1006G[REBORN FROM THE ASHES组]备考日记 by番茄斗斗----坚定了一条路就要走到底

番茄斗斗UID: 2720914

怪不得昨天找不到感想日志这个标签,原来作文互动这才有啊.好吧。。整体搬家：
DAY ONE 11.9
隔几天看海选贴，才发现草木把作业都贴出来了。好吧，得开始赶作业了。

单词开始背的第二遍，学校的专业课越来越忙，开始每天5点多起床啃书。

可却打心眼里喜欢这样的日子。有时候，忙碌何尝不是一种幸福？

坚定了一条路，就要走到底，即使没有结果，至少，我尝试过努力过！

番茄斗斗UID: 2720914

嘿嘿，吧这里当写作的链接贴吧：
A143
https://bbs.gter.net/thread-1029413-1-1.html]https://bbs.gter.net/thread-1029413-1-1.html
I13
https://bbs.gter.net/thread-1029507-1-1.html

番茄斗斗UID: 2720914

11.9
Fundamental Course of Writtng（1）20 Questions for Writers
大受启发的课，好像以前一拿到作文题目都会急急忙忙的想结构，想句子。其实，学会如何找突破点，再逐一击破，才是作文的精髓。
A表象认识
1.        What does X mean? (Definition)
2.        What are the various features of X? (Description)
9. What are the types of X? (Classification)
11. What is the present status of X? (Comparison)
12. What is the significance of X? (Interpretation)
B 实质剖析
3.        What are the component parts of X? (Simple Analysis)
4.         How is X made or done? (Process Analysis)
5. How should X be made or done? (Directional Analysis)
6.What is the essential function of X? (Functional Analysis)
13. What are the facts about X? (Reportage)
15. What kind of person is X? (Characterization/Profile)
C．究其缘由
7. What are the causes of X? (Causal Analysis) BE EACW
8. What are the consequences of X? (Causal Analysis)
14. How did X happen? (Narration)
D 比较
10. How is X like or unlike Y? (Comparison)
E 主观认识
16. What is my personal response to X? (Reflection)
17. What is my memory of X? (Reminiscence)
18. What is the value of X? (Evaluation)
19. What are the essential major points or features of X? (Summary)
20. What case can be made for or against X? (Persuasion)

番茄斗斗UID: 2720914

【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（2）Writing Anxiety
类似的WRITING ANXIETY似乎没有过，问题在于我属于入题晚的类型，拿到个题目，会琢磨老半天，导致最后都来不及写。。。
还是节选下strategy，以后慢慢用上～
1.Focus your energy by rehearsing the task in your head.
2.Consciously stop the non-productive comments（没用的思路） running through your head by replacing them with productive ones.
3. Breathe deeply. Close your eyes; then, fill your chest cavity slowly by taking four of five short deep breaths. Hold each breath until it hurts, and then let it out slowly.

番茄斗斗UID: 2720914

DAY TWO,11.10
来汇报下今天的学习情况吧！
昨天晚上开贴加入小组，兴奋的晚上睡不着觉了，结果直接导致今天早上睡过头了。。。白天狂补单词，好在第二遍的红宝，背起来上手多了，用的是杨鹏的十七天，L13-15,*L4-6,*L10-12

之前说的是五点多啦，不是五点。。。因为六点寝室才来电。想早起背单词是因为专业课不想落下，GPA还是很重要的！所以只能把一大早和晚上的时间留给GRE。
嘿嘿，其实我也说不上是很有毅力的人啦，早起也是这周开始的，就怕自己虎头蛇尾，所以要每天到这汇报情况，嘿嘿，觉得坛子特温馨，有大家监督着，也不会偷懒了～～

番茄斗斗UID: 2720914

【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（3）Writer's Block
总结下适合自己的：
1.        Staring from brainstorming or outlining, Write down all the primary ideas you'd like to express and then fill in each with the smaller ideas that make up each primary idea.
2.        When anxious about writing the paper
Focus your energy by rehearsing the task in your head
3.        save the introduction until later

其实写作一直都是自己的瓶颈，入题很慢，总想着要好好写个开头，于是该花时间思考的内容就被压缩掉了。所以，文中推荐的先写正文还是个不错的建议

番茄斗斗UID: 2720914

【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（4）start to write

Ask yourself what your purpose is for writing about the subject.
要从读者的角度考虑文章的价值所在。正如讲义所说的，如果自己都给不出为什么而读的原因的话，那么还有什么写的必要？
Ask yourself how you are going to achieve this purpose.

