1006G[REBORN FROM THE ASHES组]备考日记 by番茄斗斗----坚定了一条路就要走到底

番茄斗斗UID: 2720914

第十讲 连词

1 并列连词与并列结构

并列连词引导两个并列的句子。
1)and 与or

Make up your mind, and you'll get the chance.
= If you make up your mind, you'll get the chance.

注意： not only… but also 关联两个分句时，一个分句因有否定词not 而必须倒装。

2 比较and和or
2) 但有时and 也可用于否定句。请注意其不同特点：

There is no air or water in the moon.
There is no air and no water on the moon.
在否定中并列结构用or 连接，但含有两个否定词的句子实际被看作是肯定结构，因此要用and。

(对) We will die without air or water.
(对) We can't live without air and water.

4 表示转折或对比

1) but表示转折，while表示对比。

not 和but后面的用词要遵循一致原则。
They were not the bones of an animal, but (the bones) of a human being.

5
表原因关系

a. 两个并列连词不能连用，但therefore, then, yet.可以和并列连词连用。
You can watch TV, and or you can go to bed.
He hurt his leg, and so / and therefore he couldn't play in the game.

6 比较so和 such

其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so是副词，只能修饰形容词或副
词。so 还可与表示数量的形容词many，few，much， little连用，形成固定搭配。

so + adj. such + a(n) + n.
so + adj. + a(n) + n. such + n. (pl.)
so + adj. + n. (pl.) such +n. (pl.)
so + adj. + n. [不可数]such +n. [不可数]

so foolish such a fool
so nice a flower such a nice flower
so many/ few flowers such nice flowers
so much/little money. such rapid progress
so many people such a lot of people


so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于 many，但 a lot of 为名词性的，只能用such搭配。

so…that与such…that之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换。

番茄斗斗UID: 2720914

8

本帖最后由 irvine666 于 2009-3-6  18:09 编辑 这篇又是化工,一边写一边骂,真恶心的题材...   觉得自己的2,3段就是在讲一件事:这个技术could not be broadly actualized,是不是重复了...   算了,吃完饭来改.         TOPIC: ARGUMENT71 - Copper occurs in nature mixed with other minerals and  valuable metals in ore, and the proportion of copper in the ore can vary  considerably. Until fairly recently, the only way to extract pure copper from  ore was by using a process that requires large amounts of electric energy,  especially if the proportion of copper in the ore is low. New  copper-extracting technologies（新技术的投入意味着需要一定投资，而开发商会权衡成本和利润，所以有了新技术不一定会投入到生产中） can use up to 40 percent less electricity than the older method  to process the same amount of raw ore, especially when the proportion of  copper in the ore is high. Therefore, we can expect the amount of electricity  used by the copper-extraction industry to decline significantly（C的含量高低决定了用电量的多少，而未来开采的C含量不定，因此用电大量减少不一定）.

题目的逻辑线：C在自然界是处于混合物的存在着，且含量不定---电力提取消耗大量，且含量低的更多----新技术用电少，且含量高时花电更少—未来的C产业消耗的电会减少

作者的思路是：
1.对于制造商来说，重要的是产品的质量，即C的提纯度，而不是电费的消耗
2.对环境是否有破坏
3.也许有更好的催化剂可以使产出更多，更快
语言挺不错的，看多了模板式的语句，还是自己的“模板”清新许多～～论证也挺透彻的，但是第一个观点的论述显得有些冗余了，翻来覆去的讲QUALITY，没有层层递进的力度感。

10

"Many other companies have recently stated  that having their employees take the Easy Read Speed-Reading Course has  greatly improved productivity. One graduate of the course was able to read a  five-hundred-page report in only two hours（读得快意味着什么？产能的提高同阅读快有什么必然联系？工作的性质不一样）; another graduate rose from  an assistant manager to vice president of the company in under a year(提升同阅读速度快没有说明其必然联系). Obviously, the faster you can read, the more  information you can absorb in a single workday（信息量掌握的多少是否有工作性质的差别，即有的工作可能需要的是精读）. Moreover, Easy Read costs  only $500 per employee-a small price to pay when you consider the benefits to  Acme. Included（这个是否多余了？阅读速度的提高和保持不需要这些） in this fee is a three-week  seminar in Spruce City and a lifelong subscription to the Easy Read  newsletter. Clearly, Acme would  benefit greatly by requiring all of  our employees to take the Easy Read

作者的思路：
1.题目只说了两个职员，样本太小不具备代表性；三周的SEMINAR很耗工时；那两名职员的成就可能来自于他们别的能力。---作者的ALTERNATIVE COURSE提及很多，然而这样的弊端是容易失去逻辑，穷举固然充实，可是ARGU的重点是剖析，因此，倒不如就一个点，层层深入。
2.ACME不一定适用这个培训，如公司的规模，职员的素质等影响
3.题目的所有职员都需参加培训显然有问题，因为有的工作不需要快速阅读这项技能
在表达上，作者的模板痕迹很重，语法的问题不多，但是出现了某些CHINELISH的表达。

11

"For many years all the stores in our chain have  stocked a wide variety of both domestic and imported cheeses. Last year,  however, the five best-selling cheeses at our newest（一家店的销售情况不能决定总体销售情况） store were all domestic cheddar cheeses from  Wisconsin. Furthermore, a recent survey by Cheeses of the World magazine  indicates an increasing preference（倾向不一定代表会买，适当的营销策略可以促进销售，因此进口奶酪还是有市场的；杂志的阅读者可能是某一群体或者总量很少，不能代表W城的居民想法） for domestic  cheeses among its subscribers. Since our company can reduce expenses by  limiting inventory, the best way  to improve profits in all of our stores is to discontinue stocking many of  our varieties of imported cheese and concentrate primarily on domestic  cheeses."

题目的逻辑线：
多年连锁店有国内国外两种奶酪---去年新店的热卖奶酪前五全是国内的；调查显示订购者越来越倾向于买国内奶酪----为了保证获利，应停止进口奶酪
作者的思路：
1.新店的进口和国内奶酪总量不明。
2.一家店的销售情况不能决定总体销售情况
3.杂志的订阅者不能代表W城的居民想法
总的来说，作者的攻击点选择还是很恰到好处的，语言也很流畅，然而句式稍有些单一，如果能多些变换，应该是篇佳作

中原527UID: 2707367

话说...
对着你的翻译，掉了几个句子哦

番茄斗斗UID: 2720914

话说...
对着你的翻译，掉了几个句子哦
中原527 发表于 2009-11-25 00:16

哦？那时候翻的昏天黑地的。。。可能漏了几句吧。嘿嘿～～

番茄斗斗UID: 2720914

12

Argument6 新手限时第二篇 求拍

TOPIC: ARGUMENT6  - The following was written as a part of an application for a small business  loan by a group of developers in the city of Monroe. "A jazz  music club in Monroe would be a tremendously profitable enterprise.  Currently, the nearest jazz club is 65 miles away; thus, our proposed club,  the C Note, would have the local market all（别的CLUB的可能） to itself.  Plus, jazz is extremely popular in Monroe: over 100,000 people attended  Monroe's jazz festival last summer（参加节日的人不一定都是当地人）, several well-known jazz musicians（音乐家的出演条件不是由居住地所决定的，而是出场费等） live in Monroe, and the highest-rated radio program（人们可能喜欢听JAZZ，但是不一定会花钱到JAZZ CLUB） in Monroe is 'Jazz Nightly,' which airs  every weeknight. Finally, a nationwide（全国性的调查不一定显示出了M城的特点） study indicates  that the typical jazz fan spends close to $1,000 per year on jazz  entertainment（花在CLUB的钱不一定多）. It is clear  that the C Note cannot help but make money."

