【备考日志】AW INTRO部分读后感 BY 海王泪

海王泪UID: 2673613

AW INTRO（初步）个人体会
以下Pratice Book (等同AW INTRO吧？来自ETS寄送材料)

资料中提到了一句我认为很重要的话：
“The topic elicited the kinds of complex thinking and persuasive writing that university faculty consider important for success in graduate school.“

一、Complex thinking个人解读
1）ISSUE的Complex Thinking可分为题目和思考角度
题目复杂性在于题目都是可辨的，即INTRO中说到的“无论你是同意还是反对还是部分同意或反对”。原因和在？在于题目中的一些程度指示词，比如说"only, all等等"，在解题是千万要留意此类指示词，考虑到了，才写对题了。
思考角度即所谓的考虑全面，包括"As you build your argument, keep in mind the other points which you could argue against."
(此处Argument似乎是指回应ISSUE题目时你所写的文章)

2）Argument的Complex Thinking则在于文章中要求的"Understand, analyse, evaluate“
Understand即明白全文逻辑链(a line of resoning)
Analyse即分析逻辑链中的断层（Reason和Assumption的发现，姑且称为各种他因，否定）
Evaluate即评价论据是否成立（Evidence的考察）

二、Persuasive writing个人解读
何为Persuasive writing?个人在INTRO中的启发分为两部分：论证过程和语言控制
论证过程针对ISSUE而言即为巩固Position而使用的各种手段，intro中已详细列举诸如质疑假设、提出条件、分情况讨论、例证等等，下回再做分析
语言控制则是。。。中国学生的弱项。。。好的思想也要有好的语言才能表达出来，对于像我这种基础不好的同学，只能谋求减少各种错误不让考官阅读过程中感到异常不通顺非常不爽即可。。当然，词和句子的变化也要保证。

下回将详细分析从INTRO中学到的关于ISSUE和ARGUMENT的具体区别和对策，赶紧去吃早餐跑图书馆。。

海王泪UID: 2673613

ISSUE例证部分--读专才与通才654分范文小结

回顾“Understanding the Issue Task”方法论的部分，有这么一句关于例证的方法
“Develop your position with reasons that are supported by several relevant examples or by a single extended example.”

范文读后感：
6分范文中可以看出，例证也只是方法的一种，没有人规定不能单纯说理，。但可以肯定的是例子用好了，自然比抽象说理更具说服力，举例本身易于操作，而雄辩能力并不是人人均有。HOWEVER，这并不意味着每一段非要想个例子出来交差。
5分作文特别提到“EXTENDED EXAMPLE”概念，与之相对应是“SEVERAL RELEVANT EXAMPLES”

“通才与专才”例文文中，分别比较65分作文

6分：全文主要分为两大意群
第一意群说明专才是必然结果，原因为个人局限性（学的角度）
1）“Expert testimony(quotation from a prominent medical researcher)”
     来源于生活 正常说理
第二意群说明过度专业化会产生的不良后果，分为三部分原因：LOGICAL,MORAL,PERSONAL
其中仅第一部分LOGICAL作了例证,其余两部分仅是说理
2）“Vivid metaphor(to inspect only one's toenails is to ignore the whole body).”
     来源于专业 形象的比喻
感想：时间有限，真正满足“The use of examples“仅用在最关键的部分，甚至是第一个例证也仅仅是引用教授的话并未有具体实例。这篇6分作文说明单纯REASON只要言之成理自圆其说，仍然是ETS的接受范围。但重要部分最好还是有出色的论证。

5分：全文主要举例论证，直接用两个不同领域的例子，医生和教师
范文评语中“The argument is rooted in two extended examples, both well chosen.”
何为“EXTENDED”?即这种例子可推广至于大多数人生活经验，说白了，就是其“群众性”妙就妙在它来源于生活常识。

