1006G[REBORN FROM THE ASHES组]备考日记 by lime314——机会只给不断坚持的人

lime314UID: 2643598

我上路了，坚持坚持

lime314UID: 2643598

留着

lime314UID: 2643598

以前写作文老是中途卡壳，觉得自己最缺的是logical thinking
"20 Questions for Writers"基本上把X都解剖透了…而且把一些写作手法也列举了出来

又要断电了了，先把看了的记下来，明天继续补发

lime314UID: 2643598

【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（1）20 Questions for Writers
https://bbs.gter.net/thread-930785-1-1.html

这20个问题中有的我觉得比较抽象，但是由于自己以前写作文没有好好列提纲的习惯，写作过程真是痛苦无比，拖的又臭又长，这个对列提纲很有帮助。看下来有些部分大意上有比较类似的，参考别人的笔记大体归纳一下吧：

1. What does X mean? (Definition) 是什么

2. What are the various features of X? (Description) 特性

3. What are the component parts of X? (Simple Analysis) 组成

4. How is X made or done? (Process Analysis)  构建过程分析（process是我的一个痛啊）

5. How should X be made or done? (Directional Analysis)  方法分析（如何）

6. What is the essential function of X? (Functional Analysis)  主要功能分析

7. What are the causes of X? (Causal Analysis) BE EACW  原因

8. What are the consequences of X? (Causal Analysis)  结果

9. What are the types of X? (Classification)  分类

10. How is X like or unlike Y? (Comparison)  不同事物相比较，水平对比，横行（补充：Comparison对比后是突出二者的相同点，而Contrast是不同之处，还有一个Analogy类比，就是以一种具体的简单的事物或概念，去阐释另一个复杂/抽象的概念或事物）

11. What is the present status of X? (Comparison) 对比自身不同时期，垂直对比，树状

12. What is the significance of X? (Interpretation) 意义

13. What are the facts about X? (Reportage) 事实（这是什么意思？）

14. How did X happen? (Narration) 起源

15. What kind of person is X? (Characterization/Profile) 人物特征

16. What is my personal response to X? (Reflection) 个人的想法，观点

17. What is my memory of X? (Reminiscence我喜欢这个词)  个人记忆“记一件难忘的事”

18. What is the value of X? (Evaluation综合测评就指望它呢) 事物价值

19. What are the essential major points or features of X? (Summary) 概括重要性，和abstract有什么区别呢？

20. What case can be made for or against X? (Persuasion) 论据（这个要写的牛牛的）1


【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（2）Writing Anxiety
https://bbs.gter.net/thread-931194-1-1.html

1.注意力要集中，别想一些xxyy什么的，钱要花在刀刃上
2.自己已经形成的写作习惯继续沿用方可。
3.散步溜达什么的……我没怎么试过，懒得挪动。呵呵，有个故事就是说一个人太懒了，连挂在他脖子上的大饼都懒得扭头咬一下，结果自己就饿死了……这个故事告诉我们生命在于运动


【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（3）Writer's Block
https://bbs.gter.net/thread-931466-1-1.html

1.好了，第一个就是我的典型病例，不写outline。Brainstorm做的很纠结啊，费时又费神的，结果还不一定好。 提纲啊！
2.就像草履虫一样，碰到不喜欢的就避之，可是还是要写啊。
3.和2一样，不想写也得写了。记得Friends里面hebbie回答了一句超经典的：I wish I could, but I don't want to.呵呵
4.事情多了人就容易烦，有个学姐告诉我，不要把它们想的很可怕，你一定要开始做，越拖越可怕。
5.You're self-conscious about your writing, you may have trouble getting started. 这个问题也很严重，对总想一气呵成（其实自己不是这种人），还是要从动笔开始的，discussion，列计划分步进行。

最后的，如果哪一点有想法了可以先进行那里，通过沟通也可以获得灵感，立场转换。

lime314UID: 2643598

issue题目 244道 网络通用顺序
https://bbs.gter.net/showthread.php?s=&threadid=139480

argument题目 242道 网络通用顺序
https://bbs.gter.net/showthread.php?s=&threadid=139481


【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（4）start to write
https://bbs.gter.net/thread-932138-1-1.html

1.问自己写这个事物的目的何在。Why should you write about this, and why should anyone read it?
2.为了达到这个目的，应该怎么做？
3.开始写作：
   Brainstorm;为你的读者着想；Paraphrase your ideas
4.展开：就把一个点用更多的句子写出来；
        一个点展开多方面的讨论，在展开过程中也能发现可以填充的东西；      
5.第一稿：第一稿一般都不太拉得上台面？放一段时间，be a critical reader of your own draft, read with detachment.