JAZZ CLUB肯定会盈利：1，距离M近，拥有当地的所有市场2.JAZZ在M非常流行，因为去年有100000多人参加了JAZZ的节日3.音乐家也住在M城4.最有人气的广播节目是JAZZ5.全国性质的调查显示JAZZ爱好者花了1000多美元在JAZZ的活动上
 
作者的思路：
1.JAZZ节目收视高不一定说明居民会去CLUB，音乐家不一定会到C演出
2.全国性质的调查不一定说明了M的情况；花在CLUB的钱不一定多
3.即使之前的条件都符合，在不知道成本的情况下，C不一定盈利（虽然这一点挨批了，不过我倒还是蛮认同的诶，因为题目中说的是profitable，所以也可以算是一个攻击点了吧）
这个题目的攻击点算是很多了，所以更重要的是如何把逻辑关系理好，如何使论述的更有力更深入。这一点有点困惑。所以看了些贴：
 
Staralways的关于Argument中理清谬误攻击顺序的入门帖

一个argument逻辑错误一般会有3个到4个；然而反驳的时候，并不能仅仅按照题目里错误出现的顺序，或者自己在找出谬误的顺序来安排文章的结构。一般来说要重新组织一下，来使文章完成后，感觉有一条线贯穿着整篇文章。这条线很重要，不然文章就会很散，有很零乱的感觉。
运用“即使”（即让步）可以把逻辑思维理顺的问题，文章有点递进的感觉，逻辑是也就顺了一点
这样一来，攻击顺序就比较清楚了。一点点的让步，使得整篇文章有一条“红线”贯穿，感觉很紧凑，让阅卷人看着也很有条理，这样首先就达到了对文章把握的要求了；接下来就是具体对错误进行攻击的问题了，再此就不再赘述了。
 
13
"Doctors have long suspected thatsecondary infections may keep some patients from healing quickly after severe muscle strain.（二次感染没有在研究中显现，即不吃ANTIBIOTICS不一定会发生感染；结论是关于严重的肌肉拉伤，但是研究没有显现这一点） This hypothesis has now been proved bypreliminary results of a study of two groups of patients. The first group ofpatients, all being treated for muscle injuries by Dr. Newland, a doctor who specializes in sports medicine,took antibiotics regularly throughout their treatment. Their recuperation timewas, on average, 40 percent quicker than typically expected. Patients in thesecond group, all being treated by Dr. Alton, a general physician, （医生的治疗水平不一致可能导致调查结果不一样）were given sugar pills, although the patients believed they weretaking antibiotics. Their average recuperation time was not significantlyreduced. Therefore, all patients who are diagnosed withmuscle strain would be well advised to take antibiotics as part of theirtreatment."
作者的思路：
1.
两个小组的医生不一样，所以治疗效果可能不一样，其次，两个小组的研究条件（如病情不一致）可能不一样---研究条件这一点算是攻击前提了吧，再说了，涉及到比较方面的还不至于傻到拿不一样的前提做研究吧。。。
2.
抗生素可能会有副作用。---这一点很不认同，因为药都难免会有副作用，在研究下的药效既然提到了康复期，前提条件就是别的情况基本良好，钻一点来攻击，有点牵强
3.
没有必要让所有病人都用A
 
14
TOPIC: ARGUMENT4 - The following wasposted on an Internet real estate discussion site.
"Of the two leading real estatefirms in our town-Adams Realty and Fitch Realty-Adams is clearly superior.Adams has 40 real estate agents. In contrast, Fitch has 25, many of whom workonly part-time. Moreover, Adams' revenue（他的成本可能很高，尤其是在员工多的前提下） last year was twice as high as that of Fitch, and included home salesthat averaged $168,000, compared to Fitch's $144,000. Homes listed with Adamssell faster as well: ten years ago, I listed my home with Fitch and it tookmore than four months to sell; last year, when I sold another home（地理位置可能影响出售，而且十年变化很大）, I listed it with Adams, and it took only one month. Thus, if youwant to sell your home quickly and at agood price（没有提及A卖的价钱比F好）, you should use Adams."
作者的思路:
1.人多不一定代表效率高；AR可能花了很多在员工薪水上，因此影响最后利润
2.利润要考虑到最小成本
3.10的变化很大，不能作为A比F更有效
IVIRINE的语言真不错，论述的也很深入，可是不知道为什么，读下来，感觉不是很流畅。。。
 
 
15
TOPIC: ARGUMENT169 - The followingappeared in a letter from a department chairperson to the president of PierceUniversity.
 
"Some studies conducted by BronstonCollege, which is also located in a small town, reveal that both male andfemale professors are happier living in small towns when their spousesare also employed in the same geographic area. Therefore, in the interest of attractingthe most gifted teachers and researchers to our faculty and improvingthe morale of our entire staff,we at Pierce University should offeremployment to the spouse of each new faculty member we hire.（调查结果可能不适用于P大学；） Although we cannot expect all offers tobe accepted or to be viewed as an ideal job offer, the money invested in thiseffort will clearly be well spent because, if their spouses have a chance ofemployment, new professors will be more likely to accept our offers."（提供工作是为了让教授HAPPIER，而不是接受OFFER）
作者的思路是：
1.质疑调查的真实有效性---这一点不赞同，因为作为一个前提出来的调查一般不能作为攻击点
2.给SPOUSE提供工作不一定会吸引GIFTED的教授---这样的攻击点是合理的，可是在后面的论述中作者提到“The arguer unfairly assumes that the spouse's job offer isan attractive condition for most gifted teachers and researchers and that it isdifficult for their spouses to find proper jobs”显然有点曲解题意了，题意是在调查结果中得出教授家属在学校附近工作时，教授的士气会高涨。而在题目后面也提到工作不一定会被接受，所以题目出现的逻辑漏洞应该这样攻击：1.提供不了很好的工作，2.优秀教授的家属可能本身也很优秀；所以1和2的矛盾可能导致这个政策无效
3.提高的士气只是涉及到的教授而不是全体员工，相反老教授可能会觉得不公平—这一点作者考虑的不错～
 