与之相对应是“SEVERAL RELEVANT EXAMPLES”，比如说我们中国学子最爱的“名人”例子，因为“个人性”味道太浓，除非你举出“SEVERAL几个”类似的个体例子，不然读者就绝对有理由怀疑你这个例子要么是巧合、要么有其特殊性不适于推广到全体。

评语还有这么一句“This extension from the general to the specific characterizes the example in the next paragraph as well.”
EXTENDED EXAMPLE最终也还具体到某个疾病，或某个学科，这种技巧也应时刻提醒自己。

海王泪UID: 2673613

ISSUE转折词

鉴于ISSUE5分有这么一句话，特分析其行文中如何进行转折。
ETS:"The smooth development is aided by the use of appropriate transitions: "but," "usually," and "for instance,"
among others. The essay ends by revisiting the writer's thesis."

以下为简要分析:

Specialists are not overrated today. More generalists may be needed, but not to overshadow the specialists. Generalists can provide a great deal of information on many topics of interest with a broad range of ideas. People who look at the overall view of things can help with some of the large problems our society faces today. But specialists are necessary to gain a better understanding of more in depth methods to solve problems or fixing things. 两次BUT实际是强调专才的重要性，虽然中间解释的是通才。通常BUT的作用在于突出BUT后面的内容，

One good example of why specialists are not overrated is in the medical field. Doctors are necessary for people to live healthy lives. When (第一当说通才) a person is sick, he may go to a general practitioner to find out the cause of his problems. Usually (通常情况引出通才作用), this kind of "generalized" doctor can help most ailments with simple and effective treatments. Sometimes (过渡句并点出专才作用), though, a sickness may go beyond a family doctor's knowledge or the prescribed treatments don't work the way they should. When (第二当说专才) a sickness progresses or becomes diagnosed as a disease that requires more care than a family doctor can provide, he may be referred to a specialist. For instance (前面说完REASON现在开始USE EXAMPLE), a person with constant breathing problems that require hospitalization may be suggested to visit an asthma specialist. Since (说通才重要的原因) a family doctor has a great deal of knowledge of medicine, he can decide when his methods are not effective and the patient needs to see someone who knows more about the specific problem; (说专才重要的原因) someone who knows how it begins, progresses, and specified treatments. This is an excellent example of how a generalized person may not be equipped enough to handle something as well as a specialized one can.

通才à通才作用à(过渡句)专才作用à专才à例证à通才与专才重要的原因
值得学习的是在同一段里这样搅来搅去，难得的是每一句居然讲的内容不一样！
为什么呢？这种写法的思想如何产生？值得我们去学习！

说到底，就是想说明专才和通才没有可比性，是因为两者功能不同、或是说阶段性的功能不同。只可惜作者最后并没明白点出，尽管全文说的就是这个问题。难道牛人就不用点明了吗？ 感觉最好在最后一段点明总不是件坏事。

海王泪UID: 2673613

时间控制
ETS寄来的Practice Book有这么一段话：
“Save a few minutes at the end of each timed task to check for obvious errors. Although an occasional spelling or grammatical error will not affect your score, severe and persistent errors will detract from the overall effectiveness of your writing and thus lower your score”
我们都知道Although不是关键内容，关键内容是后面所说得不要犯“严重而持续不断的错误”。

因此我建议其实模考时可以强制把ISSUE和ARGUMENT压缩5分钟。
2分钟用来当实地考试时紧张想不出东西的时间，3分钟可以用来Checking。

意味着ISSUE40分钟， ARGUMENT25分钟。时间紧迫，那么如何让自己有更好的时间概念呢？

1）
熟能生巧是毋庸置疑的，对时间的感觉通过练习可以强化。ETS也在资料中说明了希望考生能多多练习以便在时间控制方面更娴熟。
2）
Indicator….自己根据个人习惯定几个时间界限，看到模考软件到某个时间就最好赶快结束该段内容。（前提，写作时有大局观知道自己写几段内容又习惯大概写多长）
本人具体操作方法，但尚未熟练，仍在试验中。

