1006G番茄斗斗的备考日记----坚定了一条路就要走到底

番茄斗斗UID: 2720914

帖子还没好，于是想着还是先挪个新窝，嘿嘿，看着新发的贴一个个被吞掉实在有点奇怪。

恩～感想什么的先不多说了，挨个把作业给贴上来吧

番茄斗斗UID: 2720914

第二十八讲
in/dependent clauses
 
Run-ons - Comma Splices - Fused Sentences
 
·Run-ons, comma splices, and fused sentences are all names given to compound sentences that are not punctuated correctly. The best way to avoid such errors is to punctuate compound sentences correctly by using one or the other of these rules.
·1. Join the two independent clauses with one of the coordinating conjunctions (and, but, for,or, nor, so, yet), and use a comma before the connecting word.
·_________________________,and _________________________.
·He enjoys walking through the country, and he often goes backpacking on his vacations.
 
·2. When you do not have a connecting word (or when you use a connecting word other than and, but,for, or nor, so, or yet between the two independent clauses) use a semicolon(;).
 
 
第二十九讲
adjective & adverb
 
1.Bad or Badly?
When you want to describe how you feel,you should use an adjective So you'd say, "I feel bad." Saying"I feel badly" would be like saying you play football badly. "Ifeel badly" would mean that you are unable to feel, as though your handswere numb. Here are some other examples:
o"The dog smells badly." Here,badly means that the dog does not do a good job of smelling.
 
2.Good or Well?
Good is an adjective, so you do not do goodor live good, but you do well and live well. Remember, though, that anadjective follows sense-verbs and be-verbs, so you also feel good, look good,smell good, are good, have been good, etc. So:
"My mother looks good." This doesnot mean that she has good eyesight; it means that she appears healthy.
 
3.Sure or Surely?
Sure is an adjective, and surely is an adverb. For example:
o"He is sure about his answer."Sure describes he.
o"The Senator spoke out surely."Here, surely describes how the senator spoke.
 
 
第三十讲 ADJECTIVE & ADVERB
Adjective or Adverb?
Rule #3: Likewise an adjective always follows a sense verb or a verb of appearance — feel, taste, smell, sound, look,appear, and seem — when it modifies the noun before the verb.
·Sharon's cough sounds bad.
·Here bad is an adjective that modifies the noun cough. Using the adverb badly here would not make sense, because it would mean her cough isn't very good at sounding.
·Be careful to notice whether the word modifies the subject or the verb in the sentence. If the word modifies the subject, you should use an adjective. If the word modifies the verb, you should use an adverb.
 
Avoiding Common Errors
·Double-negatives
·Scarcely and hardly are already negative adverbs. To add another negative term is redundant, because in English only one negative is ever used at a time
·They found scarecely any animals on the island. (not scarcely no...)
 
第三十一讲
APPOSITIVES
 
Punctuation of appositives
 
In some cases, the noun being explained is too general without the appositive; the information is essential to the meaning of the sentence. When this is the case, do not place commas around the appositive; just leave it alone. If the sentence would be clear and complete without the appositive, then commas are necessary;
Here are some examples.
 
The popular US president John Kennedy was known for his eloquent and inspirational speeches.
Here we do not put commas around the appositive, because it is essential information.
 
John Kennedy the popular US president was quite different from John Kennedy the unfaithful husband.
Here we do not put commas around either appositive because they are both essential to understanding the sentence. Without the appositives, the sentence would just be John Kennedy was quite different from John Kennedy. We wouldn't know what qualities of John Kennedy were being referred to without the appositive.
 
第三十二讲
irregular verbs
burst burst burst
fly flew  flown
quit quit quit
shake shook shaken
spring sprang sprung
swim swam swum
swing swung swung
 
Commonly Confused VerbsLIE versus LAY
 
SIT versus SET
sit (to be seated or come to restingposition)
I sat in my favorite chair.
You have sat there for three hours.
set (to put or place)
Iset my glass on the table.
She hasset her books on my desk again.
Let's set the table before we sit down torest.
 
 
第三十三讲 numbers
Writing Numbers
 
Days and Years
December 12, 1965 or 12 December 1965
A.D. 1066
in 1900
in 1971-72 or in 1971-1972
the eighties, the twentieth century
the 1980's or the 1980s
 
Identification Numbers
Room 8
Henry VIII
 
Page and Division of Books and Plays
page 30
chapter 6
in act 3, scene 2 (or) in Act III, Scene ii
 
Decimals and Percentages
a 2.7 average
13 1/4 percent
.037 metric ton
 
Notes on Usage
 
Repeat numbers in legal or commercial writing.
The bill will not exceed one hundred (100)dollars.
 
115 feet by 90 feet (or) 115' x 90'
scores of 25-6 (or) scores of 25 to 6
The vote was 9 in favor and 5 opposed
 
Write out numbers beginning sentences.
Six percent of the group failed.
 
NOT: 6% of thegroup failed.

番茄斗斗UID: 2720914

第三十四讲
preposition
 
Prepositions for Time, Place, and Introducing Objects
 
·I watch TV during the evening. (For some period of time in the evening.)
 
Place
To express notions of place, English uses the following prepositions: to talk about the point itself: in, to express something contained: inside, to talk about the surface:on, to talk about a general vicinity, at.
 