16
TOPIC: ARGUMENT188 - A new report suggests that menand women experience pain very differently from one another, and thatdoctors should consider these differences when prescribing painmedications. When researchers administered the same dosage of kappa opioids-a painkiller-to 28 men and 20 womenwho were having their wisdom teeth extracted（长智齿的时候不是每个人都会痛的）, the women reported feeling much less pain than the men, and theeasing of pain lasted considerably longer in women（痛感小，时间长并不意味着药的配置要考虑）. This research suggests that kappa opioids（没有同别的药相比，就不能说这药是最好的） should be prescribed for women whenever pain medication is required,whereas men should be given other kinds of pain medication（研究不能得出这点）. In addition, researchers should reevaluate the effects of allmedications on men versus women.
作者的思路；
1.首段作者抄的太多了，就算是拿题目的观点也要PARAPHRASE啊。
2.只研究了KAPPA，就说是最好的显然不对；其次，只考虑长智齿的情况也不全面
3.调查的样本小，受调查者的情况不明
4.题目的女的痛感少显然不能得到那样的结论
总的来说，作者的思路是对的，但是模板的痕迹太深，论述上显得很不流畅
 
17
TOPIC: ARGUMENT80 - The followingappeared as an editorial in a health magazine.
 
"Clormium 5 is an odorless,tasteless, and generally harmless industrial by-product that can enter thewater supply. A preliminary study has linked cooking with water containingclormium 5 to an increased incidence of allergies and skin rashes. Testsof the drinking water in several areas have revealed the presence ofclormium 5（含有C5是不是一定会导致过敏等？）. Althoughit is possible to remove clormium 5 from water, the costs of routine testingand purification are higher than many communities（水质的改善为什么要让COMMUNITIES负责？应该是水加工厂） can afford. Therefore, in order toprevent allergies and skin rashes, communities that cannot afford to ridtheir drinking water of clormium 5 should replace drinking fountains inpublic buildings（那家庭怎么办？）, such as schools and libraries, with bottled-water coolers."
作者的思路;
1,攻击调查：样本可能很小；样本如何被筛选出来不详—个人觉得这点不适合攻击，应为是作为前提出来的；过敏有很多原因
2.C5不一定会导致过敏—其实上个攻击点的第二小点应该放在这里一块论述比较好
3.可能会有比放瓶装水更好的方法；瓶装水可能也含有C5—这个个人感觉很牵强

plukaUID: 2721764

raccoon那篇argument就应该这么写我也看了，心生景仰啊！但是gtrand又有一个反驳该贴观点的贴，也有些意思的（https://bbs.gter.net/viewthread.php?tid=533374&extra=page%3D1%26amp%3Bfilter%3Dtype%26amp%3Btypeid%3D413）。argument到底要批多深、要怎么挖掘隐藏意义、可不可以自己加以发挥，是个难题。
前段时间看这三十篇的时候一股脑都灌进去，事后翻精华老帖有些想法也没总结，看到番茄这里的读帖笔记好亲切啊~

番茄斗斗UID: 2720914

第十一讲动词、动词语态
动词
======================
3）be + 动词不定式，可表示下列内容：

b. 表示命令，例如：
You are to explain this.对此你要做出解释。
He is to come to the office this afternoon.要他今天下午来办公室。

c.征求意见，例如：
How am I to answer him?我该怎样答复他？
Who is to go there?谁该去那儿呢？
d. 表示相约、商定，例如：
We are to meet at the school gate at seventomorrow morning.我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合。
6 助动词shall和will的用法
在过去的语法中，语法学家说shall用于第一人称，will 只用于第二、第三人称。现在，尤其是在口语中，will常用于第一人称，但shall只用于第一人称，如用于第二、第三人称，就失去助动词的意义，已变为情态动词，试比较:
 
He shall come.他必须来。（shall有命令的意味。）
He will come.他要来。（will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。）
 
 
==========================
动词的语态
==========================
1let 的用法
 
1）当let后只有一个单音节动词，变被动语态时，可用不带to 的不定式。
 
They let the strange go.---> The strangewas let go.
 
2） 若let 后宾补较长时，let 通常不用被动语态，而用allow或permit 代替。
The nurse let me go to see my classmate inthe hospital.
----> I was allowed / permitted to seemy classmate in the hospital.
 
4 不用被动语态的情况
 
1) 不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态：
appear, die disappear, end (vi. 结束), fail,happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand
break out, come true, fall asleep, keepsilence, lose heart, take place.
After the fire, very little remained of myhouse.
比较： rise, fall, happen是不及物动词；raise, seat是及物动词。

要想正确地使用被动语态，就须注意哪些动词是及物的，哪些是不及物的。
 
 
2) 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语：
fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost,notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, sufferfrom, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to
This key just fits the lock.
 
Your story agrees with what had alreadybeen heard.
 
3) 系动词无被动语态：
appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow,keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn
 
It sounds good.
 
4) 带同源宾语的及物动词，反身代词，相互代词，不能用于被动语态：
die, death, dream, live, life
She dreamed a bad dream last night.
 
5 主动形式表示被动意义
 
1)wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell,read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell, drive…
 
2)blame, let(出租), remain, keep,rent, build
I was to blame for the accident.
Much work remains.
 
3) 在need, require, want,worth (形容词), deserve后的动名词必须用主动形式。
The door needs repairing.= The door needsto be repaired.
This room needs cleaning. 这房间应该打扫一下。
This book is worth reading.这本书值得一读。
 
4) 特殊结构：make sb. heard /understood (使别人能听见/理解自己)，have sth. done ( 要某人做某事)。
 
6 被动形式表示主动意义
 
be determined, be pleased, be graduated(from), be finished, be prepared (for), be occupied (in), get marries
 
7 need/want/require/worth
 
注意：当 need, want, require, worth(形容词)后面接doing也可以表示被动。
Your hair wants cutting.你的头发该理了。
The floor requires washing. 地板需要冲洗。
The book is worth reading.这本书值得一读。


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------





第十二讲
动词不定式、分词、动名词
==========================
动词不定式
==========================
4)there be+不定式
believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean,prefer, want, wish, undrstand
We didn't expect thereto be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。
注意： 有些动词需用as 短语做补语，如regard,think believe, take, consider.
We regard Tom as our best teacher.我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。
Mary took him as her father .玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。
3) 当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用It is… to…的句型
(对)To see is tobelieve.百闻不如一见。
(错)It is to believe tosee.
 
