见不是定位在红字部分

jiang08UID：2391146

想念楼主了 楼主快来啊
tpo10 Seventeenth-Century European Economic Growth
Paragraph 1：In the late sixteenth century and into the seventeenth, Europe continued the growth that had lifted it out of the relatively less prosperous medieval period (from the mid 400s to the late 1400s). Among the key factors behind this growth were increased agricultural productivity and an expansion of trade.9 H0 O( ~8 i: X$ b* p* I8 t
" E8 R1 M3 \; @+ b
1. According to paragraph 1, what was true of Europe during the medieval period?
○ Agricultural productivity declined.* d, D3 E: T3 Y9 @/ D9 A
○ There was relatively little economic growth.
○ The general level of prosperity declined.
○ Foreign trade began to play an important role in the economy.6 z! b7 D0 o, E/ d
本题很迷惑 3和4为什么不行 prosperity和trade文中都有啊 是我理解的不够准？总是有偏差
伟大的战士 发表于 2010-1-3 13:50

来了来了 加分谢罪

要注意看完整的句子，不能看到一样的词就认为是对的。
题目在问中世纪，于是句子定位在红字部分。
而后面一句不是在说中世纪了，behind this growth表明回到了第一句说得17世纪的growth。
C：文中是说中世纪不太富裕，并没有说富裕程度降低（和中世纪之前的时间相比）。
D：首先文中没有提到foreign trade， 只是说trade expanded。其次这是在说17世纪，而不是中世纪。

gexumingUID：2649471

Paragraph 5：Primary groups are fundamental to us and to society. First, primary groups are critical to the socialization process. Within them, infants and children are introduced to the ways of their society. Such groups are the breeding grounds in which we acquire the norms and values that equip us for social life. Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger society because they transmit, mediate, and interpret a society's cultural patterns and provide the sense of oneness so critical for social solidarity.

9. This passage is developed primarily by
○ drawing comparisons between theory and practice
○ presenting two opposing theories
○ defining important concepts and providing examples of them
○ discussing causes and their effects

想问下楼主，第九题，是对整篇文章来说的吧？还是定位在第5段里啊？他正好给在第5段下的题目。
如同还有OG里的一道
12. The passage mentions which of the following as a dance of Fuller’s that was set to music?
○Fire Dance
○Radium Dance
○Le Lys de la Vie
○Valse à la Loie

yangzheUID：2733005

楼主快来啊~
TPO8 Running water on Mars?

   Paragraph 2 Outflow channels are probably relics of catastrophic flooding on Mars long ago. They appear only in equatorial regions and generally do not form extensive interconnected networks. Instead, they are probably the paths taken by huge volumes of water draining from the southern highlands into the northern plains. The onrushing water arising from these flash floods likely also formed the odd teardrop-shaped “islands” (resembling the miniature versions seen in the wet sand of our beaches at low tide) that have been found on the plains close to the ends of the outflow channels. Judging from the width and depth of the channels, the flow rates must have been truly enormous―perhaps as much as a hundred times greater than the 105 tons per second carried by the great Amazon river. Flooding shaped the outflow channels approximately 3 billion years ago, about the same times as the northern volcanic plains formed.

6. According to paragraph 2, all of the following are true of the outflow channels on Mars EXCEPT:
􀂅
They formed at around the same time that volcanic activity was occurring on the northern plains.
􀂅
They are found only on certain parts of the Martian surface.
􀂅
They sometimes empty onto what appear to have once been the wet sands of tidal beaches.
􀂅
They are thought to have carried water northward from the equatorial regions
我选的是A 答案是C  我觉得A不对 应为本段最后一句说的是火山刚好形成 而选项里说的是 火山开始活动。

Paragraph 3 Some scientists speculate that Mars may have enjoyed an extended early Period during which rivers, lakes, and perhaps even oceans adorned its surface. A 2003 Mars Global Surveyor image shows what mission specialists think may be a delta―a fan-shaped network of channels and sediments where a river once flowed into a larger body of water, in this case a lake filling a crater in the southern highlands. Other researchers go even further, suggesting that the data provide evidence for large open expenses of water on the early Martian surface. A computer-generated view of the Martian north polar region shows the extent of what may have been an ancient ocean covering much of the northern lowlands. The Hellas Basin, which measures some 3,000 kilometers across and has a floor that lies nearly 9 kilometers below the basin’s rim, is another candidate for an ancient Martian sea.