今天先紧着翻译awintro，看了一些issue13的讲解分析，好绕啊，那500字怎么蹦出来的…

lime314UID: 2643598

日记：
万恶的期末考！这么多论文，今天下午课还上那么晚，笔记还没做完，晚上能尽量赶回来补，好绝望啊，自己比别人落这么多……
     今天继续背单词，时间可不可以多一点哪？

【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（5）Writing With Computers
https://bbs.gter.net/thread-932417-1-1.html


making an outline
Set up headings for an outline in large bold letters. Later, as you go back and fill in the subheadings and sub points, you will be able to see the larger structure of the paper. Some word processing programs either outline for you or permit you to indicate the outline headings in a way that allows you to go back and forth between a screen showing only the headings and screens showing the detailed material within sections.
就是要分出正副标题，方便查阅making an outline

staying on topic in every paragraph

Put your topic sentence at the top of each paragraph to keep the sentence in mind and not lose track of your topic.
重点：topic sentence，放在段首。

renaming a file

Each time you open your file, save it as a different file so that you always know which is the most recent version you've worked on. If your first draft is Draft I, the next time you open that file, save it as Draft II.
记得另存为，可以知道自己的改进地方

saving copies of material to cut and paste

When you are moving large blocks of text, highlight what you are going to move and make a copy for your clipboard before moving. if you lose the portion you are moving, you still have a copy available.

一定要给自己留后路，最好就是复制


另外，手写和电脑上的文件，感官上会有不同。
电脑上软件的一些功能要好好用，比如文章格式，查阅错误等。

【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（6）thesis statement

Blithe0404UID: 2738704

6# lime314
呵呵 我也落后了好多 进来的晚了  不过这俩天确实在这里学了很多 一起加油哦~~

lime314UID: 2643598

https://bbs.gter.net/thread-1042731-1-1.html

A special report on climate change and the carbon economy

Getting warmer

Dec 3rd 2009 From The Economist print edition

So far the effort to tackle global warming has achieved little. Copenhagen offers the chance to do better, says Emma Duncan (interviewed here)
Illustration by M. Morgenstern

THE mountain bark beetle is a familiar pest in the forests of British Columbia. Its population rises and falls unpredictably, destroying clumps of pinewood as it peaks which then regenerate as the bug recedes. But Scott Green, who studies forest ecology at the University of Northern British Columbia, says the current outbreak is “unprecedented in recorded history: a natural background-noise disturbance has become a major outbreak. We’re looking at the loss of 80% of our pine forest cover.”* Other parts of North America have also been affected, but the damage in British Columbia is particularly severe, and particularly troubling in a province whose economy is dominated by timber.

Three main explanations for this disastrous outbreak suggest themselves. It could be chance. Populations do fluctuate dramatically and unexpectedly. It could be the result of management practices. British Columbia’s woodland is less varied than it used to be, which helps a beetle that prefers pine. Or it could be caused by the higher temperatures that now prevail in northern areas, allowing beetles to breed more often in summer and survive in greater numbers through the winter.

The Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which the United Nations adopted at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, is now 17 years old. Its aim was “to achieve stabilisation of greenhouse-gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system”. The Kyoto protocol, which set about realising those aims, was signed in 1997 and came into force in 2005. Its first commitment period runs out in 2012, and implementing a new one is expected to take at least three years, which is why the 15th conference of the parties to the UNFCCC that starts in Copenhagen on December 7th is such a big deal. Without a new global agreement, there is not much chance of averting serious climate change.

Since the UNFCCC was signed, much has changed, though more in the biosphere than the human sphere. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the body set up to establish a scientific consensus on what is happening, heat waves, droughts, floods and serious hurricanes have increased in frequency over the past few decades; it reckons those trends are all likely or very likely to have been caused by human activity and will probably continue. Temperatures by the end of the century might be up by anything from 1.1ºC to 6.4ºC.

In most of the world the climate changes to date are barely perceptible or hard to pin on warming. In British Columbia and farther north the effects of climate change are clearer. Air temperatures in the Arctic are rising about twice as fast as in the rest of the world. The summer sea ice is thinning and shrinking. The past three years have seen the biggest losses since proper record-keeping started in 1979. Ten years ago scientists reckoned that summer sea-ice would be gone by the end of this century. Now they expect it to disappear within a decade or so.