To introduce objects of verbs
At: glance, laugh, look, rejoice, smile,stare
·She took a quick glance at her reflection.
(exception with mirror: She took a quick glance in the mirror.)
 
Of: approve, consist, smell
·I don't approve of his speech. 
·He came home smelling of alcohol. 
 
Prepositions of Direction: To, On (to), In(to)
To the extent that these pairs do differ, the compound preposition conveys the completion of an action, while the simple preposition points to the position of the subject as a result of that action. This distinction helps us understand how directional and locational prepositions are related: they stand in the relationship of cause and effect.
The paper went into the garbage can.
Position of subject: the paper is in the garbage can.
However, "to" suggests movement toward a specific destination, while "toward" suggests movement in a general direction,without necessarily arriving at a destination:
 
Image Caption: The plane was headed toward a storm cloud. 
Additional Examples:
The plane was headed toward a storm cloud.
(It was headed in the direction of a storm cloud; it may not have reached or flown through the cloud.)
 
Uses of "onto"
Some verbs of motion express the idea that the subject causes itself or some physical object to be situated in a certain place (compare the three example directly above).
Of these verbs, some take only "on". Others take both on and onto, with the latter being preferred by some speakers. 
 
Image Caption: He put the socks on his feet.
The plane landed on the runway. (not onto the runway)
 
In "We're adding on a wing at the back of the building" on is really part of the verb, while in "We're adding a porch onto the house" onto is a simple preposition. This contrast points to a fairly important and general rule:
Simple prepositions can combine with verbs, but compound prepositions cannot. 
 


Uses of "into"
With verbs of motion, "into" and"in" are interchangeable except when the preposition is the last wordor occurs directly before an adverbial of time, manner, or frequency.
In this case only in (or inside) can be used.
 
The patient went into the doctor's office.The patient went in. (not into) 
 
 
When "move in" is followed by a purpose clause, it has the sense of "approach".
The lion moved in for the kill.
In "The lion moved in for the kill." and "The Police moved in to rescue the hostages inside the building" "in" is part of the verb, so "into" cannot be used; We cannot say: "The lion moved into for the kill."
 
When "into" is used with move,it functions as an ordinary preposition to convey the idea of moving something from one place to another.
We'll move your brother's old bed into your room. 

番茄斗斗UID: 2720914

第三十五讲 pronouns
 
Refer clearly to a specific noun.
Don't be vague or ambiguous.
NOT: Although the motorcycle hit the tree,it was not damaged. (Is "it" the motorcycle or thetree?)
NOT: I don't think they should show violence on TV. (Who are "they"?)
NOT: Vacation is coming soon, which is nice. (What is nice, the vacation or the fact thatit is coming soon?)
NOT: George worked in a national forest last summer. This may be his life's work. (What word does "this" refer to?)
 
The pronouns This, That, These, Those, and Which do not change form.
Some problems of case:1. In compound structures, where there are two pronouns or a noun and a pronoun, drop the other noun for a moment. Then you can see which case you want.
Not: Bob and me travel a good deal.
(Would you say, "me travel"?)
 
2. In comparisons. Comparisons usually follow than or as:
 
He is taller than I (am tall).
This helps you as much as (it helps) me.
She is as noisy as I (am).
 
第三十六讲
subject/verb agreement
Note: the word dollars is a special case.When talking about an amount of money, it requires a singular verb, but when referring to the dollars themselves, a plural verb is required.
Five dollars is a lot of money.
Dollars are often used instead of rubles in Russia.
 
8. Nouns such as scissors, tweezers,trousers, and shears require plural verbs. (There are two parts to these things.)
These scissors are dull.
Those trousers are made of wool.

番茄斗斗UID: 2720914

第三十七讲 verb tenses

Verb Tense Consistency
 
General guideline: Do not shift from one tense to another if the time frame for each action or state is the same.
Examples:
The ocean contains rich minerals that washed down from rivers and streams.
Corrected: The ocean contains rich minerals that wash down from rivers and streams.
 
General guideline: Do shift tense to indicate a change in time frame from one action or state to another.
Examples:
The children love their new tree house,which they built themselves.
Love is present tense, referring to a current state (they still love it now;) built is past, referring to an action completed before the current time frame (they are not still building it.)


 
Controlling Shifts in a Paragraph or Essay
 
General guideline: Establish a primary tense for the main discourse, and use occasional shifts to other tenses to indicate changes in time frame.
 
Hints:

·Use present tense to state facts, to refer to perpetual or habitual actions, and to discuss your own ideas or those expressed by an author in a particular work. Also use present tense to describe action in a literary work, movie, or other fictional narrative. 
 
General Guidelines for Use of Perfect Tenses


Past primary narration corresponds to Past Perfect (had + past participle) for earlier time frames
Present primary narration corresponds to Present Perfect (has or have + past participle) for earlier time frames
Future primary narration corresponds to Future Perfect (will have + past participle) for earlier time frames


Time-orienting words and phrases like before, after, by the time, and others—when used to relate two or more actions in time—can be good indicators of the need for a perfect-tense verb in a sentence.
·By the time the Senator finished (past) his speech, the audience had lost (past perfect)interest. 
·By the time the Senator finishes (present: habitual action) his speech, the audience has lost(present perfect) interest. 
·By the time the Senator finishes (present: suggesting future time) his speech, the audience will have lost (future perfect) interest.


