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13"Many of the world's lesser-known languages are being lost as fewer and fewer people speak them. The governments of countries in which these languages are spoken should act to prevent such languages from becoming extinct."
1.语言是人类宝贵的精神财富，应当受到保护。首先因为语言可以使我们了解一种文化的历史，以及此种族的发展进程，从中让我们学习到对现代社会进步有意义的部分；其次，
因为语言是文化的重要组成部分，是文化的最为重要的载体与根基，故事、神话、传说、寓言、诗歌、唱词、谜语、戏剧等各类文艺作品都依靠语言来表达。语言中还积存和蕴藏着丰富的民族文化历史。无论一个民族或者一个群体，他们千百年来的知识和经验的积累，他们和自然界作斗争的知识和经验，都保存在自己的语言里，并依赖语言 口头传递和文字记载 代代相传，并得以超越时间和空间加以传播。因此，语言作为一种载体，蕴藏着的不仅仅是简单的文化现象，而是使用该语言的人们共同体历史的、现实的一切知识的总和。那么，语言的衰亡对使用该语言的群体或民族来说，是一种多么大的无法弥补的损失。
2.英国哲学家罗素早就说过 不同文化之间的交流过去已被多次证明是人类文明发展的里程碑。希腊学习埃及，罗马借鉴希腊，阿拉伯参照罗马帝国，中世纪的欧洲又模仿阿拉伯，而文艺复兴时期的欧洲则仿效拜占庭帝国……正是因为有了差异，文化才会有比较、有鉴别、有借鉴、有发展，才能经常诱发人们的灵感和创造力，从而导致创新。
3.全球化和市场经济的冲击，弱势族群的语言就是受到冲击最早、流失最快的一环。落后地区要融入全球化，首先就要开放，要与外界沟通。语言是沟通的最便利、最主要的工具。因此，学习并掌握通用语言就成为他们最迫切的需要。随着通用语言传播力度的加强，特别是以通用语为依托的新传播手段，如广播、电视、网络、移动通讯等日益深入普通人的日常生活，土著语言的交流功能将陆续减弱，甚至在同族群中出现了通用语替代母语的结果，从而加速了母语的消亡
112"Some educational systems emphasize the development of students' capacity for reasoning and logical thinking, but students would benefit more from an education that also taught them to explore their own emotions."
1、        在科学领域，推理能力和逻辑能力是最基本的，基本上所有的重大发现都是人们冥思苦想的结果；比如说牛顿发现万有引力定律，比萨斜塔上伽利略；
2、        经济领域，同样如此，比如对股市的分析，需要很强的分析能力和洞察力；
3、        在文化艺术领域，要发觉自己的感情，比如说文学方面，小说的写作等等，需要做这很好的抓住生活中的细节，凝聚成情感表现在文章中；艺术方面，艺术大师将自己的思想表现在自己的作品中，就像梵高的向日葵，体现的是一种热烈奔放，积极向上的生活态度；
4、        IQ与EQ同样重要，人的处理问题能力和交流能力…

39The following appeared in a memorandum from the president of Humana College.

"Last year the number of students who enrolled in long-distance degree programs at Omni University increased by 50%. During the same year, Omni showed a significant decrease from prior years in expenditures for dormitory and classroom space, most likely because instruction in the long-distance programs takes place via interactive video computer connections. In contrast, over the past three years, enrollment at Humana College has diminished and costs of maintaining buildings have risen. Thus, to increase enrollment and solve the problem of budget deficits at Humana College, we should initiate and actively promote long-distance degree programs like those at Omni."
（由此及彼）
首先两所学校很多方面不同，情况不一样，不具有可比性，比如说地理位置，教学设施，社会认可度，等等。
其次humana生源减少，财政斥资可能是其他方面的原因，比如说，学校教学水平下降，进行教学设施的建筑等。
还有，远程教育是否能适应humana，是否能解决现在的问题，还存在疑问。
即使如此，omni的基数不确定，只有相对比例，程度也不确定。

119The following is a letter to the editor of the Waymarsh Times.