ISSUE600字，按三个意群分且算上头尾，有
动作 字数 显示时间      意思
审题       45min      
开头  75       40min           5分钟结束审题、思考和开头
一        150      30min         1 0分钟结束第一意群
二        150      20min         10分钟结束第二意群
三        150      10min         10分钟结束第三意群
结尾  75         5min           5分钟写完结尾
Check                 5min          最后留5分钟检查（实际总是会拖）

P.S. 意群不等于段落，而且文章也应重点不同字数可以有所倾向于某个意群，不需特别留意，但需对时间有个概念即在哪几个时间点心里要紧一下赶紧结束。

ARGUT480字
动作 字数 显示时间      意思
审题       30 min     
开头  60       25min          5分钟结束审题、思考和开头
一       120       20 min           5分钟结束第一意群
二       120       15min            5分钟结束第二意群
三       120       10min            5分钟结束第三意群
结尾  60         5min            2分钟写完结尾
Check                3 min            最后留3分钟检查（实际总是会拖）

p.s.可以看出ARGU的时间相对来说非常紧张，也正因如此务必在考前对ARGU题库非常熟悉才能尽量压缩开头5分钟的审题、思考，另外开头也很可能需要一个习惯性的个人模板展开行文，否则，最后结尾和检查只能干着急写不完。。

以上的时间控制个人尚在实验中且所谓字数等等亦个人情况而言，希望大家指导一下哪里不太合理。
不过这时间控制并非绝对，只是利用考试界面中的时钟即我说的“Indicator”作习惯性提醒。

比如到第N分钟自己就得知道要赶紧结束本意群，否则后面行文时间就不足。。。
恳切盼望指教！

海王泪UID: 2673613

面对ISSUE时应该思考的问题

英文字符为“分析”，中文字符为“产生想法”

Remember that this is a task in critical thinking and persuasive writing. Therefore, you might find it helpful to explore the complexity of a claim in one of the topics by asking yourself the following questions:

• What, precisely, is the central issue? Topic, Thesis

• Do I agree with all or with any part of the claim? Why or why not? Conclusion 对比 （题中建议产生的结果：好的方面，坏的方面）

• Does the claim make certain assumptions? If so, are they reasonable? Assumptions 质疑假设

• Is the claim valid only under certain conditions? If so, what are they? 分情况讨论

• Do I need to explain how I interpret certain terms or concepts used in the claim? Keywords 解释

• If I take a certain position on the issue, what reasons support my position? 支持自己立场的原因

• What examples—either real or hypothetical—could I use to illustrate those reasons and advance my point of view? Which examples are most compelling? 举例

Once you have decided on a position to defend, consider the perspective of others who might not agree with your position. Ask yourself:

• What reasons might someone use to refute or undermine my position? 反方意见。

• How should I acknowledge or defend against those views in my essay? 如何加条件承认或反驳。

最最终能够要的是思考的结果会产生两类想法，要么同意，要么不同意；不要忽视各种想法。
If you find one view clearly more persuasive than the other, consider developing an argument from that perspective. As you build your argument, keep in mind the other points, which you could argue against. If both groups have compelling points, consider developing a position supporting, not the stated claim, but a more limited or more complex claim. Then you can use reasons and examples from both sides to justify your position. 1）假想敌 2）加条件，复合型的论证


以上中文部分“产生想法”的内容来源于此The Issue task allows considerable latitude in the way you respond to the claim. Although it is important
that you address the central issue, you are free to take any approach you wish. For example, you might
• agree absolutely with the claim, disagree completely, or agree with some parts and not others 立场
• question the assumptions the statement seems to be making 质疑假设
• qualify any of its terms, especially if the way you define or apply a term is important to developing your perspective on the issue 定义
• point out why the claim is valid in some situations but not in others 分情况讨论
• evaluate points of view that contrast with your own perspective 考虑反方
• develop your position with reasons that are supported by several relevant examples or by a single extended example 举例