Start the ideas flowing
Be ready to keep adding to the list at odd moments as ideas continue to come to mind.
See if you can find a fresh analogy that opens up a new set of ideas。
BRAINSTROM时思维要尽可能的开阔，可以运用比喻来拓宽思维。
Take a rest and let it all percolate.
Nutshell your whole idea.
Diagram your major points somehow.
Make a tree, outline，形象的结构图可以帮助发现并完善写作的IDEA
Write a first draft.
Later, read it aloud or to yourself as if you were someone else.
以一个局外者的身份审视这篇文章，可以帮助刚好的完善自己的习作。

番茄斗斗UID: 2720914

【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（6）thesis statement

一
什么是主题
T：A thesis statement declares what you believe and what you intend toprove.A good thesis statement makes the difference between a thoughtful researchproject and a simple retelling of facts
TS：A thesis statement isa sentence (or sentences) that expresses the mainideas of your paper and answers the question or questions posed by yourpaper. The kind of thesisthat your paper will have will depend on the purpose of your writing.

The thesis statement is typically located at the end of your openingparagraph.
因此要确定你的阅卷人能在这个位置找到你的主题

对于AW，主题句属于

In an argumentative paper，claim couldbe an opinion, a policy proposal, an evaluation, a cause-and-effectstatement, or an interpretation. However, this claim must be a statement that people could possibly disagree with（可驳斥性的主题是文章论述存在的前提）,because the goal of your paper is to convince your audience that your claim istrue based on your presentation of your reasons and evidence.
An argumentative thesis statement will tell your audience:
·
your claim or assertion 观点
·
the reasons/evidence thatsupport this claim 论据
·
the order in which you will bepresenting your reasons and evidence 论述先后

二，好的主题句的属性
·
It should be contestable, A strong thesis is provocative; ittakes a stand and justifies the discussion you will present.
·
It tackles a subject thatcould be adequately covered in the format of the project assigned.
·
It is specific and focused. 主题切忌大和空，与其泛泛而谈，不如就一点而论述
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It clearly asserts yourown conclusion based on evidence. 主题不是一成不变的，因此论述的结果要跟着论据走
·
It providesthe reader with a map to guide him/her through your work.
·
It anticipates and refutes the counter-arguments
·
It avoids vague language (like "it seems").
·
It avoids the firstperson. ("I believe," "In my opinion")
·
It should pass the Sowhat? or Who cares? test (Would your most honest friend ask why he shouldcare or respond with "but everyone knows that"?)因此主题时要以读者的心态来选择，如果没有论述的必要的，铺陈开来也是无人问津的

主题句的dos and don’ts
Dos:
表明立场，具体，并且中心明确，表明自己的观点和结论，出现在开头段的末尾，同时提示读者作者的行文思路．
Don’ts:
不要说废话，说空话，说大话，不要出现第一人称，不要含糊不清．

公式：

Specifictopic+ Attitude/Angle/Argument= Thesis

What you plan to argue + Howyou plan to argue it = Thesis

三、如何检验自己写好的主题句是否合格？
·
Does the thesis  inspire a reasonable readerto ask, "How?" or Why?" 从读者的角度入手，是否吸引
·
Would a reasonable reader NOT respond with"Duh!" or "So what?"—避免读者的SO WHAT 现象出现。
·
Does the thesis  avoid general phrasing and/orsweeping words such as "all" or "none" or"every"? 避免绝对的论调
·
Does the thesis lead the reader toward the topicsentences (the subtopics needed to prove the thesis)? 主题句是否引导了下文的分论点或者段主题？
·
Can the thesis be adequately developed in therequired length of the paper or project? 主题句是否可以适合被展开论述？

四、如何写出好的主题句？（思维的步骤）
１．Rank with justification　考虑重要性
2.Contrasts (of perspectives of sources)
3.Perception versus reality; 感觉与现实（although, but）
4.Good versus bad reasons:
５． Cause and Effect: 因果关系
６．Challenge:质疑，否定
７．提出系列问题：

番茄斗斗UID: 2720914

寝室果然不是个学习的地，嘿嘿，把电脑抱到图书馆，继续昨天的主题部分，草木说的对，主题这部分果然很强大！！得慢慢琢磨琢磨～～

五、对于主题的头脑风暴：
Thesis Brainstorming
注意下面的三点：

Asyou read look for:

• Interesting     contrasts or comparisons or patterns emerging in the information
  从信息中寻找比较点和对比点
• Is     there something about the topic that surprises you?
  