"Traffic problems here in Waymarsh are obviously reaching record levels. While just three months ago it would take me 15 minutes to get to work, it now takes closer to 25. Waymarsh should follow the example of our neighboring city Gearsville. Last year, Gearsville implemented a policy that rewards people who share rides to work with coupons for free gas. Pollution levels in Gearsville have dropped since the policy was implemented, and several friends who live in Gearsville tell me that their trip to work is quicker than it used to be. With the terrible traffic and high pollution in Waymarsh, we must implement a policy similar to Gearsville's."

1、        G的污染和交通便利可能是交通设施比较完善，人们遵守交通规则所致；污染下降，可能是所发汽油券为污染较小的汽油等等；
2、        W交通的突然拥挤可能是因为最近有大型活动举行，或者是因为最近在进行道路的修缮，或者是私家车数量增加；
3、        High pollution 可能是由于其他原因引起，比如说工程增加
4、        G的政策在W实施，不一定起到相同的效果，也许拼车很困难

sherry_cherishUID: 2613601

Issue13"Many of the world's lesser-known languages are being lost as fewer and fewer people speak them. The governments of countries in which these languages are spoken should act to prevent such languages from becoming extinct."
1.        这是全球化的进程当中不可避免的结果。随着经济、教育、科技等各个领域交流的频繁，如果存在太多种语言就会形成国际间交流合作的障碍。这也是英语占主导地位的原因。在academics business world， 英语都占dominant language.
2.        但是，The extinction can cause irreparable damage to the human society. the extinction of a certain language also represents the disappear of a culture which is carried by the language. This would be an immeasurable loss for human society.在最近几十年中，人们从生态环境遭到破坏的事实中感受到了切肤之痛，因而环境和生态意识有了很大提高。他们对生态保护和可持续发展给予了前所未有的关注。这是一件值得赞赏的事情。当某个珍稀生物物种死亡，我们的媒体会作大量报道，公众会感到无比惋惜。这当然是无可指责的。但是人们是否也会同时想到，每两周之内便有一种语言悄无声息地消失，这是否引起了人类足够的重视？语言的消亡是否同样会给语言生态和文化生态造成损失？这些问题是否同样值得我们深思？这些语言可能包括那些speaker wise ideas and profound perception of the world. Moreover, the lost of the language might make a history never known.
3.        但是保护的成本也可能很大的。这里仅以欧盟（EU）为例。平心而论，那里双语和多语的水平恐怕比其他许多地方都高，但不幸的是恰好是在欧盟，语言障碍照样存在。其成员国在工作中不得不使用多达9种语言，这给口、 笔译工作造成了极大负担，用于翻译的支出也相当大。这种状况至今未有根本性的改善。在一个国家之内，比如中国，很多dialects消失了，流行语言是putonghua。但是如果要求对这些方言进行保护的话，成本也是不可想象的，学校里要让不同的老师不同语言上课，印不同文字的书。
4.        更合理的方式是将一些语言的尽可能记录下来，不要勉强人们speak，最大限度地保护。或者是家庭里面。

Issue112"Some educational systems emphasize the development of students' capacity for reasoning and logical thinking, but students would benefit more from an education that also taught them to explore their own emotions."
1，是IQ重要还是EQ重要的争论。
2， logics plays an important role in all principles. 是奠基石，任何一门学科都需要一定的逻辑和理论。即便是绘画，也有自己的一套理论，也需要用一定的逻辑去表达作品的含义。在自然科学领域，需要论证的东西很多，更加需要IQ。
3. EQ的重要性日益被人们所关注。人是社会动物，适应这个社会，team-worker, interpersonal.
大公司的招聘考核方式，不仅仅考核major上的内容，还会问其他的问题.比如，一个同事不合群你怎么办？ Your boss asked you to deal with a task which was beyond your capability, what would you do?
Citing the example of Georgia's former governor Eugene Talmadge, he asserts that reasoning ability is not enough. He insists that character and moral development are necessary to give the critical intellect humane purposes.
4. Life do not have to be so rigid, should be colorful. If a person is raised in an education system which emphasizes excessively on logics, he\she would be too rationale and serious过于理性and sophisticated. On contrast, if you will to explore your own emotions and your spiritual life, you inclined\prefer to choose a 丰富多彩的varied life.旅游，艺术，提高生活品质 enhance the quality of life.
5. 不可偏颇其一should not ignore the other  很难说从哪里学的更多。Keep a balance.


