1006G番茄斗斗的备考日记----坚定了一条路就要走到底

番茄斗斗UID: 2720914

AW进阶手册——完善段落逻辑衔接，挑战ISSUE满分结构
高分的关键是结构

范文：北美范文ISSUE17

想作到论证有力自然就需要多个段落同时为一个论点服务，在一边倒的写法中，这个论点就是驳倒反面观点，在平衡写法中，就是说明倾向任何一方的错误性。这就是所谓的well-focused。做到这一点，就能避免段落上的跑题和文字的浪费。

一、前提论证
即对题目中某个特殊的单词进行前提式讨论，可以用作前提论证的素材单词往往包括：

A、带有主观感情色彩的判断词，比如JUST，CORRECT，EFFECTIVE，REASONABLE等等。
在讨论这些观点词时就必须确立一个标准，进而为全文的讨论确定标准，常见的比如“对社会中大部分人有利”“对社会稳定有利”“能使资源有效分配，最低投入最高产出”等等。

B、作用、意义、任务等值得讨论的名词关键词，比如EDUCATION，GOVERNMENT，LAW，TEACHER等等。
这些词其实在间接讨论A类判断词，即“B类词干什么才是A类词（教育干什么才是对的，法律干什么才是有效的……）”，由此确定判别一个事物该做什么的标准，才能在全文中讨论题目说的此事物做的东西是否正确。

前提论证的好处是从字面出发，确定主基调，可以防止全文的发展出现价值观的自我矛盾导致的中心论点混乱，从而将文章后面的各段拉到一起。换句话说，就是我们讨论什么问题时，需要先把什么别的一个小问题说清楚。前提论证法可以有效保证后文段落的逻辑有效联系。

二、层面升华
其实我们写ISSUE在组织分论点时无外乎就两种，一种同层面展开，一种层面升华式展开。同层面展开可以有辨证法、分领域讨论，而不同层面的升华则包括了不同的哲学层次。

常见的层面包括：

A、字面意义。见前提论证

B、学术层面。学习知识的有效性、合理性等等。这个层面比较浅，原因在于我们还要追问学习的目的是什么？接下来可以引出社会层面和个人层面。

C、社会层面。戴云教主常讲的“恶劣影响法”就是属于这个层面的东西。一个论点可能本身没什么错误，但一旦承认它的正确性，就会导致种种不堪设想的后果，比如过分强调有的法律不公正而造成犯罪分子有自己的道理，或者过分强调社会秩序的重要性造成独裁当道民不聊生。

D、个人层面。之所以把这个放到最高层面是因为社会效应最终是作用于个人的。升华到最后往往是人类幸福、身心愉悦这种目的。个人层面的评论标准有很多，比如人本主义、弗洛伊德精神分析学说、唯物论、社会道德、先验主义等等。具体的可以查阅相关资料。

辨证法：从不同层面出发还会发现对论题有不同的评价；从不同的领域（同一层面并列）也会发现一个事物的不同评价

三、正反论证--能让你说的问题更加明白有有力，而且由于逻辑转折简单，非常好把握。
正反论证的好处很明显，正反段相互依存，互为解释，因此两段之间的逻辑完全咬合。如果全文都以这种手法组织，结构组织就会变得的非常轻松

番茄斗斗UID: 2720914

无夏心经之AW系列

领悟自由之美-我用满分告诉你写作的"真相"
有些逻辑,是天,生,存,在,的!是根深于骨髓里的,不是你换了种语言,你的逻辑就没了!有些东西你一眼就可以知道他们是什么关系,该怎么推,怎么说是顺的,怎么说是拧的,用意思表明你的逻辑,而不是那些..明确而扎眼的符号.

尽善的句法和语法永远不为过.

------------------------

写作是一门艺术,请端正态度
请，先并且时刻修缮基本语法。文法的不通顺比意思的浅显更让人觉得胸闷；

请，尽量选择同一难度和表意范围内的词语。文学性的词在论述文频繁的出现有时会很怪。并且，越是文艺，微妙的差异就越多，用错几率越大；

请，不要试图用一句很长的套句说完所有的意思。句子越长，成分越复杂，错误也就越多，误读也越多，指代模糊，单复数混淆，从句两头时态不符，都是长句的后果；

请，尽量不要用过多的BE动词，“BE”在英文里仅仅表达一种状态，I am here. You are there.都是状态，是没有什么感情色彩的。不如直接用实意动词来的更有色彩和力度；