4 It's for sb.和 It's of sb.
for 与of 的辨别方法：
用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of，不通则用for。如：
 
You are nice.(通顺，所以应用of)。
He is hard.(人是困难的，不通，因此应用for。)
 
10 动词不定式的否定式

 
Tell him not toshut the window…
 
She pretended notto see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候，她假装没看见。

 
warn sb to do sth. 的否定形式为warn sb not to do sth.
 
not to 为not to do it 的省略形式。
 
11 不定式的特殊句型too…to…

 
如在too前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达肯定
 
3)当too 前面有only, all, but时，意思是：非常…等于very。
 
He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。
 
12 不定式的特殊句型so as to
2)so kind as to ---劳驾
Would you be so kind as to tell me thetime?
劳驾，现在几点了。
 
15 动名词与不定式

1） 动名词与不定式的区别：
动名词表达的是：状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的
不定式表达的是：目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的
==========================
分词
=========================
2）先于主动词
While walking in the garden，he hurt hisleg. 在花园里散步时他伤了腿。
分词作时间状语，如果先与主动词的动作，且强调先后，
要用having done。
Having finished his homework, he went out.
=As he had finished his homework, he wentout.
 
==========================
动名词
=========================
2 worth 的用法
worth，worthy，worth-while都为adj.　意为"值得"。
1. worth： be worth + n.

当名词为金钱时，表示"……值得……"
be worth doing sth."……某事值得被做"
The question is not worth discussing againand again.
 
2. worthy： be worthy of +n.　当名词为抽象名词时表示"……值得……"
be worthy to be done "某事值得被做"
The question is not worthy to be discussedagain and again.
 
3. worth-while： beworth-while to do sth
"值得做某事"
worth while： It is worth whiledoing sth
It is worth while sb to do sth.
 
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------



第十三讲 独立主格、特殊词

独立主格
==========================
1 独立主格

（一）：独立主格结构的构成：
名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词；
名词(代词)+形容词；
名词(代词)+副词；
名词(代词)+不定式；
名词(代词) +介词短语构成。
 
（二）独立主格结构的特点：
名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定
式，介词等是主谓关系。
The test finished, we began our holiday.
= When the test was finished, we began ourholiday.
考试结束了，我们开始放假。
Weather permitting, we are going to visityou tomorrow.
如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。
This done, we went home.
工作完成后，我们才回家。
 
1) 独立主格结构使用介词的问题：

 
当介词是in 时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制
 
2) 当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分 词，不及物动词用过去分词。
He lay there, his teeth set, his handclenched, his eyes looking straight up.
 
==========================
特殊词
==========================
 
2 forget doing/to do
forget to do忘记要去做某事。(未做)
forget doing忘记做过某事。(已做)
 
5 cease doing/to do
cease to do 长时间，甚至永远停做某事。
cease doing 短时停止做某事，以后还会接着做。
 
That department has ceased to existforever.
那个部门已不复存在。

The girls ceased chatting for a moment whentheir teacher passed by.
姑娘们在老师走过时，停了会聊天。
 
6 try doing/to do
try to do努力，企图做某事。
try doing 试验，试着做某事。
8 be afraid doing/to do
 
be afraid to do不敢，胆怯去做某事，是主观上的原因不去做，意为"怕"；
be afraid of doing担心出现doing的状况、结果。 doing 是客观上造成的，意为"生怕，恐怕"。
She was afraid to wake her husband.
她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。
She was afraid of waking her husband.
她生怕吵醒她丈夫。
 
12 感官动词 + doing/to do
 
感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell,taste, feel + do 表示动作的完整性，真实性； +doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性
 
I saw him work in the garden yesterday.
昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实)
I saw him working in the garden yesterday.（强调"我见他正干活"这个动作）
昨天我见他正在花园里干活。
 

QuincySMUID: 2162088

raccoon那篇argument就应该这么写我也看了，心生景仰啊！但是gtrand又有一个反驳该贴观点的贴，也有些意思的（https://bbs.gter.net/viewthread.php?tid=533374&extra=page%3D1%26amp%3Bfilter%3Dtype%26amp%3Bty ...
pluka 发表于 2009-11-25 23:49

我路过，顺便看了raccoon的帖子和反驳的帖子。

就该题而言，我觉得raccoon说的不全对。开头一句话就是一个事实陈述。逻辑就在后面。raccoon说：
TC做了个决定，选EZ而不选ABC，就是因为EZ价格高[隐含前提1]。但是TC错了，我们应该选EZ。为什么说他们错呢？因为EZ收费价格高是合理的[隐含前提2]。证据1，2，3
该题这个隐含前提1不成立。但隐含2是很好的一点。他发现了，牛B.

简单逻辑链是三大点推EZ很强，EZ很强推TC错了。共四个箭头可以批。

但是话说回来，哪些事实可以批，哪些不可以。survey也是事实啊，但是必须可以批。这个要具体分析。我要去上课了，来不及写了。

欢迎讨论。大家加油。

番茄斗斗UID: 2720914

我路过，顺便看了raccoon的帖子和反驳的帖子。

就该题而言，我觉得raccoon说的不全对。开头一句话就是一个事实陈述。逻辑就在后面。raccoon说：
TC做了个决定，选EZ而不选ABC，就是因为EZ价格高[隐含前提1]。但 ...
QuincySM 发表于 2009-11-26 19:08

我觉得吧，SURVEY可以批的前提是，题目给出了具体的调查方法，如果仅仅是“ACCORDING TO A SURVEY”，就给出无限调查可能不严谨的可能，感觉有点偏离了重点。。

呵呵，初涉ARGU，不知道这样的想法对不对

QuincySMUID: 2162088

54# 番茄斗斗
嗯，和我的想法差不多。比如raccoon提到的这篇也是，仅仅一个because，那么就是说人家TC就是这么想的，没什么好说的。
看第四次作业三十篇有的人上来就批没细节的survey。这种是没道理的。

番茄斗斗UID: 2720914

18
TOPIC: ARGUMENT15 - The following appearedin a newsletter offering advice to investors.
 
"Over 80 percent of the respondents（调查对象是否全面？） to a recent survey indicated a desire to reduce their intake offoods containing fats and cholesterol（并没有表示肯定不会吃高脂高卡路里的）, and today low-fat products（这些PRODUCT不一定是他们想食用的，因为低卡路里低脂的可能不好吃） abound inmany food stores. Since many of the food products currently marketed by OldDairy Industries are high in fat and cholesterol, the company's sales arelikely to diminish greatly and their profits will no doubt decrease. Wetherefore advise Old Dairy stockholders to sell their shares and otherinvestors not to purchase stock in this company."
 