8. According to paragraph 3, images of Mars’ surface have been interpreted as support for the idea that
􀂅
the polar regions of Mars were once more extensive than they are now
􀂅
a large part of the northern lowlands may once have been under water
􀂅
deltas were once a common feature of the Martian landscape
􀂅
the shape of the Hellas Basin has changed considerably over time
这个不明白为什么选B 我觉得C也可以。 谢谢楼主啦~

gexumingUID：2649471

TPO13 这篇还有几处读的不是很懂，请帮忙翻译下，谢谢。

1：Third, primary groups are fundamental because they serve as powerful instruments for social control. Their members command and dispense many of the rewards that are so vital to us and that make our lives seem worthwhile. Should the use of rewards fail, members can frequently win by rejecting or threatening to ostracize those who deviate from the primary group's norms. For instance, some social groups employ shunning (a person can remain in the community, but others are forbidden to interact with the person) as a device to bring into line individuals whose behavior goes beyond that allowed by the particular group. ……
红色处这句，
2：Paragraph 3：Sociologists have built on the distinction between expressive and instrumental ties to distinguish between two types of groups: primary and secondary. A primary group involves two or more people who enjoy a direct, intimate, cohesive relationship with one another. Expressive ties predominate in primary groups; we view the people as ends in themselves and valuable in their own right. A secondary group entails two or more people who are involved in an impersonal relationship and have come together for a specific, practical purpose. Instrumental ties predominate in secondary groups; we perceive people as means to ends rather than as ends in their own right. Sometimes primary group relationships evolve out of secondary group relationships. This happens in many work settings. People on the job often develop close relationships with coworkers as they come to share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfactions.

3：People are bound within relationships by two types of bonds: expressive ties and instrumental ties. Expressive ties are social links formed when we emotionally invest ourselves in and commit ourselves to other people. Through association with people who are meaningful to us, we achieve a sense of security, love, acceptance, companionship, and personal worth. Instrumental ties are social links formed when we cooperate with other people to achieve some goal. Occasionally, this may mean working with instead of against competitors. More often, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without endowing the relationship with any larger significance.

谢谢

flash523UID：2520230

Groundwater (TPO1)
Paragraph 2: The necessary space is there, however, in many forms. The commonest spaces are those among the particles—sand grains and tiny pebbles—of loose, unconsolidated sand and gravel. Beds of this material, out of sight beneath the soil, are common. They are found wherever fast rivers carrying loads of coarse sediment once flowed. For example, as the great ice sheets that covered North America during the last ice age steadily melted away, huge volumes of water flowed from them. The water was always laden with pebbles, gravel, and sand, known as glacial outwash, that was deposited as the flow slowed down.

4. According to paragraph 2, where is groundwater usually found?
… Inside pieces of sand and gravel这是spaces出现的地方，而不是groundwater，但有spaces就应该有groundwater啊
… On top of beds of rock
… In fast rivers that are flowing beneath the soil
… In spaces between pieces of sediment 根据答案顺序原则，答案应该在 out of sight 与 glacial outwash 之间，故可以选出。
请教楼主AD选项，顺便问下，答案是肯定按顺序的么？

yiqiluUID：2728137

OG，文勇第一篇applied arts and fine arts 第七题，请问选项五为何不对？
        7. An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
       
        This passage discusses fundamental differences between applied-art objects and fine-art objects.
        ●
        ●
        ●
       