请，不要轻易的动用废话和套话。宁字数不到，也别滥竽充数。积极的效果没有，还让人觉得态度投机；

请，不要事先假定读者会心领神会你的每一句潜台词。交待完整，限定清晰；

请，保持阅读（我指的是规范的英文作品）的习惯。这是写作的永恒真理。虽然说三人必有我师，但写作毕竟是比较个人化的事，同为习者，还仍然缺乏对作品的判断优劣的能力，也许对方的优点并不一定能教会你，可缺点常常让你对自己的错误更加包容；

请，时刻警醒你的逻辑。哪怕每一种论述方式都是先观点后说明，先论述谁后论述谁，重点论谁简要论谁，甚至是段落的摆放，都最好先想明白这样做是为什么？因为如果平时练习就没有培养这种习惯，在考场上就更没有多余的时间来训练你的逻辑。不要指望读者会自动为你找出逻辑。


----------------------------

浅谈ISSUE提纲系统性的问题
第一步，对待ISSUE需要一个全局观-列全题目中的关键字

第二步，思考词之间的本质关系是什么，题目的本质是要我们讨论什么？这也就是给我们的ISSUE取一个小题目，而这是全文的核心所在。

第三步，对标题中的最关键字眼进行定义和重定义

第四步，层层递进的开始论述。

第六步，升华

这样做的原理是，把事物本身应该如何发展提出来，就无须再去解释为什么“那样做是不合理，或者狭隘的”。无须去纠结于“专门为个人有什么害处”，也无须去批判教育的失衡。这些一，显得很狭隘，出题者心里不是希望你告诉它这个；二，你说不完整。如果不找到一个系统，一个上下浑然一体的通路，你永远都是在挂万漏一。

番茄斗斗UID: 2720914

12.15
今天翻看了星夜无夏的贴，大有感叹！！～其实AW说到底跟我们以前写的议论文还不是一回事？只因为是英文的，就把我们吓得只敢翻模板。。殊不知，失去自己的语言，以为没了逻辑，机械的只能用条条框框把自己拴拴牢，怎么会得高分？！

说到底，作文的优劣是由输入的多少决定的，尤其是非母语的写作。所以精读泛读一天都不能放松，而且要量化到雷打不动。1月底前的阅读计划：每天TIME，THE ECONOMISTS各精读一篇，泛读：一周一本TIME,THE ECONOMISTS头版新闻

说到单词，最近延续着17天后的复习，发现速度还是很快。问题在于：上下单词挨着会提醒之外，好像词义的中文有些偏颇，虽说红包后面也有英文解释，可是有着中文的干扰，总是会自然而然的跳过去，所以想着是不是可以把红包的单词划到韦氏字典？不知道这样效果好不好，所以明天先划个几章看看～～

要熄灯了，明天早起背单词，做泛读～～

番茄斗斗UID: 2720914

irvine的论argument的段落间让步关系
让步应该是一种：以对方的观点为基础，推导出深层的逻辑谬误，或者直接归谬否定原命题的辩证的论证方式

1让步必须建立在你要批驳者的观点上，对于argument来说，就是作者的观点上
二次让步一般来说是不合逻辑的

2让步的作用是为了找出更加隐晦，更加深层的逻辑谬误，或者直接归谬否定。对于argument来说，就是从外表错误推断到本质错误的一个过程

---
明天继续～～
话说回来，10点从图书馆回来，也就1个小时的上网时间，the economists的精读完全做不了。。。

不过今天还是完成了time的精读和泛读，当然还有单词～～明天加油！～

番茄斗斗UID: 2720914

呀呀呀，一回来就讨论，把TIME的精读给忘了。。。罪过罪过，明天一定一定要补上，正好图书馆里看到篇讲SLUMDOG MILLIONAIR的。。那个激动的。。

单词还是继续，复习了6章，本该是要到头了，可是却深深的刺激到了，好多之前背得很快的有词缀提醒的词，到现在再看，完全想不出那联想了。。诶，红宝果然还是得量化的！～

番茄斗斗UID: 2720914

REBORN FROM THE ASHES][comment][12.18





好的词句：(就是喜欢攒些动词～)


1.Three main explanations for this disastrous outbreak suggest themselves。
2.averte serious climate change.
3.In most of the world the climate changes to date are barely perceptible or hard to pin on warming
4.incline to the view
5.To put that in context, the current average global temperature is only 5ºC warmer than the last ice age.
6.the planet is already on an irreversible journey to dangerous warming.A few climate-change sceptics think the problem will right itself.
7.The problem is not a technological one.......Nor is it a question of economics.....It is all about politics
8.emissions can be curbed without flattening the world economy.
9.It is a prisoner’s dilemma, a free-rider problem and the tragedy of the commons all rolled into one
10.At issue is...
11.Mankind has no framework for it
12.The UN is a useful talking shop, but it does not get much done.
13. it has deepened a rift that is proving hard to close
14. the international agreement has fallen victim to domestic politics
15.The aspirations are high, but so are the hurdles
16.For mankind to get even to the threshold of a global agreement is a marvel

comment:
By days, news like "a new technology..blalalala" may cheer you up at the very start, however, is more likely to end up in purely anticipation by the restriction of "economic issue". We may wonder when it is actually a proper time that biofuled car can stop being merely a concept?  According to the author, without the right signal from the government, environment-related product can only be a publicizing tool for the merchants' interest.