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第三十八讲  parts of speech overviews



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第三十九讲  quotation marks 


Direct Quotations
Do not use a capital letter when thequoted material is a fragment or only a piece of the original material'scomplete sentence. 
Although Mr. Johnson has seen oddhappenings on the farm, he stated that the spaceship "certainly takes thecake" when it comes to unexplainable activity.

If a direct quotation is interruptedmid-sentence, do not capitalize the second part of the quotation.
"I didn't see an actual alienbeing," Mr. Johnson said, "but I sure wish I had." 

When quoting text with a spelling orgrammar error, you should transcribe the error exactly in your own text.However, also insert the term sic in italics directly after the mistake, andenclose it in brackets. Sic is from the Latin, and translates to"thus," "so," or "just as that." The word tellsthe reader that your quote is an exact reproduction of what you found, and theerror is not your own.

Mr. Johnson says of the experience,"it's made me reconsider the existence of extraterestials [sic]." 

Indirect Quotations
when to usedirect quotations versus indirect quotations. 

Use direct quotations when the sourcematerial uses language that is particularly striking or notable. Do not robsuch language of its power by altering it.

Martin Luther King Jr. believed that theend of slavery was important and of great hope to millions of slaves donehorribly wrong.

The above should never stand in for:

Martin Luther King Jr. said of theEmancipation Proclamation, "This momentous decree came as a great beaconlight of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames ofwithering injustice."

Use an indirect quotation (or paraphrase)when you merely need to summarize key incidents or details of the text.

Use direct quotations when the author youare quoting has coined a term unique to their research and relevant within yourown paper.

Extended Rules for Using Quotation Marks 

Quote length If the original quote is too longand you feel not all the words are necessary in your own paper, you may omitpart of the quote. Replace the missing words with an ellipsis. 

Original Quote: The quarterback told thereporter, "It's quite simple. They played a better game, scored morepoints, and that's why we lost."

Omitted Material: The quarterback told thereporter, "It's quite simple. They . . . scored more points, and that'swhy we lost."


Quote context If the context of your quotemight be unclear, you may add a few words to provide clarity. Enclose the addedmaterial in brackets.

Added Material: The quarterback told thereporter, "It's quite simple. They [the other team] played a better game,scored more points, and that's why we lost."

Quotation Marks Beyond Quoting Quotationmarks may additionally be used to indicate words used ironically or with somereservation.

The great march of "progress"has left millions impoverished and hungry.
Do not use quotation marks for words usedas words themselves. In this case, you should use italics.
The English word nuance comes from aMiddle French word meaning "shades of color."

Additional Punctuation Rules when UsingQuotation Marks

Place a question mark or exclamation pointwithin closing quotation marks if the punctuation applies to the quotationitself. Place the punctuation outside the closing quotation marks if thepunctuation applies to the whole sentence.

Phillip asked, "Do you need thisbook?"

Does Dr. Lim always say to her students, "Youmust work harder"? 


Quoting Poetry

When you quote a single line of poetry,write it like any other short quotation. If the piece of poetry you are quotingcrosses multiple lines of the poem itself, you may still type them in your textrun together. Show the reader where the poem's line breaks fall by using slashmarks.
 
In his poem, "Mending Wall,"Robert Frost writes: "Something there is that doesn't love a wall,/ thatsend the frozen-ground-swell under it." 

Underlining or italics are used for thetitles of long pieces or works that contain smaller sections.



 

番茄斗斗UID: 2720914

第四十讲  transition

Transitional Devices

To Add:and, again, and then, besides,equally important, finally, further, furthermore, nor, too, next, lastly,what's more, moreover, in addition, first (second, etc.)

To Compare:whereas, but, yet, on the otherhand, however, nevertheless, on the contrary, by comparison, where, comparedto, up against, balanced against, vis a vis, but, although, conversely,meanwhile, after all, in contrast, although this may be true

To Prove:because, for, since, for the samereason, obviously, evidently, furthermore, moreover, besides, indeed, in fact,in addition, in any case, that is

To Show Exception:yet, still, however,nevertheless, in spite of, despite, of course, once in a while, sometimes

To Show Time:immediately, thereafter,soon, after a few hours, finally, then, later, previously, formerly, first(second, etc.), next, and then

To Repeat:in brief, as I have said, as Ihave noted, as has been noted

To Emphasize:definitely, extremely,obviously, in fact, indeed, in any case, absolutely, positively, naturally,surprisingly, always, forever, perennially, eternally, never, emphatically,unquestionably, without a doubt, certainly, undeniably, without reservation

To Show Sequence:first, second, third, andso forth. A, B, C, and so forth. next, then, following this, at this time, now,at this point, after, afterward, subsequently, finally, consequently,previously, before this, simultaneously, concurrently, thus, therefore, hence,next, and then, soon

To Give an Example:for example, forinstance, in this case, in another case, on this occasion, in this situation,take the case of, to demonstrate, to illustrate, as an illustration, toillustrate

To Summarize or Conclude:in brief, on thewhole, summing up, to conclude, in conclusion, as I have shown, as I have said,hence, therefore, accordingly, thus, as a result, consequently, on the whole
 
第四十一讲  phrasal&idioms

Overview of Two-Part (Phrasal) Verbs(idioms)

Many verbs in English are followed by anadverb or a preposition (also called a particle), and these two-part verbs,also called phrasal verbs, are different from verbs with helpers. The particlethat follows the verb changes the meaning of the phrasal verb in idiomaticways:

·drop off - declinegradually
The hill dropped off near the river

·drop off(2) - fallasleep
While doing his homework, he dropped off.