        Answer Choices
        ○The fine arts are only affected by the laws of physics because of the limitations of the materials that are used.
        ○ Applied-art objects are bound by the laws of physics in two ways: by the materials used to make them, and the function they are to serve.
        ○ Crafts are known as "applied arts" because it used to be common to think of them in terms of their function.
        ○ In the fine arts, artists must work to overcome the limitations of their materials, but in the applied arts, artists work in concert with their materials.
        ○Making fine-art objects stable requires an understanding of the properties of mass, weight, distribution, and stress.
        ○In the twentieth century, artists working in the fine arts often treat materials in new ways whereas applied arts specialists continue to think of crafts in terms of function.

ruirui_hsuUID：2586243

TPO9  THE ARRIVAL OF PLANT LIFE IN HAWAII
Paragraph 2: Spores light enough to float on the breezes were carried thousands of miles from more ancient lands and deposited at random across the bare mountain flanks. A few of these spores found a toehold on the dark, forbidding rocks and grew and began to work their transformation upon the land. Lichens were probably the first successful flora. These are not single individual plants; each one is a symbiotic combination of an alga and a fungus. The algae capture the Sun's energy by photosynthesis and store it in organic molecules. The fungi absorb moisture and mineral salts from the rocks, passing these on in waste products that nourish algae. It is significant that the earliest living things that built communities on these islands are examples of symbiosis , a phenomenon that depends upon the close cooperation of two or more forms of life and a principle that is very important in island communities.

2. It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that the fungi in lichens benefit from their symbiotic relationship with algae in what way?
○The algae help the fungi meet some of their energy needs.
○The algae protect the fungi from the Sun's radiation.
○The algae provide the fungi with greater space for absorbing water.
○The fungi produce less waste in the presence of algae.

这个题出的好诡异 我当时选了D 因为原文中也就waste 出现了还靠点谱才选的
答案却是A 是不是因为题中说的是infer  所以不需要在原文中有明确定位

在之，D项是不是和原文说的不一致？原文说的是fungi排出的waste正好是algae的食物（The fungi absorb moisture and mineral salts from the rocks, passing these on in waste products that nourish algae）， 而不是 D项所说的  produce less （实际上，排出的不少，是因为algae都给吃了。对不？）

求求大家快点解答 快来啊......

ruirui_hsuUID：2586243

TPO8  EXTINCTION OF THE DINOSAURS
Paragraph 4 Dissatisfaction with conventional explanations for dinosaur extinctions led to a surprising observation that, in turn, has suggested a new hypothesis. Many plants and animals disappear abruptly from the fossil record as one moves from layers of rock documenting the end of the Cretaceous up into rocks representing the beginning of the Cenozoic (the era after the Mesozoic). Between the last layer of Cretaceous rock and the first layer of Cenozoic rock, there is often a thin layer of clay. Scientists felt that they could get an idea of how long the extinctions took by determining how long it took to deposit this one centimeter of clay and they thought they could determine the time it took to deposit the clay by determining the amount of the element iridium (lr) it contained.

7. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? In correct choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
○The fossil record suggests that there was an abrupt extinction of many plants and animals at the end of the Mesozoic era.
○Few fossils of the Mesozoic era have survived in the rocks that mark the end of the Cretaceous.
○Fossils from the Cretaceous period of the Mesozoic up to the beginning of the Cenozoic era have been removed from the layers of rock that surrounded them.
○Plants and animals from the Mesozoic era were unable to survive in the Cenozoic era.