• Do     you encounter ideas that make you wonder why?
  
• Does     something an "expert" says make you respond, "no way! That     can be right!" or "Yes, absolutely. I agree!"
  

六、主题示例：注意下面的例子中前一个不是Thesis而后一个是！

How to Tell a Strong ThesisSentence from a Weak One.1. A strong thesis takes some sort of stand.明确表明立场！Remember that your thesis needsto show your conclusions about a subject.
Thereare some negative and positive aspects to the Banana Herb Tea Supplement.叙述性的语句显然不能表明主题的立场，同时，它的用词模棱两可

BecauseBanana Herb Tea Supplement promotes rapid weight loss that results in the lossof muscle and lean body mass, it poses a potential danger to customers.这个主题好在它表明了一个观点

2. A strong thesis justifies discussion.留给大家质疑和讨论的余地．
Your thesis should indicate the point of the discussion. Ifyour assignment is to write a paper on kinship systems, using your own familyas an example, you might come up with either of these two thesis statements:
Myfamily is an extended family.叙述性的语句没有值得讨论的必要，因此不能进行铺陈展开，不是个很好的主题。

Whilemost American families would view consanguineal marriage as a threat to thenuclear family structure, many Iranian families, like my own, believe thatthese marriages help reinforce kinship ties in an extended family.带有争议的话题往往会吸引读者

3. A strong thesis expresses one main idea.只表达一个主要观点

4. A strong thesis statement is specific.具体而不抽象
Worldhunger has many causes and effects.主题大而空，CAUSE AND EFFECTS也没有点明
Hungerpersists in Appalachia because jobs are scarce and farming in the infertilesoil is rarely profitable.归结的说，主题要专而精

番茄斗斗UID: 2720914

第七讲 TopicSentences and Signposting

1.
Topic sentences
reveal the main point ofa paragraph. making clear why the points they're making are important tothe essay's main ideas. They argue rather than report.

2.
Signposts, as their namesuggests, prepare the reader for a change in the argument's direction. Theyshow how far the essay's argument has progressed vis-ˆ-vis the claims of thethesis.

Formsof Topic Sentences

Sometimestopic sentences are actually two or even three sentences long. Ifthe first makes a claim, the second might reflect on that claim, explaining itfurther. Think of these sentences as asking and answering two criticalquestions: How does the phenomenon you're discussing operate? Why does itoperate as it does?

段落句由两到三个句子组成，且在内容方面呈递进的方向。
There'sno set formula for writing a topic sentence. Rather, you should work to varythe form your topic sentences take. Repeated too often, any method growswearisome. Here are a few approaches.

段落句要注意变换形式
１．Complexsentences.
Topicsentences at the beginning of a paragraph frequently combine with a transitionfrom the previous paragraph. This might be done by writing a sentence thatcontains both subordinate and independent clauses, as in the example below.（利用复合句，联系上下文的作用）

从句担任综合上一段信息，主句担任介绍新的信息

２．Questions.
（提问）. Questions are by definition a form of inquiry, and thusdemand an answer. Good essays strive for this forward momentum.

提问能够引导标志着下文会进一步解惑，这样的悬念是好的ESSAY应该努力设置的。
３．Bridgesentences.
Like questions, "bridge sentences"(the term is John Trimble's) make an excellent substitute for more formal topicsentences. Bridge sentences indicate both what camebefore and what comes next (they "bridge" paragraphs) withoutthe formal trappings of multiple clauses: "But there is a clue to thispuzzle."


４．Pivots.
Topic sentences don't always appear at thebeginning of a paragraph. When they come in the middle, theyindicate that the paragraph will change direction, or "pivot."This strategy is particularly useful for dealing with counter-evidence: aparagraph starts out conceding a point or stating a fact("Psychologist Sharon Hymer uses the term Ônarcissistic friendship' todescribe the early stage of a friendship like the one between Celie andShug"); after following up on this initialstatement with evidence, it then reversesdirection and establishes a claim ("Yet ... this narcissistic stageof Celie and Shug's relationship is merely a transitory one. Hymer herselfconcedes . . . "). The pivot always needs a signal,a word like "but," "yet," or "however," ora longer phrase or sentence that indicates an about-face. It often needs morethan one sentence to make its point.