·drop off(3) - stopand give something to someone
Would you drop this off at the postoffice?
 
·drop out - cease toparticipate
After two laps, the runner dropped out.


·Intransitive
catch on (meaning: to understand)

Correct: After I explained the mathproblem, she began to catch on.

Incorrect: She began to catch on the mathproblem. (catch on cannot take a direct object in this meaning.)

Correct: She began to catch on to the mathproblem. (the word to makes the math problem an indirect object, which isacceptable in this meaning.)


Separable Phrasal Verbs 
cause to happen  bring off
accomplish   bringon
publish; emphasize    bring over
revive    bring up
by the other person's share of a business    buy up
buy the whole supply of    call off
telephone; summon for military service     
calm down ：become calm      carry on

chop into small pieces     
clean off
clean the surface of   clean out
clean the inside of     clean up
clarify; tidy  
clear out
clear the surface of   clear up
clear the inside of      close down
close permanently    
close up
close temporarily       count in
include  countout
exclude 
count up
calculate; count; add to a total       cross out
eliminate      cutoff
interrupt; sever; amputate     
cut out
eliminate; delete       cut down
reduce in quantity      draw up
write; compose (a document)
dress up
put clothes on; adorn dust out
dust the inside of       eat up
eat completely   
figure out
interpret; understand       figure up
compute       fillin
complete (a printed form)      
fill out
complete (a printed form)       fill up
fill completely (a container)    find out
discover
fix up
repair; arrange in a suitable manner    get across
cause to be understood    give back
return   
give out
distribute; announce  give up
surrender something hand down
deliver; pronounce formally; leave as aninheritance     
hand over
yield control of    hang up
suspend haveon
be dressed in      
have over
entertain someone informally at one's home     hold off
delay; restrain     hold up
delay; rob; threaten with a weapon     
keep up
continue; keep the same pace leave out
omit       letdown
disappoint   
let out
release from confinement; make larger (insewing) light up
light; illuminate thoroughly     live down
live in such a way as to cause somethingto be forgotten      
make over
remake  moveover
move to the side pass out
distribute     
pass up
not take advantage of (as an opportunity)   pass on
transmit       payback
repay    
pay off
discharge a debt completely; give someonehis final pay       pick up
come to meet an escort; lift with hands orfingers; learn casually;initiate an association publicly      play down
minimize     
play up
emphasize    pointout
indicate pulldown
pull in a downward direction; raze
push across
cause to be understood or accepted     put off
postpone      puton
dress in; deceive or fool  
put up
preserve (food); receive as an overnightguest  quiet down
be quiet ringup
the telephone     
rinse off
rinse the surface of    rinse out
rinse the inside of      rule out
eliminate     
run down
trace; disparage; hit with a vehicle       run off
cause to depart; reproduce mechanically    save up
accumulate 
see through
complete; in spite of difficulties     see off
accompany someone to the beginning of atrip send back
send to a place where formerly located     
send over
send to where someone is       set up
arrange showoff
exhibit ostentatiously
shut off
cause to cease functioning      slow up
cause to move more slowly     spell out
enumerate; state in detail      
stand up
fail to keep an appointment with   sweep out
sweep the inside of    take back
return; retract a statement    
take down
remove from a high position; write fromdictation   take in
understood; fool; deceive; make smaller(in sewing)       take over
take; assume command of     
tear down
destroy  tearup
tear into small pieces       tell off
scold; reprimand
think over
consider       thinkthrough
consider from beginning to end     think up
create; invent     
throw away
discard  throwover
reject     tieup
tie securely or tight  
tire out
cause to be exhausted      touch up
repair    tryon
put on a garment to verify the fit  
try out
test turndown
refuse; lower the volume turn out
produce; force into exile, extinguish (alight)    
wash off
wash the surface of   wash out
wash the inside of      wear out
use until no longer usable; tire greatly
wind up
finish, tighten the spring of a watch ormachine       wipe off
wipe the surface of    wipe out
wipe the inside of; decimate  
work out
solve      writedown
record   writeout
write down every detail; spell out 
write up
compose; prepare (a document)                 