答案选A。阴影部分的句子我 前半句理解，从as后面开始就不理解什么意思了 说一个人把一层...移动到了另一层...
我看文勇的翻译是翻译成了：把这层跟另外一层进行比较。 我头晕了move ..up into ...就是作比较？

这个题CD选项很迷惑了。

jiang08UID：2391146

[quote]楼主再不出现 要出人命了 快考试了马上
求助文勇5.3 第40 LOIE FULLER

Paragraph 1: The United States dancer Loie Fuller (1862–1928) found theatrical dance in the late nineteenth century artistically  ...
伟大的战士 发表于 2010-1-5 13:14

z 9 s# {* i1 K7 C* F. F# W7 g

我帮你吧，均是个人意见，有什么不对，欢迎讨论。
Paragraph 1: The United States dancer Loie Fuller (1862–1928) found theatrical dance in the late nineteenth century artistically unfulfilling. She considered herself an artist rather than a mere entertainer, and she, in turn, attracted the notice of other artists。

红色部分你怎么理解的？
对于答案C，文章是一种反语，正式因为她自己觉得自己更是艺术家，来反衬出大众觉得她是entertainer，即答案C。至于答案D，一种新的艺术形式，这个事文章直接告诉你的，不是inffer。（这里可能有更好的解释，欢迎讨论。）

Paragraph 6: At the Paris Exposition in 1900, she had her own theater, where, in addition to her own dances, she presented pantomimes by the Japanese actress Sada Yocco. She assembled an all-female company at this time and established a school around 1908, but neither survived her. Although she is remembered today chiefly for her innovations in stage lighting, her activities also touched Isadora Duncan and Ruth St. Denis, two other United States dancers who were experimenting with new types of dance. She sponsored Duncan’s first appearance in Europe. Her theater at the Paris Exposition was visited by St. Denis, who found new ideas about stagecraft in Fuller’s work and fresh sources for her art in Sada Yocco’s plays. In 1924 St. Denis paid tribute to Fuller with the duet Valse à la Loie.
对于A，很明显一些表演不是F本人，有by the Japanese actress Sada Yocco等，如果这个选项该成：It presented works not only by Fuller .我想你会选吧？
至于B，feature这个你是从哪看出的？还有C，named in honor of Fuller,你又是从哪看出的？
红色处你是怎么理解的？
gexuming 发表于 2010-1-5 20:17 [/quote]

太谢谢了 很赞同你的回答
再补充一点我的理解：
Q1：红字部分的确就是关键。此外，这个应该不算是反语unfulfilling就是贬义的了。fuller觉得19世纪晚期的舞蹈在艺术上不能令她满意。原因就在后面一句说了。D在文中没有提到，new的是fuller的舞蹈，不是19世纪晚期的舞蹈。
QN：A完全赞同。红字部分和D矛盾。survive表示比XX活得长（不好意思 gexuming帮你回答问题了。。。）

jiang08UID：2391146

文勇5.3
41 GREEN ICEBERGS
Paragraph 3: The ice shelf cores, with a total length of 215 meters (705 feet), were long enough to penetrate through glacial ice—which is formed from the compaction of snow and contains air bubbles—and to continue into the clear, bubble-free ice formed from seawater that freezes onto the bottom of the glacial ice. The properties of this clear sea ice were very similar to the ice from the green iceberg. The scientists concluded that green icebergs form when a two-layer block of shelf ice breaks away and capsizes (turns upside down), exposing the bubble-free shelf ice that was formed from seawater.
Paragraph 4: A green iceberg that stranded just west of the Amery Ice Shelf showed two distinct layers: bubbly blue-white ice and bubble-free green ice separated by a one-meter-long ice layer containing sediments. The green ice portion was textured by seawater erosion. Where cracks were present, the color was light green because of light scattering; where no cracks were present, the color was dark green. No air bubbles were present in the green ice, suggesting that the ice was not formed from the compression of snow but instead from the freezing of seawater. Large concentrations of single-celled organisms with green pigments (coloring substances) occur along the edges of the ice shelves in this region, and the seawater is rich in their decomposing organic material. The green iceberg did not contain large amounts of particles from these organisms, but the ice had accumulated dissolved organic matter from the seawater. It appears that unlike salt, dissolved organic substances are not excluded from the ice in the freezing process. Analysis shows that the dissolved organic material absorbs enough blue wavelengths from solar light to make the ice appear green.
5. According to paragraph 4, how is glacial ice formed?
○By the compaction of snow
○By the freezing of seawater on the bottom of ice shelves
○By breaking away from the ice shelf
○By the capsizing of a two-layer block of shelf ice