It is a pity to see endless negotiation when coming across the global issue, and it's the case. However ,I see nothing wrong of the division of developing and developed country,and allocate the weighted mission. After all, when struggling to be an advanced, pollution is more likely to involve,and it's comparatively fair to pay for it. In addition, it's quite ridiculous to argue about the fairness of the allocation,facing the severely-aggrieved problem.

番茄斗斗UID: 2720914

[REBORN FROM THE ASHES][comment][12.19]





动词-结构-生词-表达

1.All but two pieces sold, fetching more than £70m
2.It was a last hurrah
3.file for bankruptcy
4.The world art market had already been losing momentum for a while after rising vertiginously since 2003.
5.especially in New York, where the bail-out of the banks coincided with the loss of thousands of jobs and the financial demise of many art-buying investors.
6.Contraction：a reduction in business activity or growth
7.bounce back
8.Last year China overtook France as the world’s third-biggest art market after America and Britain
9.in partnership with Western institutions
10.Straddling all areas of the art market is a handful of individuals who have emerged as the key figures in the art world in recent years
11.hedge-fund ：an investing group usually in the form of a limited partnership that employs speculative techniques in the hope of obtaining large capital gains
12.The popularity of blockbuster art exhibitions and the emergence of buyers with a different cultural history have helped change tastes
13.take the lion’s share
14.Come to light
15.quoted company;Christie’s was taken private
16.pivotal position
17.Sotheby’s, for its part, is still smarting from the public beating it received in America nearly a decade ago
18.No one was charged at Christie’s, which had blown the whistle(to call public or official attention to something (as a wrongdoing) kept secret ) on the commission-fixing
19.The response of both auction houses to the current slump has been broadly similar: staff cuts, unpaid leave, a squeeze on salaries, slashed marketing and travel budgets, and an edict that the glossy auction catalogues, which in the boom cost each of them £25m a year to produce, were no longer to be handed out like chocolate drops.
20.it was only a matter of time before both auctioneers started to muscle in on areas that had previously been the preserve of private dealers, matching buyers and sellers and selling new art rather than items that had already been in the market
21.In 2007 Christie’s chalked up private sales of $542m and Sotheby’s of $730m

COMMENT:
With the advent of the economic crisis, varies of business is receiving a hard beat. Unfortunately and fortunately, we see everywhere is undertaking a reorganization, of whose result perfectly explained "the survival of the fittest"

According to the author, the decline of the art market is distributed to the recession, and the only way to solve it inclined to the globalization, for the following reasons:
1. some part of the world is getting richer,and there are many potential buyers
2.the increasing number of the museum may bring an extra demand
3.diversity of the buyer helps to change the taste

As the perfect illustrations and the biggest auction companies,Sotheby's and  Christie’s are sharing th

番茄斗斗UID: 2720914

[REBORN FROM THE ASHES][comment][12.20]