Signposts

Becausethey reveal the architecture of the essay itself, signposts remind readers of what the essay's stakes are: what it'sabout, and why it's being written.


Signpostingcan be accomplished in a sentence or two at thebeginning of a paragraph or in whole paragraphs that serve as transitions between one part of theargument and the next.
逻辑性标志词介于段前或含有各自不同观点的两个段落之间

番茄斗斗UID: 2720914

东西好多好多，都快看不过来了，一边看一边做笔记还要慢慢消化，呼呼呼呼。。。

第八讲：

段落间的关系

段落间的关系

一、一些常见的逻辑顺序：
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支持论据１：
Climactic Order (Order of Importance)
A third common principle of organization is climacticorder or order of importance. In this pattern, items are arranged from least important tomost important.
以高潮的顺序来看，重要性应该是层层递进的。
A variation of climactic order is called psychologicalorder. In this pattern, then, youdecide what is most important and put it at the beginning or the end; next youchoose what is second most important and put it at the end or the beginning(whichever remains); the less important or powerful items are then arranged inthe middle.心理顺序说明了读者倾向于对于首尾投以最大的关注度，所以，写作的时候可以考量下内容的重要性并按此规律放置于文中。
Still other principles of organization based onemphasis include
general-to-specific order,
specific-to general order,
most-familiar-to-least-familiar,
simplest-to-most-complex,
order of frequency,
order of familiarity, and soon.
对应连接词：
more importantly; best of all; still worse; a moreeffective approach; even more expensive; even more painful than passing akidney stone; the least wasteful; occasionally, frequently, regularly

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支持论据２：
In a historically-oriented paper (e.g. "The EarlyConquests of Alexander the Great"), you might simply want to move thepaper along chronologically.
以史实为依据的文章，则要要时间顺序来写
In an analysis of issues related to a topic, you can follow an ascending or climactic order, looking at smallerfactors or arguments first, then moving up to the more crucial factors.
分析性的文章，可按高潮顺序来写，重要性逐次递增，可引起读者的阅读兴趣。
If you are comparing or contrasting two or more viewpoints, there are basicallytwo ways to go about it.
对比类的主题
If the twoviews you are discussing are relatively simple to explain and analyze, try alongitudinal method by which you discuss all aspects of view A and then movedon to discuss all aspects of view B.
从A到B，逐个讨论，然而仅限于简单的ARGU。复杂的论题，应该使用交叉的方法，即反复讨论两个话题。

Avoidstringing out a list of 7 or more headings without subheadings, because thistends to damage the unity and coherence of your paper (just likeleading someone down a winding path creates more confusion than leading thesame person down a short city block with sights to see on all sides).  Howdo you cover the ground without multiplying your outline headings?  You doit by using fewer main headings and adding subheadings to them.  Thus you groupyour points, arguments, etc. under 3 or 4 main categories and let subheadingspick up the detail.  This makes a tighter structure that has more of achance of achieving unity in the paper.  See the outlines above forexamples of useful ways to do this.

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支持论据３：
After you have formed your dominant impression into athesis, make a plan to organize the relevant supportingdetails into three basic parts. Each part will comprise one Romannumeral of your outline and one paragraph of the body of your paper.
列提纲，不需要设计开头和结尾，因为中间内容都有提及。
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支持论据４：
Logical Order: The Keyto Coherent Paragraphs and Essays
It is very important to present information to readersin a logical order.
Order your examples in a paragraph, for instance, fromleast to most important. Be sure to use appropriate transitions (first,then, finally) in order to guide your reader.用逻辑顺序时要将例子按重要性由轻到重，中间要有合适的过渡词。
Another way to organize is bycause and effect: if A caused B, discuss A first, then B.
Still another way is toorganize by problem then solution. State the problem first, then giveyour proposed solution.
Remember: Out of order paragraphs and essays are hardto read and understand.