Since sea-ice is already in the water, its melting has little effect on sea levels. Those are determined by temperature (warmer water takes up more room) and the size of the Greenland and Antarctic ice caps. The glaciers in south-eastern Greenland have picked up speed. Jakobshavn Isbrae, the largest of them, which drains 6% of Greenland’s ice, is now moving at 12km a year—twice as fast as it was when the UNFCCC was signed—and its “calving front”, where it breaks down into icebergs, has retreated by 20km in six years. That is part of the reason why the sea level is now rising at 3-3.5mm a year, twice the average annual rate in the 20th century.

As with the mountain bark beetle, it is not entirely clear why this is happening. The glaciers could be retreating because of one of the countless natural oscillations in the climate that scientists do not properly understand. If so, the glacial retreat could well stop, as it did in the middle of the 20th century after a 100-year retreat. But the usual causes of natural variability do not seem to explain the current trend, so scientists incline to the view that it is man-made. It is therefore likely to persist unless mankind starts to behave differently—and there is not much sign of that happening.

Carbon-dioxide emissions are now 30% higher than they were when the UNFCCC was signed 17 years ago. Atmospheric concentrations of CO2 equivalent (carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases) reached 430 parts per million last year, compared with 280ppm before the industrial revolution. At the current rate of increase they could more than treble by the end of the century, which would mean a 50% risk of a global temperature increase of 5ºC. To put that in context, the current average global temperature is only 5ºC warmer than the last ice age. Such a rise would probably lead to fast-melting ice sheets, rising sea levels, drought, disease and collapsing agriculture in poor countries, and mass migration. But nobody really knows, and nobody wants to know.

Some scientists think that the planet is already on an irreversible journey to dangerous warming. A few climate-change sceptics think the problem will right itself. Either may be correct. Predictions about a mechanism as complex as the climate cannot be made with any certainty. But the broad scientific consensus is that serious climate change is a danger, and this newspaper believes that, as an insurance policy against a catastrophe that may never happen, the world needs to adjust its behaviour to try to avert that threat.

The problem is not a technological one. The human race has almost all the tools it needs to continue leading much the sort of life it has been enjoying without causing a net increase in greenhouse-gas concentrations in the atmosphere. Industrial and agricultural processes can be changed. Electricity can be produced by wind, sunlight, biomass or nuclear reactors, and cars can be powered by biofuels and electricity. Biofuel engines for aircraft still need some work before they are suitable for long-haul flights, but should be available soon.

Nor is it a question of economics. Economists argue over the sums (see article), but broadly agree that greenhouse-gas emissions can be curbed without flattening the world economy.
A hard sell

It is all about politics. Climate change is the hardest political problem the world has ever had to deal with. It is a prisoner’s dilemma, a free-rider problem and the tragedy of the commons all rolled into one. At issue is the difficulty of allocating the cost of collective action and trusting other parties to bear their share of the burden. At a city, state and national level, institutions that can resolve such problems have been built up over the centuries. But climate change has been a worldwide worry for only a couple of decades. Mankind has no framework for it. The UN is a useful talking shop, but it does not get much done.

The closest parallel is the world trading system. This has many achievements to its name, but it is not an encouraging model. Not only is the latest round of negotiations mired in difficulty, but the World Trade Organisation’s task is child’s play compared with climate change. The benefits of concluding trade deals are certain and accrue in the short term. The benefits of mitigating climate change are uncertain, since scientists are unsure of the scale and consequences of global warming, and will mostly accrue many years hence. The need for action, by contrast, is urgent.

The problem will be solved only if the world economy moves from carbon-intensive to low-carbon—and, in the long term, to zero-carbon—products and processes. That requires businesses to change their investment patterns. And they will do so only if governments give them clear, consistent signals. This special report will argue that so far this has not happened. The policies adopted to avoid dangerous climate change have been partly misconceived and largely inadequate. They have sent too many wrong signals and not enough of the right ones.

That is partly because of the way the Kyoto protocol was designed. By trying to include all the greenhouse gases in a single agreement, it has been less successful than the less ambitious Montreal protocol, which cut ozone-depleting gases fast and cheaply. By including too many countries in detailed negotiations, it has reduced the chances of agreement. And by dividing the world into developed and developing countries, it has deepened a rift that is proving hard to close. Ultimately, though, the international agreement has fallen victim to domestic politics. Voters do not want to bear the cost of their elected leaders’ aspirations, and those leaders have not been brave enough to push them.