作者的思路：


1，  1.质疑调查的全面性和真实性：样本人数，调查地区不明
2，  2.商店有很多低脂产品并不表明高脂产品没有市场—
这一段有些论述上的问题，拿出来看看：Secondly, the fact that low-fact foods abound in many stores lendslittle support to the conclusion. For one thing, there are many low-factfoods does not mean that high-fat foods are losing their customers. It isentirely possible that the overall sale of low-fat foods is lower than high-fatfoods（这两句表达的是一个意思，但是WHY还是没有阐述清楚）. Some high-fat foods, such as butter, are dispensible to manyfamilies（个人不是很赞同这点，因为既然调查者说了会倾向于低脂的话，这里只是简单的说BUTTER对每个家庭来说都必不可少显得有点太单薄了，个人建议可以说，低脂不一定美味，价钱也可能会很高。虽然这两点下文有提及，但是作为散乱的几个论点，显然力度不够，不如集中在这里进行攻击）. Also, the higher cost for producing low-fat foods may prevent themgaining high profits.
For another, theauthor does not cite whether the low-fat foods are competitors toward OldDairy's products. If most of the low-fat foods are bread and soft-drink, whileOld Dairy focus on ice-cream, the low-fat products can hardly threaten OldDairy's sales（这个例子个人不是很赞同，牛奶面包是日常食物，需求量应该是更大的）。
3，
3.通过这样来判定OD的股票没有竞争价值不对

 
 
19
TOPIC: ARGUMENT1 - The following appearedin a memorandum written by the vice president of Nature's Way, a chain ofstores selling health food and other health-related products.
 
"Previous experience has shown thatour stores are most profitable in areas where residents are highly concernedwith leading healthy lives（导致利润高是否有其他原因？且没有说明这里的LEADING HEALTHY LIVES是不是就指关注于锻炼身体？）. We shouldtherefore build our next new store in Plainsville, which has many suchresidents. Plainsville merchants report that sales（买的人不一定都是附近的居民） of running shoes and exercise clothing are at all-time highs. Thelocal health club, which nearly closed five years ago due to lack of business,has more members than ever, and the weight training and aerobics classes arealways full. We can even anticipate a new generation of customers:Plainsville's school children arerequired to participate （这个可以从哪里体现？）in a 'fitness for life' program, which emphasizes the benefits ofregular exercise at an early age."
 
作者的思路：
1，  1可能居民觉得运动的衣服比较舒服；买运动服的人不一定是当地居民
2，  2改善CLUB的因素有很多，不一定是居民越来越关注健康
3，  3新生代不一定会参与健康计划
 
20
TOPIC: ARGUMENT137 - The following appearedin an editorial in the Mason City newspaper.
"At present, Mason City residentsseldom use the nearby Mason River for any kind of recreational activity, eventhough surveys of the region's residents consistently rank water sports(swimming, fishing, and boating) as a favorite form of recreation. Since therehave been complaints about the quality of the water in the river, residentsmust be avoiding the river because they think that it is not clean enough. Butthat situation is about to change: the agency responsible for rivers in ourregion has announced plans to clean up Mason River. Therefore, recreational useof the river is likely to increase, so the Mason City council will need toincrease its budget for improvements to the publicly owned lands along theMason River."
 
同主题的就不再分析一遍了，这里看了下作者的思路：
1.      1题目错误的假定居民一定要用M河
2.      2人们少用M河的原因可以有很多，不一定只是因为觉得水脏
3.      3河流管理局的计划不一定生效，因为之前的抱怨说明了他们之前的保护工作就没做好，因此谈何整治方案
4.      4整治河不一定要改善沿河的土地


总的来说，作者的思路还是挺明晰的，不是找到逻辑漏洞就挨个写下来，而是运用了让步让结构层层递进，嘿嘿，语言方面也挺流畅的～～看着就是舒服！
 
 
21
TOPIC: ARGUMENT38 - The following memoappeared in the newsletter of the West Meria Public Health Council.
 
"An innovative treatment has come toour attention that promises to significantly reduce absenteeism in our schoolsand workplaces. A study reports that in nearby East Meria, where fishconsumption is very high, people visit the doctor only once or twice per yearfor the treatment of colds. Clearly, eating a substantial amount of fish canprevent colds（少生病和吃鱼少没有什么必然联系）. Since coldsare the reason most frequently given for absences from school and work, werecommend the daily use of Ichthaid(即使减少感冒可以降低病假，预防感冒和吃鱼肝油没有必要联系), a nutritional supplement derived from fish oil, as a good way toprevent colds and lower absenteeism."
 
作者的思路:
1.      1多吃鱼和少生病没有多少必然联系
2.      2请假不一定都是因为生病
3.      3在没有试验验证的前提下，作者不能说ICHTHAID是最好的
4.

4题目忽视了别的减少请假的方法---这一段其实可以和第二段合并一段，可以从第二段的“请假不一定都是因为生病“：事假的可能；人会偷懒，再从人会偷懒这一点上扩充到这一段的内容，这比之前的仅仅给出很多可能来说，结构上有层次的多
 
通篇看下来，作者的最大特点是每一段会就一个观点给出很多假设，可是ARGU的核心并不在给出很多ALTERNATIVE COURSES，重点是在论述上，没有层次性，条理性，全文就会散了架。所以与其忙着找漏洞，不如想象如何将这些串起来
 
22
Argument17: The following appeared inaletter to the editor of the Walnut Grove town newspaper.
'Walnut Grove's town council has advocatedswitching from EZ Disposal (whichhas had the contract for trash collectionservices in Walnut Grove for the pastten years) to ABC Waste, because EZrecently raised its monthly fee from $2,000to $2,500 a month, whereas ABC's feeis still $2,000. But the town council ismistaken; we should continue using EZ.EZ collects trash twice a week, whileABC collects only once. Moreover,EZ—which, like ABC, currently has a fleet of20 trucks—has ordered additionaltrucks. Finally, EZ provides exceptionalservice: 80 percent of respondents tolast year's town survey agreed that theywere 'satisfied' with EZ'sperformance.'
这篇看过很多分析，就直接来看作者的思路吧：
1.
1大概叙述了题目的情况，感觉有些累赘，个人觉得首段应该概述题目的重大逻辑漏洞，做好MAP的工作
2.
2题目暗示说EZ值得多拿500美元，但是证据不足
3.
3卡车多并不意味着服务好
4.
4居民只是习惯了Ez的服务
基本上都是RACCOON的思路，但是语言方面还有待从句式上改进
 
 
23
TOPIC: ARGUMENT101 - The followingappearedin a memo from the president of a company that makes breakfast cereals.
"In a recent study, subjects who atesoybeans at least five times per week had significantly lower cholesterol levelsthan subjects who ate no soy products（是否有其他影响因素？）. By fortifying our Wheat-O cereal with soy protein, we can increasesales（这样花费是不是会高，反而会失去原先的顾客？） byappealing to additional consumers who are concerned about their health（关心健康的顾客可能之前就坚持吃谷物类，因为谷物也是很有营养的）. This new version of Wheat-O shouldincrease company profits（成本是否会提高？） and, at the sametime, improve the health of our customers."
 