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反例一：
DECREASING ORDER OF IMPORTANCE: when youwant to tell your readers that something new has happened and why they shouldbe interested -- then fill them in on the details用细节表达重要性。
INCREASING COMPLEXITY: a sequence that leads your readersgently into a complex subject
STEPS OF A PROCESS: when you want to focus on aprocess itself, not the end result
A SPATIAL SEQUENCE: when you want your reader to seethe way different aspects of your subject are spatially interrelated or lie incontrast
A TEMPORAL SEQUENCE: for emphasizing the timerelations among things or events

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反例２：


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反例３：
·
Messages are clear, precise, and free of errors
·
Correct, complete sentences are used and arevaried, smooth, and polished
·
There are no mechanical, grammatical, or word usageerrors
·
A businesslike, courteous, and professional tone ismaintained with language that is highly consistent with standard businessEnglish
·
The writing style flows smoothly
·
The information is presented in a logical order;for example, the writer may rearrange the information so that the importantpart comes first
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反例４：you have for each in a logicalorder and one that most effectively organizes your argument:
Most important to least important
Least important to most important
Compare and Contrast
Cause and Effect

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反例5：
A possible outline template for an analytical paper
This is for an essay that happens to have three mainanswers, again listed in ascending order as in our argumentativepaper template. How you order them will entirely depend on which ones youfeel, given all the evidence, are the most or least convincing. If we take ourresearch question example from before, perhaps the first answer would befrom researchers who believe music has no effect on studying, the second aboutstudies that show how detrimental it is, and the third one pointing out thepositive aspects. In your conclusion, you mightpoint out how certain conditions (e.g., absence of lyrics, tempo,volume, type of studying student is engaged in etc.) appear to be incrediblyimportant.
  

通过对这些论据的总结，我有以下结论：
１．
并不是所有的文章都是要按照ascending orders的，其实别的顺序都可以接受，包括descending的。主要是按照合理的顺序，说清楚意思就好。
２．
实际的文章写作，没有这么单纯的顺序，Issue题目中，许多复杂的问题远不能拿这些逻辑顺序概括。实际上，我们把这种复杂的顺序叫做the flow of mind，根据论证的思路排序
３．补充一种顺序：IMRaD: Introduction- Materials and Methods -
Results – Discussion
二、如何处理复杂顺序：
１．三“W”法：Answering Questions:
The Parts of an Essay


severaldifferent operations: introducing the argument,analyzing data, raising counter-arguments, concluding. Introductions andconclusions have fixed places, but other parts don't. Counter-argument, forexample, may appear within a paragraph, as a free-standing section, as part ofthe beginning, or before the ending. Backgroundmaterial (historical context or biographical information, a summary ofrelevant theory or criticism, the definition of a key term) often appears at the beginning of the essay, betweenthe introduction and the first analytical section, but might also appear nearthe beginning of the specific section to which it's relevant.


即从读者的角度考虑可能会产生的问题，并以此回答
"What?"
it shouldn't take upmuch more than a third (often much less) of your finished essay.

"How?"
Typically, an essaywill include at least one "how" section.
"Why?"


文章地图法：
Mappingan Essay


Essaymaps ask you to predict where your reader will expectbackground information, counter-argument, close analysis of a primary source,or a turn to secondary source material. Try making yourmap like this:

*
State your thesis in a sentence or two, thenwrite another sentence saying why it's important to make that claim.

*
Begin your next sentence like this: "Tobe convinced by my claim, the first thing a reader needs to know is . . ."Then say why that's the first thing a reader needs to know, and name one or twoitems of evidence you think will make the case.

*
Begin each of the following sentences likethis: "The next thing my reader needs to know is . . ."
Once again, say why, and name some evidence.Continue until you've mapped out your essay.


Yourmap should naturally take you through some preliminary answers to the basicquestions of what, how, and why. It is not a contract, though—the order in which the ideas appear is not a rigid one.Essay maps are flexible; they evolve with your ideas.

注意不要写成堆积型：Acommon structural flaw in college essays is the "walk-through" (alsolabeled "summary" or "description"). Walk-through essays follow the structure of their sourcesrather than establishing their own. Such essays generally have adescriptive thesis rather than an argumentative one. Be wary of paragraphopeners that lead off with "time" words ("first,""next," "after," "then") or "listing"words ("also," "another," "in addition"). Alhoughthey don't always signal trouble, these paragraph openers often indicate thatan essay's thesis and structure need work: they suggest that the essay simplyreproduces the chronology of the source text (in the case of time words: firstthis happens, then that, and afterwards another thing . . . ) or simply lists exampleafter example ("In addition, the use of color indicates another way thatthe painting differentiates between good and evil").