6. According to paragraph 4, ice shelf cores helped scientists explain the formation of green icebergs by showing that
○the ice at the bottom of green icebergs is bubble-free ice formed from frozen seawater
○bubble-free ice is found at the top of the ice shelf
○glacial ice is lighter and floats better than sea ice
○the clear sea ice at the bottom of the ice shelf is similar to ice from a green iceberg

7. Why does the author mention that “The green ice portion was textured by seawater erosion”?
○To explain why cracks in the iceberg appeared light green instead of dark green
○To suggest that green ice is more easily eroded by seawater than white ice is
○To support the idea that the green ice had been the bottom layer before capsizing
○To explain how the air bubbles had been removed from the green ice
第五题和第六题是不是定位错了 考点应该是从p3出的。
第六题为什么是by showing similar？我觉得文章showing的目的是similar。该如何理解第四选项。

第七题我选的第四个，不明白为何错了，第三个为何对了？
伟大的战士 发表于 2010-1-5 13:15

Q5：我也认为定位在第三段。见红字部分。
Q6：题干by showing that的主语是ice shelf cores。其实这个词组的意思相当于：because。选项D就是蓝字部分。
Q7：选项D：看绿字部分。这两层形成的过程不同，绿色部分是形成的时候就没有bubble，不是被挪走的，文中也没有提到remove。至于C，我个人还是觉得很牵强。欢迎大家探讨。。。。

jiang08UID：2391146

Paragraph 5：Primary groups are fundamental to us and to society. First, primary groups are critical to the socialization process. Within them, infants and children are introduced to the ways of their society. Such groups are the breeding grounds in which we acquire the norms and values that equip us for social life. Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger society because they transmit, mediate, and interpret a society's cultural patterns and provide the sense of oneness so critical for social solidarity.

9. This passage is developed primarily by
○ drawing comparisons between theory and practice
○ presenting two opposing theories
○ defining important concepts and providing examples of them
○ discussing causes and their effects

想问下楼主，第九题，是对整篇文章来说的吧？还是定位在第5段里啊？他正好给在第5段下的题目。
如同还有OG里的一道
12. The passage mentions which of the following as a dance of Fuller’s that was set to music?
○Fire Dance
○Radium Dance
○Le Lys de la Vie
○Valse à la Loie
gexuming 发表于 2010-1-7 14:21

Q9是针对这一段的。如果是针对全文的，会放在最后
Q12是细节题 应该也是针对某一个段落的

jiang08UID：2391146

TPO 12

which hand did they use?

p1.one also has to make the assumption that hands were stenciled palm downward--a left hand stenciled palm upward might of course look as if it were a right hand.
2. Toth's knapping produced 56percent flakes with the cortex on the right, and 44 percent left-oriented flakes.
这两句始终不能完全理解，请LZ赐教
sy222650 发表于 2010-1-6 11:54

P1 那句：stenciled这个词看前文cave等，可以知道是山洞里按在墙上的手印。这句话的意思是：我们（在得出结论右撇子艺术家会在洞里留下左手手印这个结论时）也必须假设他们（早期人类）是手心朝下按到岩壁上去的。如果左手手心朝上做出的stencil会看起来和右手（手心朝下）一样。
P6：先看看2个词的解释： knap=to break with a quick blow; especially : to shape (as flints) by breaking off pieces。cortex根据文中，表示将要成为工具的那块石头的外表皮。这句话之前有提到，因为旋转着做工具，会产生新月状的碎片。该碎片会因为你用左手或右手来制作而在工具的不同侧（想一下就明白了，因为这个碎片是特制外沿的碎片，即cortex）。这样应该好理解了。