好词-结构-生词-表达
1.wary:marked by keen caution, cunning, and watchfulness especially in detecting and escaping danger
2.OUR future history will be more determined by our position on thePacific facing China than by our position on the Atlantic facing Europe
3.Britain, then ruler of the waves, was worrying about losing its supremacy to the upstart.
4.A shared cultural and political heritage helped America to eclipseBritish power without bloodshed, but the rise of Germany and Japanprecipitated global wars
5.President Barack Obama faces a China that is growing richer and stronger while remaining tenaciously(persistent in maintaining, adhering to, or seeking something valued or desired ;not easily pulled apart ) authoritarian
6.With America’s economy in tatters
7.theyare now seen as near-equals whose co-operation is vital to solvingtheworld’s problems, from finance to climate change andnuclearproliferation.
8.avoid playing up their simmering(to be in a state of incipient development;to be in inward turmoil ;to stew gently below or just at the boiling point ) trade disputes
9.On October 1st China offered a stunning display of the hard edge of itsrising power as it paraded its fast-growing military arsenal throughBeijing.
10.The financial crisis has sharpened fears of what Americans often see as another potential threat
11.wreck the American economy.
12.By September 2008 China had taken the lead
13.China is exploring the rubble of the global economy in hopes of accelerating its own rise
14.China has long chafed at(羞恼;焦躁 (+at/under)) controls imposed by America on high-technology exports that could be used for military purposes.It sees America’s plight as a cueto push for the lifting of suchbarriers and for Chinese companies tolook actively for buyingopportunities among America’s high-technologyindustries.
15.The economic crisis briefly slowed the rapid growth, from a small base, of China’s outbound direct investment。
16.China may have growing financial muscle, but it still lags far behind as a technological innovator and creator of global brands
17.including some of its most hallowed turf, such as the car industry
18. By any measure, China’s power is still dwarfed by America’s.
19.Global economic integration, he argues with a hint of resentment, hasmade China “more willing than before to accept America’s dominance”.
20.status quo现状
21.This year marks the 30th anniversary of the restoration of diplomaticties between America and China, which proved a dramatic turning pointin the cold war.
22.Mutual economic benefit emerged as a winning answer
23.catalysed by the ever problematic issue of Taiwan, the biggest thorn in the Sino-American relationship
24.drain the country’s fiscal strength
25.China is roiled by social tensions
26.Protests are on the rise, corruption is rampant, crime is surging


COMMENT:
Asa rising figure, China is undertaken a stunning spotlight ever and getsused to be an important role in the international affairs. Questionfollows as well.
Suspicion of being a leading figure due to lackof innovation arrises along with the title of WORLD FACTORY. As theyput it, without leading technology and innovation,occupying thehigh-tech via desperate merchant  is only a brief method.

However,what they ignore is that every path toward avdancing might bedifferent, as well as sharing the same character. Japan, once beingalso a developing country, starting its industry like China today. Itsprocessing industry combinded with its lately developed innovationbring us a prosperous Japan. Today, China is staying the same statue asJapan use to be. And what we should do  is holding our breath andwitness a great turning point in its industry.

番茄斗斗UID: 2720914

[REBORN FROM THE ASHES][comment][12.21]
动词-结构-生词-表达

1.Yet students of economic turmoil will find their subject matter conveniently close to hand
2.Saddled（to place under a burden or encumbrance ；to place (an onerous responsibility) on a person or group ）with the worst credit rating in the country, the “Golden State”is cutting spending on schools, prisons and health care for theelderly, as well as closing parks and laying off staff for three days amonth
3.Not every change wrought （worked into shape by artistry or effort ）by the financial breakdown will be reversed
4.The banking system will be a shadow of its former self
5.The crisis invited a forceful government entry into several of capitalism’s inner sanctums(a place where one is free from intrusion )
6.Mr El-Erian worries that the state may overstay its welcome. In addition, national exchequers may start to feel some measure of the fiscal strain now hobbling(to cause to limp ) California.
7.They draw inspiration from the work of the late Milton Friedman
8.He likened(compare)
the economy to a piece of string stretched taut on a board.The more forcefully the string is plucked, the more sharply it snapsback.
9.In a recession demand falls short of supply, leaving a sorry trail of unemployed workers
10.it is all the more forceful because these resources have been lying idle, waiting to be brought back into production
11.Friedman’s story is heartening, but it can come unstuck in two ways.
12.If so, the economy will never recoup its losses, even after spending picks up again.
13. In a recession firms shed labour and mothball(to withdraw from use or service and keep in reserve : put aside) capital.
14.The result is a lower ceiling(an upper usually prescribed limit <a ceiling on prices, rents, and wages>) on production.
15.it would blight the lives of the unemployed
16.Just over a year ago, the day Lehman Brothers filed for bankruptcy, the world economy fell off a precipice.
17.The mobilisation of capital will be fitful as the financial system copes with past mistakes and impending regulation.
--------
COMMENT:

The outburst of the economical crises last year brought companies andcountries under torturing. This year, shock is giving its way torelief. However, the author warns, whether crises has reach its bottomremains unknown.

To support his idea, he quoted Japan's "balance-sheet recession",,which shared the same way of which company choose to deal with thedebt. Meanwhile, he argues the possibility of short demand and weakenedworking ability,which lead to low rate of employent. At last, hereminds us the fact of a shrinked output during the past 88 bankingcrises. As he states, an crises may poses a longer threaten on economicthan people's expectation.And since todya, investment is done mostly bydebt, a long period of recovery is inevitable.