番茄斗斗UID: 2720914

终于第九讲了，发现原来写作可以被这样剖析。。。

段落内部的关系

一、段落的基本概念：
段落基本的三要素：
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一个独立的观点－和Thesis密切相关
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一个合理的逻辑顺序
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没有无关细节

注意：段落的结构和整体文章的结构是一致的，段落组织联系的关系就和文章是一样的： The structure of a paragraph parallelsthe structure of an essay in order as well as content.

１．段落的长短适度，根据话题和论述的需要。

一、段落的组成结构：
１．The topic sentence:
有两个作用：首先它实际上是你本段话题的Thesis,起到和全文的Thesis一样的作用。其次，它是全文的Thesis的进一步的推广和具体化；一般来说，TS总是在文章的开头的第一或者第二句话，很少可以见到在文章的最后出现，并且最好不要这样使用！
２．Supportingevidence/analysis:
由论据和论证组成，为了合理的论证观点TS.必须在论据和论证之间找到一个平衡！
３．The conclusion(observation):
结论句总是在文章的最后一句或者倒数第二句！结论句除了总结上文的论述，还要在此总结上做好向下一个分论点的过度。

二、段落组成的内容：
内容基本原则：

·
Orient your reader to the subject.
·
Tie your ideas together.
·
Take it easy through technically dense passages.
·
Arrange your ideas in a logical sequence.
怎么让读者知道你的下一步怎么写？
Whenever you introduce a new idea, yourreaders will appreciate definitions, examples andcomparisons with things they already know. They will feel morecomfortable with your new information if they have a familiar reference to hangon to. Three ways to do this are withorienting words and phrases, by letting the old amplify the new, and by addingexplanatory words and phrases, where necessary.
（１）
USE ORIENTING WORDS ANDPHRASES：
Here are a few orienting words and phrases you can use to introducefamiliar concepts and to make your readers comfortable by touching base withthings they already know:
·
ofcourse
·
asyou know
·
untilnow
·
obviously
·
normally
·
previously
·
everyoneis familiar with
·
rememberthat

类似词语可以让读者能从熟悉的东西着手来理解你这篇文章讲的到底是怎么样的主题
（２）
LET THE NEW AMPLIFY THE OLD：

As you link the old with the new, avoid thetraditional chronological approach that lists the old things before the new.Usually, you are interested in the old merely as a contrast with the new. 新旧信息不能仅靠时间的先后来联系，而是要形成对比


（３）
ADD EXPLANATORY WORDS ANDPHRASES：

Often,when you are introducing new ideas, you will have to expand and clarify themwith definitions and explanatory material. Generally, the more complex the ideas you have to present, the moreexplanatory material you will need.
In general, it's a good idea to put in moreexplanations than you think you need, because your writing is often read bypeople outside your expected audience.



三、段内句子连接：
注意三个原则：
l
Unity-所有句子讲同一个主题
l
Coherence－句子之间相互关联，共同构成有机整体
l
Connection－适当的连接句子

（一）利用逻辑连接词连接段落：
Connective words that describe relationships:

ALSO	HOWEVER	ALTHOUGH
INCIDENTALLY	THEREFORE	BESIDES
LIKEWISE	THUS	MEANWHILE
MOREOVER	USUALLY	FURTHERMORE
NEXT	WHATEVER	GENERALLY
YET	ACCORDINGLY	NEVERTHELESS
INSTEAD	IN CONTRAST	FOR EXAMPLE

Connectives that givea sense of time:

FIRST	SECONDLY
FINALLY	NOW
ONCE	WHEN
ULTIMATELY	EVENTUALLY
LASTLY	LATER
MEANWHILE	PREVIOUSLY
THEN	SOON
FORMERLY	SOMETIMES

Other Connectivephrases:

TO BEGIN WITH	ON THE OTHER HAND
IN BRIEF	IN GENERAL
IN SUMMARY	MORE SPECIFICALLY
INSTEAD OF	IN ADDITION TO
IN OTHER WORDS	ANOTHER WAY TO
FOR THE SAME REASON	NO MATTER WHAT
SUCH A	THAT'S WHAT (WHY)
IN FACT	WHAT'S MORE
IN THE SAME WAY	ON THE CONTRARY
CONVERSELY	AS A RESULT
SUMMING UP	IF SO / NOT