Inseparable Phrasal Verbs
back out of
desert; fail to keep a promise bear down on
lean on; browbeat      bear on
have to do with
bear up under
endure   breakin on
interrupt       breakinto
interrupt
call for
come to get; require  care for
like; guard; supervise; maintain     carry on with
continue
catch up with
cover the distance between oneself and      check up on
examine; verify   come across
find accidentally
come along with
accompany; make progress     come by
find accidentally come down with
become ill with
come out with
utter; produce     come up with
utter; produce     count on
rely on
cut in on
interrupt       disagreewith
cause illness or discomfort to  do away with
abolish
do without
deprive oneself of      drop in at/on
visit casually without planning       drop out of
leave; quit
face up to
acknowledge       fall behind in
lag; not progress at required pace fall back on
use for emergency purpose
fall out with
quarrel with fill in for
substitute for       get ahead of
surpass; beat
get around
evade; avoid get away with
do without being caught or punished    get by with
manage with a minimum of effort
get down to
become serious about; consider     get in
enter (a vehicle) get off
descend from; leave
get on
enter (a vehicle); mount   get on with
proceed with       get through with
terminate, finish
go back on
desert; fail to keep (a promise)      go for
like a great deal  go in for
be interested in; participate in
go on with
continue       goover
review   gowith
harmonize with; look pleasing together
go without
abstain from       hang around
remain idly in the vicinity of    hear from
receive a communication from
hear of
learn about (sometimes accidentally)   hit on
discover accidentally hold on to
grasp tightly
hold out against
resist     keepat
persevere at keep to
persist in; continue
keep up with
maintain the pace of lie down on
evade; fail to do  live on
support or sustain oneself by means of
live up to
maintain the standard demanded of     look after
take care of  look back on
remember nostalgically
look down on
feel superior to   look forward to
anticipate     lookup to
respect; admire
make up for
compensate for   pass on
transmit       pickon
tease; bully
play up to
flatter for personal advantage       put up with
tolerate readup on
search out information on
run against
compete against in an election      run away with
leave; escape from    run for
campaign for
see about
consider; arrange      see to
arrange; supervise     settle on
decide on; choose
stand for
represent; permit      stand up for
support; demand stand up to
resist
stick to
persist   stickup for
support; defend   take after
resemble
talk back to
answer impolitely      talk over
discuss   tellon
report misbehavior to authority
touch on
mention briefly   turn into
become waiton
serve
wait up for
not go to bed while waiting for      watch out for
be careful for     

Intransitive Phrasal Verbsback down
retreat from a position in an argument       back out
desert; fail to keep a promise back up
move backwards
bear up
endure   blowin
drop in to visit unexpectedly   blow over
pass without doing harm
blow up
explode; lose one's temper     call up
telephone     calmdown
become calm
carry on
continue as before; misbehave      catch on
understand   catchup
cover the distance between oneself and amoving goal
check up
investigate   check out
leave; pay one's bill   cheer up
become cheerful
clear out
leave     clearup
become clear      close down
close permanently
close up
close temporarily       came about
happen  comealong
accompany; make progress
come back
return    comeby
visit someone in his home       come out
appear; make a social debut
come over
come to someone's house, to where someoneis      come through
succeed cometo
regain consciousness
cut in
interrupt       dieaway
fade; diminish     die down
fade; diminish
die off/out
disappear; become extinct      dress up
don fancy or unusual clothes   drive back
return by car
drop in
visit someone casually without planning      drop out
abandon some organized activity; leave;quit     drop over
visit someone casually
fall behind
not progress at required pace
fall off
decrease; lose weight       fall through
fail; not be accomplished
fill in
substitute     findout
learn      flyback
return by air
fly over
fly to where someone is   get ahead
make progress    get along
have a friendly relationship
get around
circulate; move about       get away
escape   getby
manage; either just barely or with aminimum of effort
get in
enter     getoff
descend from leave   get on
enter (a vehicle); mount (a horse, etc.)
get on/along
progress; be compatible   get up
rise getthrough
finish
give out
become exhausted     give up
surrender; fail to finish     go back
return
go off
explode goon
happen; continue       go out
stop burning; leave one's residence
go over
go; succeed  grow up
mature  hangaround
remain idly; dawdle
hang up
replace a telephone receive on its hook      hold on
grasp tightly; persevere; wait whiletelephoning       hold out
continue to resist; persevere; persist
keep on
continue       keepup
maintain the required pace or standard;continue    let up
diminish in intensity
lie down
recline   lookon
be a spectator     make out
progress; succeed
make up
become reconciled    move over
move to the side pan out
turn out well; be successful
pass out
become unconscious  pass on
die  pickup
grow; increase
pull in
arrive    pullout
deport   pullthrough
survive (barely)
ride over
ride to where someone is run away
escape; leave; leave quickly withoutpermission       run down
slowly lose power so as to stopfunctioning
run off
depart running; drain       sell out
sell the ownership or responsibility       settle up
pay one's bills or debts
show off
boast by words or actions show up
arrive; appear unexpectedly   shut up
stop talking
slow up
reduce speed      stand by
wait; be prepared to assist      stand up
stand; rise from sitting; last; endure
stay over
remain at someone's house overnight orlonger       step aside
move to one side       take off
leave the ground
take over
assume command      talk back
answer impolitely      throw up
vomit
turn around
turn so that one is facing anotherdirection turn in
go to bed      turnout
succeed; come; appear, as at a publicmeeting
turn up
arrive; be found unexpectedly wait up
remain awake in anticipation  wake up
awaken
walk back
return on foot to where one was    walk over
walk to where someone is       wash out
fade or disappear from washing
watch out
be careful     wearoff
fade; disappear through use or time     wear out
become unusable through use; become usedup
work out
be successful             

番茄斗斗UID: 2720914

第八次作业  【CASK EFFECT】阅读能力基础自测（速度、难度、深度、越障、真题、RAM）


做完之后才发现要把初读时间,读懂次数写清的，额，可惜只记录了一个全部完成时间：

GRE 短阅读，7’55”,果然是好久没连速读了，分心的很厉害，翻来覆去读了好多遍，坐在位置上，不停的调整姿势，诶诶诶，做题的时间也很慢，可是很认真的在看题目的，所以只错了一个

GRE 长阅读，13’43”，心慢慢静下来做的一篇，可是又开始纠结于默读，想着不要给声音拖着，却接连看了一片没反应过来什么意思，于是重头再来。不过比第一篇看得进去好多了，兴许是因为篇幅长，内容详细，所以做题目的时候，心里也有了些底，错了两个

LSAT：11’50”  杯具了，明明是自我感觉挺好的一篇，怎么答案对下来，竟然可以错4个！！说说做的时候的状态吧：有了前面两篇的铺垫，LSAT的文章看起来还是顺畅了许多.题材的缘故,阅读的时候心里淡定了很多,所以,整段时间是以欣赏的态度来完成的,速度感不明显,可是少了烦人的默读,恩恩恩,看来现在比较关键的是培养自己对各种题材的文章的阅读心态!!