作者的思路：
1.      1调查没有给出详细信息
来看这一段：The threshold problem with this memo liesin that author fails toprovide detailed information  about thestudy such as the total number ofsubjects in the study. Lacking this informationmakes his conclusion becomeless statistical reliable.
首先短短的两句用来陈述一个观点显然是不够深入的，其次，既然质疑调查的有效性，那就该指出为什么有效性不够会影响结论等。
2对于SURVEY的质疑，应尽量对其给出的信息攻击，例如这个题目，可以针对他只给了一个吃不吃大豆就给了个观点表示质疑
2.      3别的事物可能也会降低CHOLESTEROL---这一段显然可以同第一段合并
3.      4混合了大豆营养的谷物不一定会有市场，例如口味等
4.      5成本不一定低，所以利润不一定高


总的来说，作者的最大问题是论述不深入，有的段落甚至只是点到漏洞而没有去剖析开来，这样的问题是很大的
 
24
TOPIC: ARGUMENT15 - The following appearedin a newsletter offering advice to investors.
 
"Over 80 percent of the respondents toa recent survey indicated a desire to reduce their intake of foods containingfats and cholesterol, and today low-fat products abound in many food stores.Since many of the food products currently marketed by Old Dairy Industries arehigh in fat and cholesterol, the company's sales are likely to diminish greatlyand their profits will no doubt decrease. We therefore advise Old Dairystockholders to sell their shares and other investors not to purchase stock inthis company."


同主题作文，不做分析，来看下作者的思路：
1.PARAPHRASE了题目，这样的开头可能评分者看都不会看，应该应该概述题目的重大逻辑漏洞，做好MAP的工作
2.数据的真实性值得怀疑，调查怎么展开不清楚（这个角度不赞同，因为每个题目不可能都给出所有的具体调查操作）
3.OD不一定会利润下降：人们关注食物和食用事物是两码事；那些大量的低脂产品中可能大部分都是OD的。---感觉后面一点有点牵强
4.OD可能会调整自己的产品类型


同时作者文中还是犯了少许语法错误的，如“it is necessary to another flaw appearing in this argument”；论述方面，还是不够深入

plukaUID: 2721764

开头的问题确实很大。其实没有必要再开头重新把题目重复一遍后不痛不痒的再结尾加一句模板式的However blablabla，这样子等于全文没有主题句。

分析的好仔细~~~我看到后面就头晕了呢

番茄斗斗UID: 2720914

25
ARGUMENT46 - Although black bears arecommon in the eastern Canadian province of Labrador, grizzly bears-oftensimilar in color, but much larger-were believed to exist only in the westernprovinces. Despite a nineteenth-century explorer's account of having startledand narrowly escaped from a grizzly bear deep in the woods in Labrador, modernscientists find no physical evidence that grizzly bears have ever lived inLabrador. But recent research into the language and legends of the Innu, apeople who have lived in Labrador for thousands of years, reveals that theirlanguage has words for two different kinds of bears（是否有别的熊的可能?）, and their ancientlegends attribute different characteristics（特征是否和GRIZZLY BEARS一样？） to the twokinds of bears. Therefore, there probably were grizzly bears in Labrador, andthe explorer's account probably accurately identified the bear.


作者的思路：
1.复述性的开头不多加批判了
2.质疑作为证据的文字记载的有效性：可能文字翻译错误造成—与其怀疑文字翻译错误的可能，倒不如说“尽管有两种熊的记载，但是不能排除第三种熊存在的可能，因此说grizzly bears存在显然有问题”
3. 探险者可能说谎；19世纪的报告可能会有记载失误，是否还有价值？；探险者可能认错了—作者显然没有意识到“探险者的发现是正确的”正是题目想证明的，这里说探险者可能说谎，或者看错了，显然是把结论作为攻击点，从逻辑上来看很有问题；


总的来说，作者的攻击点有点疏漏和错误，论述上也不深入，往往一个攻击点两三句话就论证结束了。

26
"Doctorshave long suspected that secondary infections may keep some patients fromhealing quickly after severe muscle strain. This hypothesis has now been provedby preliminary results of a study of two groups of patients. The first group ofpatients, all being treated for muscle injuries by Dr. Newland, a doctor whospecializes in sports medicine, took antibiotics regularly throughout theirtreatment. Their recuperation time was, on average, 40 percent quicker thantypically expected. Patients in the second group, all being treated by Dr.Alton, a general physician, were given sugar pills, although the patientsbelieved they were taking antibiotics. Their average recuperation time was notsignificantly reduced. Therefore, all patients who are diagnosed with musclestrain would be well advised to take antibiotics as part of theirtreatment."


同主题作文，就不分析了，直接看看作者的思路：
1.概述题目---看了这么多篇下来，没有几篇的开始是让我满意的，所以看了几篇精华贴，附在下面
2.研究调查缺少可信度，样本条件不明，治疗医生专长不一样，没有可比性
3.调查没有寿命糖丸的用处，有可能是糖丸对病人有不好的作用
4.不是说所有的病人都要吃antibiotics：没有证据说肌肉拉伤的病人会二次感染；antibiotics可能会有副作用


总的来说，这篇看下来一般般，模板的痕迹，叙述的方式，跟前面好多篇相似，如何形成自己的写作风格，是一个值得考虑的问题。

这里附上IMONG的如何写ARGU的开头结尾的摘录（https://bbs.gter.net/viewthread.php?tid=134092）：
参见scoreitnow给出的对于thesis的说明：

1．
thesis is themost important sentence in an essay.（argument里面没找到thesis时候给出的）

2．Is this your thesis? Thepurpose of a thesis is to organize, predict, control, and define your essay.（issue里面scoreitnow对找到的thesis做出的反馈信息，个人认为这句话值得记住！）
那么，如果说到organize，predict，control，define的话，有必要研究仔细了，argument到底是怎么开头的。

没得说，一定是看官方范文：University of Claria的6-5-4分文章做个对比，看起来似乎比较典型：

claria 6
While the University of Claria appears to have an excellent reputation based onthe accomplishments and reputations of its faculty（其实概述只要这么一句就够了）, one would also wish to consider other issues before deciding uponthis particular institution for undergraduate or graduate training（这个才是READER要看的）.

Claria 5
While it is true that the facts presented in the above passage contribute tothe idea that the University of Claria is a fine university, it can hardly beconcluded from the propaganda that the University of Claria is the bestuniversity for every applicant.

应该说这两个都起到了统领全文的一个总起的作用(虽然我不敢保证这两句话就是典型的可被判为Thesis的句子，目前这一点缺乏证据)。让我们看看下面这个：Claria 4分

The argument states that anyone who is looking for a quality education shouldchoose The Universtiy of Claria based on the instructors they have tooffer.  The argument assumes that students can learn better fromfaculty members who are internationally renowned and who have been invited touniversities in other countries to teach.  The proof of theirargument rests on the fact that two recent graduates have been candidates forthe Nobel Prize in Physics, and that 75 percent of their graduates findemployment upon graduation.