All of these words andphrases link ideas and assure continuity in your writing. (具体的这些连接词我在写作语言里边有更详细的总结)
连接词不仅可以帮助理清段落内句子的逻辑顺序，对于读者来说，可以说的上也是个MAP


（二）利用重复：
Another useful principle to assure continuity in yourwriting and tie your sentences together is:
这个就是神秘的核心词重复！！
１．One easy way to follow this principle is to use pronominaladjectives like these to refer to nouns in previous sentences:

THIS	THAT
THESE	WHICH
THEIR	HIS
ITS	HER

利用人称和其他代词指代。
２．Another way to assure continuity in your writing is simplerepetition; that is, carry the same nouns from one sentence to the next.
核心词重复（或者改写重复）
３．利用强调词：
INTENSIVES
Here is a list of someuseful intensives:

ESPECIALLY	AS MUCH AS	EVEN IF/THOUGH
INCREASINGLY	BY FAR	SO...THAT
MORE IMPORTANTLY	HIGHLY	ONLY
PARTICULARLY	IN FACT	VERY
SIGNIFICANTLY	QUITE	SUCH
MOST	UNIQUE	AT ALL
ABOVE ALL	INDEED	IN ANY CASE

CAUTION: Misusing or overusing intensives (mostnotoriously, the word very) can weaken your writing. Use them likegarlic -- sparingly. Eliminate intensives that are thrown in gratuitouslyor that don't make a definite contribution by emphasizing an important fact oridea. Littering your writing with intensives where they are not needed makesyour writing sound trite and strains your credibility.

番茄斗斗UID: 2720914

DAY THREE

从图书馆回来了，呼呼呼，先汇报下今天的学习进度吧：
还是单词～：L16-18,*L7-9,*L13-15。一大早背的效率还不是很高，可能是因为昨天有点晚睡了，所以单词的完成时间还是拖到了下午。恩恩恩，但是还是要坚持早睡早起的！嘿嘿，然后慢慢的把兴奋点调到早上～～

晚上图书馆里看了三讲的WRITTING，看得很慢，可能是因为全英文看不大习惯的原因，理解起来也比较慢，明天就是截至日期了。得快马加鞭了～～～

PS：忽然发现作为一名GTER很幸福，即使背单词背的头要暴了，对着电脑看资料看的眼睛发涩，稍稍休息，又会立马投入，第一次发现自己原来也可以这样迎难而上。下午背完单词，走出自习教室，一个人竟然情不自禁的笑起来，发现，无论多么阴霾的天，有GT，心里可以这么阳光～～嘿嘿，扯多了，继续下一讲

番茄斗斗UID: 2720914

第十讲：1．
如何使用论据论证？
（１）
Offerevidence that agrees with your stance up to a point, then add to it withideas of your own.$
（２）
Presentevidence that contradicts your stance in order to argue against (refute) itand therefore strengthen your position
（３）
Use sourcesagainst each other, as if they are experts on a panel discussing yourproposition
（４）
Usequotations to support your assertion, not merely to state or restate yourclaim. Weak and Strong Uses of Evidence
归结下来就是使用正反例子的同时，使材料有个对抗性，最后便是多多引用
In order to useevidence effectively, you need to integrate it smoothly into your paragraph(为了使这些论据流畅的结合在一起，应该：)
o State your claim.
o Give your evidence,remembering to relate it to the claim.
o Comment on theevidence to show how it supports the claim
即claim---evidence---comment
论证和题目结合不紧密，不是论据无关，而是作者没有表现这种合理的关系在哪里，其实就是却一句话或者是一个逻辑连接词的问题．

好的论证：首先是首尾都有明显的和中心联系的句子，让你知道你在读什么，然后就是后边的几乎每个句子都有逻辑的连接词汇连接了起来．
Discussing your evidence’s significancedevelops and expands a paper，Remember that your job during the course of your essay is topersuade your readers that your claims are feasible and the most effective wayof interpreting the evidence

Questionsto Ask Yourself When Revising Your Paper
1) Do I avoidgeneralizing in my paper by specifically explaining how my evidence isrepresentative?
2) Have I offered myreader evidence to substantiate each assertion I make in my paper?
3) Do I thoroughlyexplain why/how my evidence backs up my ideas?
4) Do I provideevidence that not only confirms but also qualifies mypaper’s main claims?
5) Do I use evidence to test and evolve my ideas, ratherthan to just confirm them?
6) Do I cite mysources thoroughly and correctly?

