1006G【clover】备考日记 by 小灵易碎——重生

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语法：a和an的用法
With one exception: Use "an" before unsounded h.
·an honorable peace
·an honest error

With two exceptions: When u makes the same sound as the y in you, or o makes the same sound as w in won, then a is used.
·a union
·a united front
·a unicorn
·a used napkin
·a U.S. ship
·a one-legged man

Note: The choice of article is actually based upon the phonetic (sound) quality of the first letter in a word, not on the orthographic (written) representation of the letter. If the first letter makes a vowel-type sound, you use "an"; if the first letter would make a consonant-type sound, you use "a." So, if you consider the rule from a phonetic perspective, there aren't any exceptions. Since the 'h' hasn't any phonetic representation, no audible sound, in the first exception, the sound that follows the article is a vowel; consequently, 'an' is used. In the second exception, the word-initial 'y' sound (unicorn) is actually a glide [j] phonetically, which has consonantal properties; consequently, it is treated as a consonant, requiring 'a'.
总结起来就是元音音标前用an,辅音音标前用a

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语法：冠词a\an\the English has two articles: the and a/an. The is used to refer to specific or particular nouns; a/an is used to modify non-specific or non-particular nouns. We call the the definite article and a/an the indefinite article. the = definite article a/an = indefinite article In writing, "a historical event" is more commonly used. Count and Noncount Nouns The can be used with noncount nouns, or the article can be omitted entirely. ·"I love to sail over the water" (some specific body of water) or "I love to sail over water" (any water). ·"He spilled the milk all over the floor" (some specific milk, perhaps the milk you bought earlier that day) or "He spilled milk all over the floor" (any milk). Omission of Articles Some common types of nouns that don't take an article are: ·Names of languages and nationalities: Chinese, English, Spanish, Russian ·Names of sports: volleyball, hockey, baseball ·Names of academic subjects: mathematics, biology, history, computer science

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语法：可数与不可数名词

Enough: Enough modifies both countable and uncountable nouns.
·"There is enough money to buy a car."
·"I have enough books to read."

·furniture 家具也是不可数名词啊~

The Rule
From the definitions of mass and count given above you may have already guessed the rule for pluralizing them:
·most count nouns pluralize with -s
·noncount nouns don't pluralize at all
This rule works for all of the nouns in the lists of examples in the first section. Check this rule for yourself before reading further.

Note: A special case of the use of noncount nouns in a count sense has to do with classification. Sometimes a usually noncount noun can be understood as one item separate and distinct from other items of the same category. The nouns that function in this way often denote foods and beverages: food(s), drink(s), wine(s), bread(s), coffee(s), fruit(s), and so on.如果表示不可数名词的种类，可以加S，例子应该还包括people(s)

两个表格发不上来，只好在这里提醒自己一下，温习的时候多看一眼了。。。

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语法：独立、非独立句子

1. Coordinating Conjunction
The seven coordinating conjunctions used as connecting words at the beginning of an independent clause are and, but, for, or, nor, so, and yet. When the second independent clause in a sentence begins with a coordinating conjunction, a comma is needed before the coordinating conjunction:
Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz, but it was hard to concentrate because of the noise.

2. Independent Marker Word
An independent marker word is a connecting word used at the beginning of an independent clause. These words can always begin a sentence that can stand alone. When the second independent clause in a sentence has an independent marker word, a semicolon is needed before the independent marker word.
Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz; however, it was hard to concentrate because of the noise.
Some common independent markers are: also, consequently, furthermore, however, moreover, nevertheless, and therefore.


Comma Splices

A comma splice is the use of a comma between two independent clauses. You can usually fix the error by changing the comma to a period and therefore making the two clauses into two separate sentences, by changing the comma to a semicolon, or by making one clause dependent by inserting a dependent marker word in front of it.
Incorrect: I like this class, it is very interesting.
·Correct: I like this class. It is very interesting.
·(or) I like this class; it is very interesting.
·(or) I like this class, and it is very interesting.
·(or) I like this class because it is very interesting.
·(or) Because it is very interesting, I like this class.