CET 4: 3’,全对,恩恩恩,算是找回点自信来了

CET 6: 4’10’’  全对,惊叹自己的记忆力了,貌似这文章以前是做过的,所以熟门熟路的,题目也不用多想,可是为什么还是用了4分钟呢,主要自己还是没有养成速读的习惯

SCIENCE: 1’50’’  说来很巧,看这篇文章之前,刚好翻阅了TIME的一篇类似话题的文章,以前一直对科技话题挺头疼的,结果在TIME的5页的疯狂轰炸下,看看这十几行的文章,得心应手多了.嘿嘿,阅读果然是要量变才能产生质变的.想着以后做真题了,碰到哪些手生的话题,课外的,找个十页八页的,一定拿下

GODFATHER: 3’35’’  LOL~整个测试做下来最没有压迫感的一篇!~其实大一大二一直都有阅读原版小说的习惯,所以看到结尾意犹未尽啊!!也终于拿到了意境阅读上的唯一一个YY境界,诶,要是GRE都这么考该多好…

综合评分：3-4-3-4-3-4-5
-------------------------
总的来说吧,这次的测试让我发现了两大问题:
速度感:解决过程是不长,却相当痛苦的.可以从定时间并记录入手
默读:通过以前的阅读经验,默读是开始于阅读训练的开始,也就是说,这个之所以会大量的默读,原因在于缺少量化的阅读量,所以,买了一堆的TIME要结合着网上的THE ECONOMISTS,每天看掉点

番茄斗斗UID: 2720914

第八次作业：基础词汇测试

泪奔,被勉强及格的300分打击到了,刚刚结束的第二遍的效果没看到,顺序背词果然没什么效果,一脱离红宝,哪有什么联系可以推测出来...

一开始的填空没反应过来,接连着错了4题,好多单词看着面熟的,就是想不出来什么意思,碰到是在不懂的,直接猜了...!!类比相对好一点,勉强只错了2个;好在最后的反义,碰到的词大多是最近复习到的,所以做起来心里舒坦了很多,可是还是错了5道....

红包,逆序,还是乖乖的继续背下去吧~!

plukaUID: 2721764

类比= =……俺悲剧地错了6个，6个啊啊啊啊啊啊

plukaUID: 2721764

对了，还有为啥那个阅读自测你每项都有七个评分比如5-4-4-3-3-5-5的？不是一个自测部分对应一个评分项，然后每个部分只有一个分数么？

番茄斗斗UID: 2720914

精华贴是要慢慢看的～今天通读了下最後の使徒的AW进阶手册,做些了摘抄,整理罗列如下

关于ISSUE:

破题策略

平衡结构:有优点就有缺点，这种破题思路的优点明显：简单易行。但缺点也很明显：结构脱节，点与点之间缺乏联系。很多人在按这篇文章写完以后让步点就废了——如果仅仅从这三点论证的话。


生活中的让步是为了表示尊重,可是ISSUE中的让步作用是:1、如之前所说，对于难以破题的题目，让步点几乎自动生成，所以一大作用是充实文章内容(对高分帮助不大)；
2、显示你思维的全面性，对问题多方面考虑(用来支持你的论点)。



很让步点从反面出发点，可以用来堵反面出发点的!写AW的时候没人跟你辩论，所以你不能在别人提出置疑后再反驳，此时就是“没有困难创造困难”，主动出击进行观点完善



然而很多考生在写作时忽略了自己的reason都是要支持同一个position的目的，以完成写作为目的，提纲+模版+例子直接凑出一篇文章，没有发挥让步的作用，于是让步点就废了，再严重点还会出现跑题、自相矛盾、立意不明的致命伤。



让步要避免“恶劣影响法


例：题目中只说Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study，没说学校不应该让学生学主课，即修专业以外的课程不等于修主课质量下降。因此作者在这里提出的让步和题目没有直接的逻辑关系。
但这个让步确实是反面观点的出发点之一，不能放弃主课——但这其中需要一种联系，即戴云教主所讲的“恶劣影响法”。诚然，修非专业课和不修主课没有关系，但如果前者做过头了，会产生“恶劣影响”，把这种影响说清楚了，就能连上让步点了，即“学生精力有限，修了太多专业课以外的课就不能认真修主课了，而主课很重要”，可能只是一句话，就能把跑题的让步点带回正确的道路，但考生往往会忽略这些关键句，进而变成靠幻觉破题。

让否？
例：通篇在说网络、电视、杂志的害处，忽略了题目中对其它媒体优势的辨证承认，这时让步段已经不是让步段了，而是自己的论点段。问题是作者偏巧又用了让步的关键词“Admittedly”和一个让步的主题句，于是这段的内容就成了相互矛盾的，而让步的优势又得不到体现。