番茄斗斗UID: 2720914

第十一讲

Strategies for Writing a Conclusion

Conclusions are often the most difficult part of an essay to write,（注意结论的重要性！） and many writers feel that they have nothing left to say afterhaving written the paper. A writer needs to keep in mind that theconclusion is often what a reader remembers best. Your conclusion should be the best partof your paper.

A conclusion should

• stress the importance of the thesis statement, （重现主题句）
• give the essay a sense of completeness, and （完善全文）
• leave a final impression on the reader.（给读者一个深刻的印象）
• 
  

Suggestions

• Answer the     question "So What?"
  （强调文章的重要性）

Show your readers why this paper wasimportant. Show them that your paper was meaningful and useful.

You can also use this strategy on your own,asking yourself "So What?" as you develop your ideas or your draft.

其实写出来的作文归根结底是要给读者看的，因此，学会换位思考非常重要！！！

• Synthesize,（综合全面的观点） don't summarize
  • Don't simply      repeat things that were in your paper. They have read it. Show them how      the points you made and the support and examples you used were not random,      but fit together.

• Redirect your readers
  • Give your      reader something to think about, perhaps a way to use your paper in      the "real" world. If your introduction went from general to specific, make your      conclusion go from specific to general. Think globally.
    （结尾最后从具体再回到一般）Propose a course of action, a solution to an issue, or      questions for further study. This can      redirect your reader's thought process and help her to apply your info      and ideas to her own life or to see the broader implications.
  • 结尾可以考虑一个建议，或一个解决方案，或为之后的学习留下一个问题，这比仅仅总结全文更能引发读者的思考。

• Create a new     meaning
  • You don't have to give new      information to create a new meaning. By demonstrating how your ideas work      together, you can create a new picture. Often the sum of the paper is worth more than its      parts. 对IDEA的有效阐述其实就是在CREAT 新的含义
• Point to broader implications.

Strategies

• Echoing the introduction: （呼应开头）

• Challenging the reader:（挑战读者的思维） By issuing a challenge to your readers, you are helping them to redirect the     information in the paper, and they may apply it to their own lives.

• Looking to the future:（展望未来） Looking to the future     can emphasize the importance of your paper or redirect the readers'     thought process. It may help them apply the new information to their lives     or see things more globally.

Example

Without well-qualified teachers, schoolsare little more than buildings and equipment. If higher-paying careers continueto attract the best and the brightest students, there will not only be ashortage of teachers, but the teachers available may not have the bestqualifications. Our youth will suffer. And when youth suffers, the futuresuffers.（好段落！）

• Posing questions:（提出问题）

Strategies to Avoid

·
Beginning with an unnecessary, overusedphrase such as "in conclusion," "in summary," or "inclosing." Although these phrases can work in speeches, they come acrossas wooden and trite in writing.（很重要！）
·
Stating the thesis for thevery first time in the conclusion.
·
Introducing a new idea orsubtopic in your conclusion.
·
Ending with a rephrased thesisstatement without any substantive changes.
·
Making sentimental, emotionalappeals (out of character with the rest of an analytical paper).
·
Including evidence (quotations,statistics, etc.) that should be in the body of the paper.
Four Kinds of Ineffective Conclusions
1.
The "That's My Story and I'm Sticking to It" Conclusion. Thisconclusion just restates the thesis and is usually painfully short. It does notpush the ideas forward. People write this kind of conclusion when they can'tthink of anything else to say.

2.
The "Sherlock Holmes: Conclusion.. The reader, however, doesnot expect a mystery, but an analytical discussion of your topic in an academicstyle, with the main argument (thesis) stated up front.

3.
The "America the Beautiful"/"I AmWoman"/"We Shall Overcome" Conclusion. Thiskind of conclusion usually draws on emotion to make its appeal, but while thisemotion and even sentimentality may be very heartfelt, it is usually out ofcharacter with the rest of an analytical paper.

4.
The "Grab Bag" Conclusion. This kind of conclusion includesextra information that the writer found or thought of but couldn't integrateinto the main paper.

综合而言，好的结尾要避免仅仅重复主题，即为结尾而结尾；避免将主题的揭示放在结尾，避免语句太MOTIONAL的同时还要避免与主题无关的信息出现