2. When you do not have a connecting word (or when you use a connecting word other than and, but, for, or nor, so, or yet between the two independent clauses) use a semicolon (;).

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语法：形容词和副词

So, generally speaking, adjectives answer the following questions:
·Which?
·What kind of?
·How many?

So, generally speaking, adverbs answer the question how. (They can also answer the questions when, where, and why.)

Avoiding Common Errors

1.Bad or Badly?
When you want to describe how you feel, you should use an adjective So you'd say, "I feel bad." Saying "I feel badly" would be like saying you play football badly. "I feel badly" would mean that you are unable to feel, as though your hands were numb.

2.Good or Well?
Good is an adjective, so you do not do good or live good, but you do well and live well. Remember, though, that an adjective follows sense-verbs and be-verbs, so you also feel good, look good, smell good, are good, have been good, etc. So:
"My mother looks good." This does not mean that she has good eyesight; it means that she appears healthy.

4.Near or Nearly?
Near can function as a verb, adverb, adjective, or preposition. Nearly is used as an adverb to mean "in a close manner" or "almost but not quite."

小灵易碎UID: 2733622

语法：形容词和副词

Little/Few:
"Little" modifies only uncountable nouns.
·"He had little food in the house."
·"When I was in college, there was little money to spare."
"Few" modifies only countable nouns.
·"There are a few doctors in town."
·"He had few reasons for his opinion."

A little bit of:
"A little bit of" is informal and always precedes an uncountable noun.
·"There is a little bit of pepper in the soup."
·"There is a little bit of snow on the ground."

Rule #2: An adjective always follows a form of the verb to be when it modifies the noun before the verb. Here are some examples that show this rule.
·I was nervous.
·She has been sick all week.
·They tried to be helpful.

Rule #3: Likewise an adjective always follows a sense verb or a verb of appearance — feel, taste, smell, sound, look, appear, and seem — when it modifies the noun before the verb.
·Sharon's cough sounds bad.

·Near or Nearly?
·Near can function as a verb, adverb, adjective, or preposition. Nearly is used as an adverb to mean "in a close manner" of "almost but not quite." Here are some examples that demonstrate the differences between various uses of near and nearly.
·The moment of truth neared.
·Here neared is a verb in the past tense.
·Here nearly is an adverb that modifies the verb finished.
·The cat crept near.


·Scarcely and hardly are already negative adverbs. To add another negative term is redundant, because in English only one negative is ever used at a time
·They found scarecely any animals on the island. (not scarcely no...)
·Hardly anyone came to the party. (not hardly no one...)

·Here bad is an adjective that modifies the noun cough. Using the adverb badly here would not make sense, because it would mean her cough isn't very good at sounding.

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语法：同位语的标点符号

In some cases, the noun being explained is too general without the appositive; the information is essential to the meaning of the sentence. When this is the case, do not place commas around the appositive; just leave it alone. If the sentence would be clear and complete without the appositive, then commas are necessary; place one before and one after the appositive.
Here are some examples.（这三个句子很有帮助）

The popular US president John Kennedy was known for his eloquent and inspirational speeches.
Here we do not put commas around the appositive, because it is essential information. Without the appositive, the sentence would be, "The popular US president was known for his eloquent and inspirational speeches." We wouldn't know which president was being referred to.

John Kennedy, the popular US president, was known for his eloquent and inspirational speeches.
Here we put commas around the appositive because it is not essential information. Without the appositive, the sentence would be, "John Kennedy was known for his eloquent and inspirational speeches." We still know who the subject of the sentence is without the appositive.

John Kennedy the popular US president was quite different from John Kennedy the unfaithful husband.
Here we do not put commas around either appositive because they are both essential to understanding the sentence. Without the appositives, the sentence would just be John Kennedy was quite different from John Kennedy. We wouldn't know what qualities of John Kennedy were being referred to without the appositive.