番茄斗斗UID: 2720914

12.21
回家学习的效率总是很低，一到学校的图书馆就感觉特别温馨～～
打印了今天的COMMENT，挨个看过来，读了几遍，习惯性的想写COMMENT，发现，这么长的一篇文章果然还是印象不深，索性做了每段的归纳，这样仔细研读，收获似乎比之前的大多了～～嘿嘿，明天加油！

lime314UID: 2643598

25# 番茄斗斗

今天的Comments我在主题活动说明里没有找到更新哪，刚才看你的日志才找到的，嘿嘿，请问是换了一个地方放每日的材料么？

番茄斗斗UID: 2720914

25# 番茄斗斗  

今天的Comments我在主题活动说明里没有找到更新哪，刚才看你的日志才找到的，嘿嘿，请问是换了一个地方放每日的材料么？
lime314 发表于 2009-12-21 23:39

恩，对的，而且每天早上文章就会出来的哦～～

番茄斗斗UID: 2720914

[REBORN FROM THE ASHES][comment][12.22]

好词-表达-结构-生词

1.ITNOW looks certain thatBarack Obama will get what he wanted forChristmas—a health-care reformbill passed out of the Senate, probably just a few hours before Santabegins his rounds.
2.Republicans, who havebeen fighting tooth-and-nail（拼命的） to block passage of the bill seem to havegiven up the fight, and have given warning instead that this will be awish that he comes to regret.
3.Since 60 votes is theprecise number needed to avoid a filibuster(G词,原来可以这样用～), there was no room forerror whatsoever, the reason why the procedural motion had taken solong.
4.the final vote, on Christmas Eve, looks like a formality
5.he Senate version does tick most Democratic boxes
6.sets out a generous system of subsides to help the uninsured obtain coverage
7.losing it through redundancy（裁员） or ill-health
8.on the ground of cost（以支出为理由）
9.The advertised（公布的） price-tag of the Senate bill is a bit under $900 billion over the next ten years
10.predicted savings will not materialise（实现）
11.TheSenate bill is "paidfor", but only in the sense that it provides forlarge charges on themost expensive private insurance policies, andbecause it factors indeep cuts to Medicare the health-insurance schemefor the elderly.
12.The public option is one big stumbling block.
13.Technically only a motionto end debate on a “manager's amendment” put together by the Senate'smajority leader, Harry Reid, what the vote really represented was acrucial exercise in nose-counting.
A Manager's Amendmentis a packageof numerous individual amendments agreed to by both sidesin advance.The managers are the majority andthe minority member whomanage thedebate on a bill for theirside.这里讽刺了这个议案是依仗着DEMOCRATIC的人多才通过的～ nose couting:a periodic count of the population这里说的是这次议案的通过过程不过是在做数人数的体力活～

COMMENT:
Inthe past 5 years, medical care system in US was under boundlessargument and ended up in failure. This year, it may have an alteration.

Thepassage of the bill suggests us many benefits from it, full coverage ofthe health insurances, diminshing expenses and no harm to privateinsurers. However, Mr Obama seems to ignore some more facts, which mayundermine the materialization of the bill and havoc the medical systeminstead.

First, Restriction on employer seems to be the firstand best step to realize the reform, it may none the less bring aboutan unexpectated unemployment. Since an obliged payment for theinsurance is for sure a burden, empolyer will more likely turn tolaying off staff, which may worsen originally-unpromising market.

Second,as Republican stated, the cost of the subsidies might be underestimatedand far beyond the advertised $900 billion. How can a government,whichhas long under deficit, afford it is unclear.


However,it's better to take a risk rather than staying still.  Unsured the billmay seem, it's worthing a try. It may not obtain all of what itpromises. yet, experices instead is sure to acquire and that's what thecurrent medical system lacks.

番茄斗斗UID: 2720914

不知道大家每天都花多少时间做的COMMENT，不管多长的一篇，从头到尾的，总要花掉我两个小时。今天忽然发现，其实草草让我做COMMENT不仅仅是让我给克服写作障碍，从很多角度看COMMENT这活，其实还是综合练到了很多东西，就像今天的医改的题材，不甘心看着这么短的一篇就拼凑出COMMENT完事，于是翻看了很多相关的材料。其实这跟我们后面练ISSUE不是一回事吗？？恩恩恩，COMMENT有点慢慢适应了，ENJOY哈～～

番茄斗斗UID: 2720914

今天有点恍惚，忙了一天的论文，没有动COMMENT，没有碰红宝，不能这样啊。。。活只会越积越多，明天一定一定要早起！红宝得开始第三遍了，再断断续续下去，只会越来越难背。。。
常规的：单词，泛读，精读，COMMENT