Argu39
1 The increase of enrollment enrolled and the decreasing expenditures for dormitory and classroom space at Omni University may not resulted from the long-distance program itself, but rather from other resources.
2, 不能等同两所学校，Humama学生离校近，无需远程，反倒引起转校。或学生家境贫苦买不起电脑
3 增加报名和减少房屋维护费用未必能解决财政赤字问题，应弄清赤字的根本问题，可能在购买设备等方面开销大，可能是花过多不必要的钱翻新建筑

Argu119
1，        现在上班需25分钟，未必塞车，可能因为修路
2，        Gearsville污染水平下降 和 其政策的因果关系  可能是因为别的环保措施 比如垃圾分类 回收资源等
3，        我的一些朋友的话没有代表性
4，        我市与G市情况不同，比如强盗小偷比较多，合伙上下班无疑增加了遇害风险

yesrushUID: 2443769

先来argument的

39The following appeared in a memorandum from the president of Humana College.

"Last year the number of students who enrolled in long-distance degree programs at Omni University increased by 50%. During the same year, Omni showed a significant decrease from prior years in expenditures for dormitory and classroom space, most likely because instruction in the long-distance programs takes place via interactive video computer connections. In contrast, over the past three years, enrollment at Humana College has diminished and costs of maintaining buildings have risen. Thus, to increase enrollment and solve the problem of budget deficits at Humana College, we should initiate and actively promote long-distance degree programs like those at Omni."
1.远程教育人数增加不等于总学生人数增加
RS：原来传统教育的学生transfer到远程教育，最终总人数和去年持平
2.Even if O学校在引入远程教育后总学生数增加了，但O学校和H学校不能类比
RS：H学校的学生更喜欢传统教育方式，因为可以和老师面对面交流，而且上课发言可以锻炼人的presentation skill
3.Even if H学校学生更喜欢远程教育，还有解决方案的弊端
RS：要考虑到远程教育的cost问题(computer, software，need special human resource to maintain 远程教育系统)；H学校学生自制力较差week self control，用远程教育的条件玩游戏







119The following is a letter to the editor of the Waymarsh Times.

"Traffic problems here in Waymarsh are obviously reaching record levels. While just three months ago it would take me 15 minutes to get to work, it now takes closer to 25. Waymarsh should follow the example of our neighboring city Gearsville. Last year, Gearsville implemented a policy that rewards people who share rides to work with coupons for free gas. Pollution levels in Gearsville have dropped since the policy was implemented, and several friends who live in Gearsville tell me that their trip to work is quicker than it used to be. With the terrible traffic and high pollution in Waymarsh, we must implement a policy similar to Gearsville's."
1.新政策不能推出G城污染下降
RS：别的原因：G城关闭了污染严重的工厂（造纸厂paper mill,炼钢厂steel plant）；G城是旅游城市tourism city，现在处于淡季low season，游客少
2.Even if 新政策与G城污染下降有关，但W城和G城不能类比
RS：在W城，汽油价钱低，free coupon没有吸引力；W城的交通情况没有G城那么糟糕，不需要限制车数量
3.Even if 新政策有助于G城环境质量的改善，但执行措施有弊端
RS：人们少在G城内开车，但确实由于free coupon原因，会在别的地方开车；并不是所有share rides的两个人都住得很近，有时为了等另一个人，要花大量时间




下面是issue的


13"Many of the world's lesser-known languages are being lost as fewer and fewer people speak them. The governments of countries in which these languages are spoken should act to prevent such languages from becoming extinct."

A．保护语言也是在保护文化
语言是文化的一部分
数万年的文化可以流传，是因为语言
相反，有些语言的灭绝，带来文化的灭绝
EX Babylon; arrow headed characters; the site of the Hanging Gardens

B．语言的不一致性带来交流的困难
全球化带来合作
语言是交流的基础，没有交流很难合作
EX 科研 一个非洲科学家要公布成果必须用英语
EX 商业 跨国公司multinational corporation 雇员间不同语言沟通困难

C．保护语言的代价很高，不值得
如果语言有价值，有很多人使用和研究，就不需特别保护
EX 为了保护濒危语言，需要培养老师去教孩子方言和通用语（为了与外界交流），这样的老师有时还需要学习方言，代价高
别的问题急需政府解决 失业；环境；家庭暴力；青少年教育

112"Some educational systems emphasize the development of students' capacity for reasoning and logical thinking, but students would benefit more from an education that also taught them to explore their own emotions."