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语法：不规则动词
In English, regular verbs consist of three main parts: the root form (present), the (simple) past, and the past participle.三种形式

三个表格（很重要）：https://bbs.gter.net/viewthread.php?tid=982710&page=1&extra=

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语法：数词

Days and Years
December 12, 1965 or 12 December 1965
A.D. 1066
in 1900
in 1971-72 or in 1971-1972
the eighties, the twentieth century
the 1980's or the 1980s

Decimals and Percentages
a 2.7 average
13 1/4 percent
.037 metric ton

Numbers in series and statistics should be consistent.
two apples, six oranges, and three bananas

NOT: two apples, 6 oranges, and 3 bananas
115 feet by 90 feet (or) 115' x 90'
scores of 25-6 (or) scores of 25 to 6
The vote was 9 in favor and 5 opposed

Write out numbers beginning sentences.
Six percent of the group failed.

NOT: 6% of the group failed.

Use a combination of figures and words for numbers when such a combination will keep your writing clear.
Unclear: The club celebrated the birthdays of 6 90-year-olds who were born in the city. (may cause the reader to read '690' as one number.)
Clearer: The club celebrated the birthdays of six 90-year-olds who were born in the city.

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语法：介词

One point in time
On is used with days:
At is used with noon, night, midnight, and with the time of day:
In is used with other parts of the day, with months, with years, with seasons:
Extended time
To express extended time, English uses the following prepositions: since, for, by, from—to, from-until, during,(with)in
Place
To express notions of place, English uses the following prepositions: to talk about the point itself: in, to express something contained: inside, to talk about the surface: on, to talk about a general vicinity, at.
Higher than a point
To express notions of an object being higher than a point, English uses the following prepositions: over, above.
Lower than a point
To express notions of an object being lower than a point, English uses the following prepositions: under, underneath, beneath, below.
Close to a point
To express notions of an object being close to a point, English uses the following prepositions: near, by, next to, between, among, opposite.

与名词、动词搭配
At: glance, laugh, look, rejoice, smile, stare
She took a quick glance at her reflection.(exception with mirror: She took a quick glance in the mirror.)
You didn't laugh at his joke.
I'm looking at the computer monitor.
We rejoiced at his safe rescue.
That pretty girl smiled at you.
Stop staring at me.
Of: approve, consist, smell
Of (or about): dream, think
For: call, hope, look, wait, watch, wish

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语法：代名词

2. Agree in person

If you are writing in the "first person" ( I), don't confuse your reader by switching to the "second person" ( you) or "third person" (he, she, they, it, etc.). Similarly, if you are using the "second person," don't switch to "first" or "third."
When a person comes to class, he or she should have his or her homework ready.
(NOT: When a person comes to class, you should have your homework ready.)
只用一个人称，不要转换成其他

3. Refer clearly to a specific noun.

Don't be vague or ambiguous.
NOT: Although the motorcycle hit the tree, it was not damaged. (Is "it" the motorcycle or the tree?)
NOT: I don't think they should show violence on TV. (Who are "they"?)
NOT: Vacation is coming soon, which is nice. (What is nice, the vacation or the fact that it is coming soon?)
NOT: George worked in a national forest last summer. This may be his life's work. (What word does "this" refer to?)
NOT: If you put this sheet in your notebook, you can refer to it. (What does "it" refer to, the sheet or your notebook?)
指代要清楚，指的具体对象是什么

·Subjective case: pronouns used as subject.
·Objective case: pronouns used as objects of verbs or prepositions.
·Possessive case: pronouns which express ownership.
表格https://bbs.gter.net/viewthread.php?tid=982713&page=1&extra=

2. In comparisons. Comparisons usually follow than or as:

He is taller than I (am tall).
This helps you as much as (it helps) me.
She is as noisy as I (am).
Comparisons are really shorthand sentences which usually omit words, such as those in the parentheses in the sentences above. If you complete the comparison in your head, you can choose the correct case for the pronoun.
Not: He is taller than me.
(Would you say, "than me am tall"?)

3. In formal and semiformal writing:

正式或非正式的说法
Use the subjective form after a form of the verb to be.
Formal: It is I.
Informal: It is me.
Use whom in the objective case.
Formal: To whom am I talking?
Informal: Who am I talking to?