这种开头似乎看上去很面熟（似乎n多人都这样写），看看评语怎么说的：

Comment:
While the first paragraph of this adequate response [merelysummarizes] the argument, the remainder of the essay identifies andanalyzes several significant flaws in the argument.

pp3说明文件里面有这样的文字了：
[Do not spend a lot of time summarizing the argumentunless you think it will effectively develop your critique.  Readersknow which Argument topic you were assigned.]
总结：

• 对题目的summary被认可的程度相当低，尤其是claria4和scott woods 6。
• 不管是silver screen 5还是scott     woods 6，两个极端，人家commentary的重心都在identifying flaws     in the argument / target on central flaws…
  花那么大力气写一个垃圾开头没什么意义
• 当然了，如果习惯于写summary作为开头的话，从scott     woods 6 得到的启示则是这个东西不会给你造成多少负面影响，但同时基本上没有积极意义。也因此我在第二点里面称之为垃圾。

27
ARGUMENT150 - The following is a letter tothe editor of an environmental magazine.
"The decline in the numbers of amphibians worldwide clearly indicates the global pollution of water and air.Two studies of amphibians in Yosemite National Park（仅仅是一个公园的实验是否能证实问题是GLOBAL的呢？） in Californiaconfirm my conclusion. In 1915 there were seven species of amphibians in thepark, and there were abundant numbers of each species. However, in 1992 therewere only four species of amphibians observed in the park, and the numbers ofeach species were drastically reduced.
The decline in Yosemite has been blamed on the introduction of trout into thepark's waters, which began in 1920 (trout are known to eat amphibian eggs). But （why but？）theintroduction of trout
cannot be the real reason for the Yosemite decline because it does not explainthe worldwide decline."（通过否定一个原因，而肯定另外一个原因，显然是没有逻辑的）
题目显然强词夺理了，看下逻辑线：
公园实验AMPHIBIANS数量减少因为有trout的引进，但是这不是原因，因为全球的数量都在减少，所以说一定是环境污染的问题


来看下作者的思路：
1.怀疑调查的可信度：没有提供调查的过程，可能导致因A的习性改变而造成的统计数量不正确或者前后两次的调查方法不一样，无法进行比较————坚决批判这样的攻击点，首先篇幅不长的题目根本不可能给你详细陈述过程，再者，既然调查方法没有说明，即默认其科学性，因此说前后方法不一样显然是太夸张了



2.不能证明a在全球范围内减少了---作者似乎没看清题目吧： "The decline in the numbers of amphibiansworldwide clearly indicates the global pollution of water and air.显然这是一个默认的前提，且题目是在这前提下提出的自己的想法，即原因在于污染，而我们要ARGU的是：这个推理过程存在了什么问题。



3.可能除了TROUT还有别的可能造成了A的减少：可能是捕猎或者污染等---粗粗一看，作者的思路很正确，再仔细琢磨，似乎作者局限的范围还是在调查方面，即文中给出的证据。其实这题目最大的逻辑漏洞应该是推理论证方面，即通过否定一个可能来肯定另外一个可能。如果作者能把精力放在题目的前因后果的联系上，效果会好很多。

28
【38The following memo appearedin the newsletter of the West Meria Public Health Council. 】

"An innovative treatment has come to our attention that promises tosignificantly reduce absenteeism in our schools and workplaces. A study reportsthat in nearby East Meria, where fish consumption is very high, people visitthe doctor only once or twice per year for the treatment of colds. Clearly,eating a substantial amount of fish can prevent colds. Since colds are thereason most frequently given for absences from school and work, we recommendthe daily use of Ichthaid, a nutritional supplement derived from fish oil, as agood way to prevent colds and lower absenteeism."


同主题作文不分析了，直接看看作者的思路：


1.仅仅说喜欢吃鱼就是EM很少感冒的原因太狭隘
2.没有证据说ICHTHAID能减少感冒
3.感冒不一定是缺席的主要原因—

有点问题，来看看原文：
Further more, itcannot be simply assumed that colds are the reason most frequently for absencesfrom school and work. Given that cold is one reason, it is obviously that theargument neglects the other factors which can also result in the absence, suchas the bad weather and the disorderly traffic. Besides, they may mainly accountfor the absence from school and work. Accordingly, the conclusion remains to bedubious.
显然题目中说了“Since colds are the reasonmost frequently given for absences from school andwork”作者再说感冒不一定是缺席的主要原因就有点问题了，其实这里可以说感冒可能不是主要原因，因为人们可能会以感冒的名义请假，这样就显得合理多了
4.没有考虑到地区有差异性，WM不一定适用


29
TOPIC:ARGUMENT162 - Arecent study shows that people living on the continent of North America suffer9 times more chronic fatigue and 31 times more chronic depression than dopeople living on the continent of Asia（显然地区的差异性可以体现在饮食，天气等诸多对健康有影响的因素）.Interestingly, Asians, on average, eat 20 grams of soy per day, whereas NorthAmericans eat virtually none（可能有别的原因）. It turns out that soy contains phytochemicals calledisoflavones, which have been found to possess disease-preventing（食用者只是相对减少了疲劳感和失落感并不能说明大豆具有抗病的作用） properties. Thus,North Americans should consider eating soy on a regular basis as a way ofpreventing fatigue and depression.


作者的思路;
1.受调查的病人数不明，可以完全质疑9倍和31倍的意义；受调查城市不明，大城市压力大显然得疲劳感的比率会高
2.没有证据说20克大豆减少失落感的原因—这一段可以和第一段合并一段来阐述
3.北美和亚洲差异很大，大豆对亚洲人有效，不一定适用于北美人。


30
TOPIC: ARGUMENT53 - Thirteen years ago,researchers studied a group of 25 infants who showed signs of mild distresswhen exposed to unfamiliar stimuli such as an unusual odor or a tape recordingof an unknown voice（没有对比组，就草率的说这些婴儿比别的婴儿更容易对陌生环境感到压力显然是不对的）. They discovered that these infants were more likely than otherinfants to have been conceived in early autumn, a time when their mothers'production of melatonin-a hormone known to affect some brain functions-wouldnaturally increase in response to decreased daylight. In a follow-up studyconducted earlier this year, more than half of these children-now teenagers-whohad shown signs of distress identified themselves as shy（显然shy可能由别的原因造成：环境，性格等）.Clearly, increased levels of melatonin before birth cause shyness duringinfancy and this shyness continues into later life.