A. 培养reasoning and logical thinking对于现在学习和做人都很重要
A.1 reasoning and logical thinking有助于培养自学能力
现在知识很多，无法在学校内都学完，要在工作中学习
有良好逻辑的人可以更好地学习
因此，公司招人时更注重应聘者candidate的reasoning and logical thinking
A.2 reasoning and logical thinking有助于明辨是非
周围人对自己的意见有好的也有坏的
reasoning and logical thinking有助于自己分辨好建议和坏建议，select好的，discard坏的

B.个人情操emotions的培养有助于培养学生道德
B.1善于控制Emotions的学生很乐观
学习和科研总会遇到困难
善于控制emotion的学生不沮丧，会坚持
EX Edison发明电灯泡无数次的失败
EX Beethoven耳聋后继续创作
B.2善于控制emotion的学生实事求是down to earth，很诚实
善于控制emotion的学生始终能够用自己的principle来决定什么能做，什么不能做
EX 考试作弊cheating on exam考试没准备好很正常，但不能控制emotion的人会因为顾及一时考试失败而去cheating

C. 两者并重

只有逻辑思维的学生，长大后道德堕落，做出危害人类的事情

只有高尚道德的学生，想为社会安定、科技发展做出贡献，但力不从心

灵感女孩UID: 2224424

用英文写的提纲 句子语法都不完整 只传达了意思 呵呵


Issue

13."Many of the world's lesser-known languages arebeing lost as fewer and fewer people speak them. The governments of countriesin which these languages are spoken should act to prevent such languages frombecoming extinct."

1)
Reasons of the extinction of languages: colonization, migration, globalization,better opportunities (Latin Americans abandon local language for Spanish)
2)
Reasons to protect endangering languages: embody unique localknowledge of culture/ study history (Egyptian hieroglyph: vanish-difficult todecipher unknown history)/ enrich cultural diversity
3)
Government serves gerentocratic interests/ not efficient: whenhampering government interests, protect it, otherwise quench it (e.g Tanzaniaabandon aboriginal language for Swahili). Suggestion: bilingualism/ languagedocumentation/ language revitalization





112."Some educational systems emphasize thedevelopment of students' capacity for reasoning and logical thinking, butstudents would benefit more from an education that also taught them to exploretheir own emotions."

1)
Reasoning/logical thinking is crucial to natural science, engineering,physics
2)
EQ is important to creative thinking (art works: Picasso/literature: Shakespeare/ music: Beethoven), moral standards, socializing(cooperation, leadership, communication)
3)
Current educational system emphasize too much on IQ, instead, theyshould focus more on EQ (EQ control feelings, ignore mental health can cause adolescentsuicides) Study shows EQ help people to be successful
4)
Both are important as development of human being



Arguement


No.39
1.
Increase in number of studentsenrolled in long-distance degree programs ≠ increase of overall enrollment (LDincrease, overall might not change or even decrease). Our aim is to increaseoverall enrollment, so not applicable.
2.
Concurrence fallacy: assumes OUlong-distance programs àdecrease in expenditures for dormitory (other reasons: more efficientmanagement strategy/spent a great deal in previous years so the decreaseoccurred).
3.
Even assuming at OU it works,might not apply to HC. Two schools are inherently different: decreasing qualityof instruction à diminish of enrollment at HC (OU:better education àincrease in overall enrollment, especially NLDP), buildings too old à increasing cost of maintaining buildings at HC. OU might becomprehensive U who can afford costs of establishing LDDP, while HC is a smallLAC who cannot afford the cost, thus further increasing the budget deficits.
4.
Suggestions: tell us overallenrollment in OU increased and it is due to LDDP/ at HC, there will be enoughstudents who r willing to take LDDP instead of regular ones.
No.119
1.
Traffic condition in W mightnot reach record levels. Increase of time to get to work could be caused byconstructing sites, or maybe it’s the raining season, so that bad weatherconditions hampered road conditions.
2.
“Post hoc, ergo proper hoc”falsely assumes that the policy àbetter travel conditions (other factors: G could have built subways or more buslines) and drop of pollution level (other factors: closed down pollutingfactories). Also, a small number of people cannot represent the situation ofthe whole city.
3.
Even assuming the policy worksin G, false analogy between two places, not necessarily work in W. Differentsituations of two cities: W could have worse road conditions than W, denserpopulation, so the policy may not work immediately or at all. Free gas couponmight make people to use cars more often on weekends, thus does not help toreduce pollution.
4.
Suggestions: give evidence toprove that increasing time to get to work is caused by too many cars on theroad, and people will indeed lessen their use of cars even with the free coupon

