M11
Strategies for Writing a Conclusion Conclusions are often the most difficult part of an essay to write,(注意结论的重要性!) and many writers feel that they have nothing left to say after having written the paper. A writer needs to keep in mind that the conclusion is often what a reader remembers best. Your conclusion should be the best part of your paper. 好吧,conclusion是最难、最重要、最好的!!!
A conclusion should - stress the importance of the thesis statement, (重现主题句)
- give the essay a sense of completeness, and (完善全文)
- leave a final impression on the reader.(给读者一个深刻的印象)
Suggestions - Answer the question "So What?"
(强调文章的重要性)
new or interesting So what? Why should anybody care? - Synthesize,(综合全面的观点) don't summarize
- Don't simply repeat things that were in your paper. They have read it. Show them how the points you made and the support and examples you used were not random, but fit together. 如何黏在一起的?
- Redirect your readers
- Give your reader something to think about, perhaps a way to use your paper in the "real" world. If your introduction went from general to specific, make your conclusion go from specific to general. Think globally. (结尾最后从具体再回到一般)Propose a course of action, a solution to an issue, or questions for further study. This can redirect your reader's thought process and help her to apply your info and ideas to her own life or to see the broader implications.
- Create a new meaning
- You don't have to give new information to create a new meaning. By demonstrating how your ideas work together, you can create a new picture. Often the sum of the paper is worth more than its parts. 是说组织结构么?
- Point to broader implications.
For example, if your paper examines the Greensboro sit-ins or another event in the Civil Rights Movement, you could point out its impact on the Civil Rights Movement as a whole. A paper about the style of writer Virginia Woolf could point to her influence on other writers or on later feminists.由点到面地延伸
Strategies - Echoing the introduction: (呼应开头)Echoing your introduction can be a good strategy if it is meant to bring the reader full-circle. If you begin by describing a scenario, you can end with the same scenario as proof that your essay was helpful in creating a new understanding.
Challenging the reader:(挑战读者的思维) By issuing a challenge to your readers, you are helping them to redirect the information in the paper, and they may apply it to their own lives. Looking to the future:(展望未来) Looking to the future can emphasize the importance of your paper or redirect the readers' thought process. It may help them apply the new information to their lives or see things more globally. 眼光长远一点,开阔一点 Posing questions:(提出问题) Posing questions, either to your readers or in general, may help your readers gain a new perspective on the topic, which they may not have held before reading your conclusion. It may also bring your main ideas together to create a new meaning. Example Strategies to Avoid·
Beginning with an unnecessary, overused phrase such as "in conclusion," "in summary," or "in closing." Although these phrases can work in speeches, they come across as wooden and trite in writing.(很重要!)就是说,这些俗套式的语言、可有可无的语言不要在conclusion里出现
·
Stating the thesis for the very first time in the conclusion.T在首段就要说清楚
·
Introducing a new idea or subtopic in your conclusion.
·
Ending with a rephrased thesis statement without any substantive真实的、实在的 changes.
·
Making sentimental, emotional appeals (out of character with the rest of an analytical paper).
·
Including evidence (quotations, statistics, etc.) that should be in the body of the paper.
Four Kinds of Ineffective Conclusions与上面所说的对应的
1.
The "That's My Story and I'm Sticking to It" Conclusion.总结性的再次陈述 This conclusion just restates the thesis and is usually painfully short. It does not push the ideas forward. People write this kind of conclusion when they can't think of anything else to say.
The "Sherlock Holmes: The reader, however, does not expect a mystery, but an analytical discussion of your topic in an academic style, with the main argument (thesis) stated up front.
类似悬疑案件,T留到最后才抛出来
3.
The "America the Beautiful"/"I Am Woman"/"We Shall Overcome" Conclusion. This kind of conclusion usually draws on emotion to make its appeal, but while this emotion and even sentimentality may be very heartfelt衷心的、诚挚的, it is usually out of character with the rest of an analytical paper. 打感情牌
4.
The "Grab Bag" Conclusion. This kind of conclusion includes extra information that the writer found or thought of but couldn't integrate into the main paper. 最后了,想起来一些小细节想说,完了,文章的整体性就背破坏了 |