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语法：主谓一致

This handout gives you several guidelines to help your subjects and verbs agree.

1. When the subject of a sentence is composed of two or more nouns or pronouns connected by and, use a plural verb.
She and her friends are at the fair.

2. When two or more singular nouns or pronouns are connected by or or nor, use a singular verb.
The book or the pen is in the drawer.

3. When a compound subject contains both a singular and a plural noun or pronoun joined by or or nor, the verb should agree with the part of the subject that is nearer the verb.
The boy or his friends run every day.
His friends or the boy runs every day.

5. Do not be misled by a phrase that comes between the subject and the verb. The verb agrees with the subject, not with a noun or pronoun in the phrase.
One of the boxes is open
The people who listen to that music are few.
The team captain, as well as his players, is anxious.
The book, including all the chapters in the first section, is boring.
The woman with all the dogs walks down my street.

7. Nouns such as civics, mathematics, dollars, measles, and news require singular verbs.
The news is on at six.
Note: the word dollars is a special case. When talking about an amount of money, it requires a singular verb, but when referring to the dollars themselves, a plural verb is required.
Five dollars is a lot of money.
Dollars are often used instead of rubles in Russia.

8. Nouns such as scissors, tweezers, trousers, and shears require plural verbs. (There are two parts to these things.)
These scissors are dull.
Those trousers are made of wool.

9. In sentences beginning with there is or there are, the subject follows the verb. Since there is not the subject, the verb agrees with what follows.
There are many questions.
There is a question.

10. Collective nouns are words that imply more than one person but that are considered singular and take a singular verb, such as: group, team, committee, class, and family.
The team runs during practice.
The committee decides how to proceed.
The family has a long history.
My family has never been able to agree.
In some cases, a sentence may call for the use of a plural verb when using a collective noun.
The crew are preparing to dock the ship.
This sentence is referring to the individual efforts of each crew member. The Gregg Reference Manual provides excellent explanations of subject-verb agreement (section 10: 1001).

11. Expressions such as with, together with, including, accompanied by, in addition to, or as well do not change the number of the subject. If the subject is singular, the verb is too.
The President, accompanied by his wife, is traveling to India.
All of the books, including yours, are in that box.

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语法：时态

Simple Present: They walk
Present Perfect: They have walked
Simple Past: They walked
Past Perfect: They had walked
Future: They will walk
Future Perfect: They will have walked

The most common auxiliaries are forms of "be," "can," "do," "may," "must," "ought," "shall," "will," "has," "have," "had," and they are the forms we shall use in this most basic discussion.

General guideline: Do not shift from one tense to another if the time frame for each action or state is the same.不要在同一结构下转换时态
Examples:
1. The ocean contains rich minerals that washed down from rivers and streams.
Contains is present tense, referring to a current state; washed down is past, but should be present (wash down) because the minerals are currently continuing to wash down.
Corrected: The ocean contains rich minerals that wash down from rivers and streams.

General guideline: Establish a primary tense for the main discourse, and use occasional shifts to other tenses to indicate changes in time frame.设置一个主要时态，利用时态转换来只是时间变化
Hints:
·Rely on past tense to narrate events and to refer to an author or an author's ideas as historical entities (biographical information about a historical figure or narration of developments in an author's ideas over time).
·Use present tense to state facts, to refer to perpetual or habitual actions, and to discuss your own ideas or those expressed by an author in a particular work. Also use present tense to describe action in a literary work, movie, or other fictional narrative. Occasionally, for dramatic effect, you may wish to narrate an event in present tense as though it were happening now. If you do, use present tense consistently throughout the narrative, making shifts only where appropriate.
·Future action may be expressed in a variety of ways, including the use of will, shall, is going to, are about to, tomorrow and other adverbs of time, and a wide range of contextual cues.

相关表格地址：https://bbs.gter.net/viewthread.php?tid=982716&page=1&extra=

小灵易碎UID: 2733622

语法38

小灵易碎UID: 2733622

语法39