yesrushUID: 2443769

T_T 在编辑框里格式还好好的，真正发出来全变样了。。

bluyskyUID: 2657245

argu39
a.        第一，Students enrolled in long-distance degree programs at Omni Univ. increase by50%. But the absolutely number of the student don’t know. 也许原来远程教育生本来就很少，增加了50%，还是很少。从这一点很难看出，这类学生增加了50%对学校的房屋花销产生多大的影响。所以，不能得出结论Omni Univ.大学的去年房屋花销显著的下降是因为远程教育生的增加。有可能是因为，在管理水平的很大提高导致花销减少，也有可能是因为住校生减少了很多造成的。
b.        第二，Humana College过去三年中，注册学生减少，但维护房屋的开销增大了。文中，没要提供必要的信息证明二者有必然联系。开销增大，有可能是因为管理不善，也有可能受经济形势影响，由于通货膨胀，等等原因造成的。
c.        第三，即使作者的观点都成立，还是不能由Omni Univ.大学的情况类推到Humana college。因为，二个学校的环境可能不能，远程教育计划未必适合Humana College。Humana 很可能是个传统的学校，正是这些住校生给学校缴纳了学费住宿费，才使得学校得以正常运转。而且开展远程教育，也需要增添许多相关的设备，这也需要很多钱。作者没有比较省下房屋开销的钱，和购置新设备的钱，哪项更多。即使远程教育确实能节约经费，没人保证，我校开设了这个项目，就有学生来参加。

blade134UID: 2328542

Issue13:
"Many of the world's lesser-known languages are being lost as fewer and fewer people speak them. The governments of countries in which these languages are spoken should act to prevent such languages from becoming extinct."

outline:
1 Communication technology development has negative affect to some languages, because we need same lang to communicate with more and more people, the language we use is becoming fewer and fewer. Government plays key role to protect the language.

2 the value of these languages: they represent language varities. Besides, language is a essential factor to know the culture of some old civilization

3 The reason these language become extinct is various.it contains
--they are less useful, it can only be use in a small arange.
--they are out of time.
--the world globalization
--the midia
...

4 As government have a effect on these and many other asspects of the society, it plays key role of the development of the native language.For example, Hindi in India is not well promoted by government, so it...
In contrast, in China, the government took a lot of measures to promote the lesser-known language in minum? race, promoting their songs and develop the travelling industry, so these languages are preserved well.

In sum,language need to be preserved and government should apply its resource to play a leader influence in protecting these language.


Argument39:

outline:
The destination of Humana Colledge(HC) and its suggestion is not totally relative.

1 First, it is improper for HC to take the same actions as what Omni University(OU) did, the author should research more details about the background informaiton of the student resource. Where are they come from and why they like long-distance degree program are primary conditions for the HC's desicion.

2 Another informaion the author ignored is where the budget deficits of HC come from. Maybe they are different from OU(need to enumrate some details), which means HC should find some other methods. Maybe HC had some other advantages OU did not have, for example...

3 What is more, there are no supportive evidence to validate the author's assumption that only long-distance degreee programs lead to significant decrease. We don't know the specific(particular) number of money they have saved for OU. Maybe OU take other method to save money at same, Anyway, the deduct of the author is not convincable.

In sum...