让步的优秀范文：北美范文ISSUE 11

然而很多情况下，在我们对一个题目有了深刻的认识后，就会产生3、4点甚至更多讨论出发点，这种时候花宝贵的时间用来让步与自己对立的观点就显得得不偿失，往往想让步点例子的功夫就失去充分阐述自己论点的机会了。因此遇到这种情况可以把让步点在结尾或开头一笔代过，用一个长句子加一个比较分析概述，而把注意力集中到正面论点阐述上。




正面论点的发展

讨论出发点就也就可以大致分为三个方向：1、话题的本质，或者说内在逻辑，比如产生的根源；2、话题的作用，即外在逻辑，比如对社会的影响；3、话题的定义，即逻辑基本点，比如话题中某个关键词的定义。
这三点是ISSUE破题发展分论点的出发点，也是决定我们在面对ISSUE是选择POSITION的根本原因，如何合理地选取出发点，做到结构清晰连贯、观点便于论证、论证严密强大是ISSUE破题的重中之重。



例：ISSUE150 "Education will be truly effective only when it is specifically designed to meet the individual needs and interests of each student."

1、话题本质：个人兴趣与教育制度的契合度问题，可以产生的分论点：教育如何满足个人兴趣？怎样实施？
2、话题作用：教育制度适合个人兴趣后对我们带来的影响，可以产生的分论点：能否提高学生的积极性？对社会带来什么负担？对学生带来什么负面影响？
3、话题定义：题目中具有可讨论性关键词的定义，比如effective，可以产生的分论点：什么是effective？社会总体进步？个人价值实现？和谐社会？
第3点的立意比前2者抽象很多，这是涉及到价值观、世界观讨论的问题。因此要从这里出发才能深刻话，本质化



在ISSUE写作中采取对题目关键词进行剖析的手法，正是一种近代哲学的做法，它可以让你的文章具有自己的基石，形成根本性的讨论层面，从而在本质上强化文章的论证



这类关键词的讨论，则又是一个庞大的话题，我们一直所争论的“正义”“正确”“有用”“有利”“美好”“重要”这些带有主观判断的词汇都在其范畴之内



关键词解释想要发挥作用，就一定要让它跟另外两点作为高同步率，即对关键词的解释可以直接对应到产生的影响和本质



------
寝室要熄灯了。。。
to be continued，好帖是要慢慢看的，果然自己重新整理下，感悟就特别深刻～

番茄斗斗UID: 2720914

对了，还有为啥那个阅读自测你每项都有七个评分比如5-4-4-3-3-5-5的？不是一个自测部分对应一个评分项，然后每个部分只有一个分数么？
pluka 发表于 2009-12-12 23:44

因为发现每部分的分数不一样诶。。。

----
填check list的时候才发现果真写错了。。。囧。。改好了～～

番茄斗斗UID: 2720914

最後の使徒的AW进阶手册: ISSUE破题策略

对于一些比较难的题目，1和2则容易产生很明确的区别。此时就有必要从1话题本质来进行讨论——这个问题是如何产生的？这幻觉是哪来的？然后才能讨论这种幻觉带来的社会影响、作用、认识历史的目的等等问题。此时1和2的分工也比较明确，1解释题目，2说它对不对。之所以说难题才会有区别，是因为简单题根本不用解释，建个全球大学谁不知道怎么建、教育个性化谁不知道怎么弄……遇到这种题，问题的产生和它的影响是一致的。更准确的说，我这里说的“难题”和“简单题”也是以话题本质和话题影响是否容易分开为标准来划分的。

综 上所述，我推荐在发展ISSUE分论点时适当考虑1和3的内容，即讨论话题产生的根源、社会原因和话题本身的定义，这样可以提高写作的立意，使之更具有深度。而社会影响方面则是ISSUE分论点的重点，适当的积累背景知识会对一块的提高有所帮助，比如ISSUE26"Most people would agree that buildings represent a valuable record of anysociety's past, but controversy arises when old buildings stand on ground thatmodern planners feel could be better used for modern purposes. In suchsituations, modern development should be given precedence over the preservationof historic buildings so that contemporary needs can be served." 一般人知道历史建筑有审美价值、政治意义，而专业知识则能从建筑进化适应气候、环境陌生化带来社会成员心情变化、文脉缺失破坏文化个性等方面来解释问题。当然我是从我的专业背景来解释，大家都不是全能者，不可能哪道题都成专家，但对于高频题的背景知识适当了解是很必要的，因此推荐去看看同主题写作系列，平
时多加关注社会新闻和社会评论也是有好处。

另一种分论点破题思路，即分领域破题。这种思路旨在从不同的领域来关注一个话题的正确性
分领域讨论的好处和让步类似，即简单快捷，由于在不同领域内你只需要考虑最基本的一到两个出发点，这样加在一起一个领域就一个，罗列起来便成了一篇完整的文
章，可以很方便的发展出多个分论点，而且不愁论证内容重复、没有例子用。但这种分论点的缺点也很明显——不完全归纳。你可以说在两三个领域里这个立场成立，但不能以此为依据推出其它领域内立场也成立，由于不同领域要分析的背景又不一样，想要升华主题做到抽象化后便于推广到其它领域，等于又回到了之前的破题思路，难度反而变大，因此对于想拿高分特别是满分的考生我个人不是很推荐这种破题思路。