作者的语言很不错，这里看的是三楼的修改文，其思路如下：


1.受调查者情况不一定一样；25的数量太小---与其说太小，不如说这个调查结论与其方法不吻合：题目归结出来的结论是妈妈在冬天怀孕的婴儿更容易害羞，如果没有非冬天怀孕的婴儿的对照组来进行比照的话，那这样的结果显然是不科学的
2.拿出原文来看看：
Even assumingthat the study is substantiated enough, the causality established between theshyness and the chemical secretion of melatonin is unverified, in that the milddistress is probably the symptom of some other feelings, such as dread, ordiscomfort, rather than the shyness（作者这里是想说焦虑不等同害羞，但是具体是想得出怎么的结论呢？）. Besides, due to lack of valid scientific evidence, we cannotpreclude the possibility that the melatonin could only work to the mother whocreated this secretion, while it works little to the infants.（这里作者似乎理解错了，题目想论证的是，冬天褪黑素增多，因此这时怀孕的妈妈生下的宝宝会受这影响而变得害羞） Thus, without ruling out all the alternatives, the facts in theargument alone amounts to scant evidence supporting the claimed causality.

番茄斗斗UID: 2720914

开头的问题确实很大。其实没有必要再开头重新把题目重复一遍后不痛不痒的再结尾加一句模板式的However blablabla，这样子等于全文没有主题句。

分析的好仔细~~~我看到后面就头晕了呢
pluka 发表于 2009-11-27 00:21

嘿嘿，开始的时候分析起来挺没思路的，所以做的很慢，可是分析到后面，发现挑刺还是挺愉快的事情哈～～而且现在论述方面要避免什么样的问题心里也都有了个数了

番茄斗斗UID: 2720914

第十四讲 Active and Passive Voice

Active and Passive Voice
Active Versus Passive Voice

Active voice is used formost non-scientific writing. Using active voice for the majority of your sentences makes your meaning clear for readers, and keepsthe sentences from becoming too complicated or wordy. Even in scientific writing, too much use of passive voice cancloud the meaning of your sentences.

Sometimes the use of passive voice can create awkward sentences

In scientific writing,however, passive voice is more readily accepted since using it allows one to write without usingpersonal pronouns or the names of particular researchers as the subjects ofsentences (see the third example above).

This practice helps to create theappearance of an objective, fact-based discourse because writers can presentresearch and conclusions without attributing them to particular agents.Instead, the writing appears to convey information that is not limited orbiased by individual perspectives or personal interests.


Passive voice makes sense when the agent performingthe action is obvious, unimportant, orunknown or when a writer wishes to postpone mentioning the agent until the lastpart of the sentence or to avoid mentioning the agent at all. Thepassive voice is effective in such circumstances because it highlights the action and whatis acted upon rather than the agent performing the action.

Further Suggestions for Using Passive andActive Voices

1. Avoid starting asentence in active voice and then shifting to passive.（避免一个句子开始于一个主动语态后转向被动语态）

2. Avoid danglingmodifiers caused by the use of passive voice. A dangling modifier is aword or phrase that modifies a word not clearly stated in the sentence.
Dangling modifier with passive voice
Revised
To save time, the paper was written on acomputer. (Who was saving time? The paper?)
Tosave time, Kristin wrote the paper on a computer.

Verbs- Voice and Mood
Active and Passive voice: Most writers consider the active voice more forceful andtend to stay away from passives unless they really need them.



第十五讲 apostrophe&hyphensThe Apostrophe

The apostrophe has three uses:
1.to form possessives of nouns
2.to show the omission of letters
3.to indicate certain plurals of lowercase letters


FormingPossessives of Nouns

To see if you need to make a possessive, turn the phrase around and make it an"of the..." phrase. For example:
the boy's hat = the hat of the boy
If the noun after "of" is a building, an object, or a piece offurniture, then no apostrophe is needed!
room of the hotel = hotel room
door of the car = car door
leg of the table = table leg

·add 's to the endof compound words:
my brother-in-law's money

·add 's to the lastnoun to show joint possession of an object:
Todd and Anne's apartment

Showingomission of letters

Apostrophes are used in contractions. To use anapostrophe to create a contraction, place anapostrophe where the omitted letter(s) would go.Here are some examples:
don't = do not
could've= could have (NOT "could of"!)
'60 = 1960

Formingplurals of lowercase letters

Apostrophes are used to form plurals of letters thatappear in lowercase; here the rule appears to be more typographical thangrammatical, e.g. "three ps" versus "three p's." To formthe plural of a lowercase letter, place 'safter the letter. There is no need forapostrophes indicating a plural on capitalized letters, numbers, and symbols (though keep in mind that some editors, teachers, andprofessors still prefer them). Here are some examples:

p's andq's = Today, the term also indicatesmaintaining politeness, possibly from "mind your pleases andthankyous."

Nita's mother constantly stressed minding one's p'sand q's.
three Macintosh G4s = three of the Macintosh model G4
There are two G4s currently used in the writingclassroom.
many & s = many ampersands
That printed page has too many & s on it.
the 1960s = the years in decade from 1960 to 1969

Don't useapostrophes for possessive pronouns（possessive pronounsalready show possession） or for nounplurals.

HyphenUse

1.Use a hyphen to jointwo or more words serving as a singleadjective before a noun:

a one-way street
chocolate-covered peanuts
However, when compoundmodifiers come after a noun, they are not hyphenated:
The author was well known.

2.Use a hyphen withcompound numbers: forty-six

3.Use a hyphen toavoid confusion or an awkward combination of letters:
re-sign a petition (vs. resign from a job)
semi-independent (but semiconscious)
shell-like (but childlike)

4.Use a hyphen withthe prefixes ex- (meaning former), self-, all-; with the suffix -elect;between a prefix and a capitalized word; and withfigures or letters:
ex-husband, self-assured, pre-Civil War,mid-1980s

6.For line breaks, divide already hyphenatedwords only at the hyphen:

mass-
produced

7.For line breaks in words ending in -ing,if a single final consonant in the root word isdoubled before the suffix, hyphenate between the consonants; otherwise, hyphenate at the suffix itself:
plan-ning,run-ning,driv-ing,call-ing

8.Never put the firstor last letter of a word at the end or beginning of a line, and don't put two-letter suffixes at the beginning of anew line:
lovely (Do not separate to leave ly beginning a newline.)
eval-u-ate (Separate only on either side of the u; do not leave the initial e-at the end of a line.)

第十六讲parallel structure

ParallelStructure

Parallel structure means using the same pattern ofwords to show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance.

Words andPhrases With the -ing form (gerund) ofwords:
Parallel: Mary likes hiking, swimming, and bicycling.
Withinfinitive phrases:
Parallel: Mary likes to hike, to swim, and to ride a bicycle.
OR Mary likes to hike, swim, and ride a bicycle.
(Note: You can use"to" before all the verbs in a sentence or only before the first one.)
Do not mixforms.

Clauses
A parallel structure that begins with clauses must keep on with clauses. Changing to another pattern or changing the voice of theverb (from active to passive or vice versa) will break the parallelism.

ListsAfter a Colon

Be sure tokeep all the elements in a list in the same form.