另一种类似的思路，也是以领域为依据，只不过将思路限于一个领域内，这样比起之前的抽象思考更加具象便于展开讨论，又可以集中火力分析一个领域的深层次问题，算是在前两种策略上进行了一个折中。

总 之，ISSUE破题是建立在对题目的充分理解基础之上的，虽然有些技巧和套路能帮助短时间写出文章，但这样却不利于发展有高度有深度的论证，因此思考在 ISSUE破题中是最为重要的，我在这里只是提供一些破题的思路方向，帮助大家不至于遇到题目无话可说，但还是需要具体问题具体分析，大家不妨回去拿几道题练一下。而我个人的思路也有限，相信勤于思考的话大家也能找到更好的解决方案。

番茄斗斗UID: 2720914

最後の使徒AW进阶手册: ISSUE首段写作策略
精确的ISSUE开头：
1.I agree with the speaker that (把题目抄一遍)-----------没有信息量，由于信息量不足，它容易造成的影响是作者在之后的论点发展中缺乏方向，经常出现分论点重叠、车轱辘话来回说的问题。

2.通常会在后面接个"However, under certainconditions..."于是成了经典的让步结构，或者直接否定题目观点，以However为转接后面讨论特别情况，这种用在题目叙述比较绝对的题中比较多，比如“Only xxx can make xxx”这种。---------------通常会在后面接个"However, under certainconditions..."于是成了经典的让步结构，或者直接否定题目观点，以However为转接后面讨论特别情况，这种用在题目叙述比较绝对的题中比较多，比如“Only xxx can make xxx”这种。

怎样的让步式开头可以避免跑题/观点不明确？
首先说下让步观点的出发点，即辩证法，凡事都是双刃剑，其影响存在对立统一的两面，提出让步观点一是可以让自己的观点全面，从而封上被攻击的漏洞，二也可以在对付有些难题的时候不至于无话可说。也因此由于“对立”比“统一”更直观，所以很多人在写作时容易忽视了“统一”，于是自相矛盾。

其实达成统一并不难，只要在观点中有一个明确的态度，给出一个不含糊的解决方案就可以了

同样道理，在遇到题目绝对叙述的时候，我们可以用平衡观点来说，Admittedly....However, wecannot neglect....或者I don't agree...since in someaspects...这种时候开头在两个不同情况存在的前提下为二者达成共识形成一个中心句，就能有效统领全文了。

以上两种开头可以说是最简洁有效的，通常不超过半分钟就能搞定，对于时间有限的同学而言很实用。但需要注意的是，这种开头不仅仅千篇一律破坏阅卷官对你的印象，而且由于缺乏对后文内容的暗示而使文章不能有效组织。我们知道写PAPER的时候前面会出现KEYWORDS和ABSTRACT两个部分，用以向读者介绍本文的结构和内容。GREAW当然做不到这一点，但是开头却能起到同样的作用。有了对后文的暗示，读者会在过程中更有效的follow your ideas,同时这种写法也强迫作者在文章开始之初就规划好全文，避免了一边想一边写搞得分论点混乱的问题。

番茄斗斗UID: 2720914

最後の使徒,AW进阶手册:
ISSUE首段写作策略

总之，简单
开头的结构比较单纯，相应的也比较好掌握，缺点也很明显，可以通过增加信息量的方式来进行弥补，希望大家根据自己的情况取舍。

背景引出话题式开头，或者叫复杂开头

通常学术论文都会在开篇就自己提出的论题介绍相关背景，从而引出自己的论题，这种开头显得有来源有知识，而且在后文的论证中也可以用到背景，因此在时间允许的情况下进行ISSUE写作用这样的开头是个不错的选择。但由于结构相对比较复杂，有时候会出现介绍背景与文章无关、句子结构散漫的问题，如何让背景介绍发挥最大的作用就成了必须讨论的问题。

背景介绍也分成几种

比较常见的是社会背景介绍，即“With the development ofsociety/technology/information”“Modern world is becomingso..."这种内容比较泛而且比较好写，一般遇到大部分题倒都能套上。但由于这个概念非常泛化，所以很容易就跟观点脱节，从而导致文章的开头逻辑不明确，背景介绍成为废话。

背景式开头很重要的一点就是提供的背景与提出的观点光滑过渡（smoothtransition），存在必然逻辑联系，这样一来文章的开头就会显得比较有力度，而后文也可以有效利用介绍的背景来作为论证依据。在写作背景式开头的时候，考虑起始句如何引出观点，如何利用背景是关键，不要为了背景而写背景。

引用式。开头引用名人名句

疑问式。这里说的疑问式不是把题目用问句写一遍然后自答，而是提出一些与题目相关的问题引起思考，从而引出文章观点，从某种意义上说，是间接复述题目，然后将中间的逻辑点用叙述方式加以连接，从而引出主题

叙事式。这种开头在长文章新闻中非常常见，似乎也是老美比较喜欢的一种开头。叙事对篇幅要求比较多而且不易掌握，所以在ISSUE实战中不是很常用。

无论什么形式的开头，为论点提供支持是最重要的，这种背景可以是对反面观点有利的，用于引出转折，也可以是对正面观点有利的，直接引出观点，或者是介绍题目背景，从而剖析题目的侧重点。