Copenhagen represents a second chance to make a difference. The aspirations are high, but so are the hurdles. The gap between the parties on the two crucial questions—emissions levels and money—remains large. America’s failure so far to pass climate-change legislation means that a legally binding agreement will not be reached at the conference. The talk is of one in Bonn, in six months’ time, or in Mexico City in a year.

To suggest that much has gone wrong is not to denigrate the efforts of the many people who have dedicated two decades to this problem. For mankind to get even to the threshold of a global agreement is a marvel. But any global climate deal will work only if the domestic policies through which it is implemented are both efficient and effective. If they are ineffective, nothing will change. If they are inefficient, they will waste money. And if taxpayers decide that green policies are packed with pork, they will turn against them.

http://www.economist.com/specialreports/displayStory.cfm?story_id=14994872

Word and Expressions

Comments

lime314UID: 2643598

今天早晨起来后一口气背完了2个list，那感觉真是神清气爽的。
我讨厌期末，这么多论文一次堆在一起，我觉得自己都快成鼠标手了……

今天才开始看语法，加油啊加油！努力赶

0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】汇总贴 & DAY I 主谓一致
https://bbs.gter.net/viewthread.php?tid=959505&highlight

再提醒自己：
就近原则，即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语，一般来说，不可数名词用动词单数，可数名词复数用动词复数。但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。

lime314UID: 2643598

今天背单词的状态极度不佳，只背了一个list，好郁闷哪，大家都是怎么调节心情的呢？

在Comments活动说明里没有看到今天更新的材料，不过在番茄斗斗的日志里找到了，是不是换地方了呢？

继续补作业……

lime314UID: 2643598

T_T昨天不是没做作业，而是学校网络维修，一直都上不了网啊……
第二次作业：https://bbs.gter.net/thread-1028710-1-2.html
ISSUE13
"Many of the world's lesser-known languages are being lost as fewer and fewer people speak them. The governments of countries in which these languages are spoken should act to prevent such languages from becoming extinct."

    Language plays an essential role in people's daily life. It can be regarded as a symbol of a culture. By exchanging languages, people are also exchanging their thoughts, customs and culture. And thus leading to the development of the whole society. However, as the speaker states, many of the world's lesser-known languages are becoming extinct. This is a tragedy for global development, especially for its culture. As far as I can see, the governments should take actions to prevent the lesser-known languages or even some dialects from fading away.

    With millions of years evolution of the earth, from barren to flourishing and invigorating, the world has also developed into a highly advanced aggregation of trillions of people dispersing in different countries. The main factor that contributes to the thrive and prosperity of the wold is the cultural and intellectual communication between humans, and language in the process is an essential tool. Language, seen from its definition, is a systematic means of communicating ideas or feelings by the use of conventionalized signs, sounds, gestures, or marks having understood meanings. So by using language, people from different cultural backgrounds could exchange their opinions of different religion and custom.

    The process that how a language developes is flexural. The ancestors from different countries or tribes had to ponder, grope and summarize the ways to express themselves. From generation to generation, people have been making efforts to improve the languages they use. So each kind of language can be regard as a great treasure and even of a culture. As culture study has been a hot issue throughout the world, languages should also be attached importance to, because they will do a great help in study and research. For instance, the Eskimos are famous for their abundant and various ways to describe snow. When climatologists do research on Eskimos' expressions of snow, they can have a better understanding of nature and thus make benefit to all the human being.

    Referring to the claim of the speaker, I also agree that some lesser-known languages are becoming extinct because the number of the people who speak them are reducing. In my view, there are several factors that lead to the circumstance. Firstly, under the trend of globalization(这句写的好恶心）, people of those once-colonial countries or regions are forced, or voluntary, to give up their own languages and divert to learn those dominant languages(大语种不会说啊），such as French, English, Spanish and so on. Gradually, their own cultural specialities fade and culture of those dominant countries filtrate into their mind. With the lapse of time, they forget their primitive languages and dialects; their tongues will twister when pronouncing the old phonics. Secondly, the number of people from some special areas where they speak their own languages is reducing. This can attribute to their unique regulations. For hundreds of years, they have been keeping the custom of finding spouse within its tribe. They never receive new technology and information, so the mortality rate is increasing year by year. And not to mention people of areas like the New Ginea tribe, where homoerotism is worshipped. Thirdly, some languages are too abstruse to understand, such as Sankrit(梵语）, Tibet（藏语）, and Hebrew(希伯来语）. People have difficulties to read and write them. These languages are not proper for widespread communication. So less and less people speak them now.

    As for me, no matter how difficult a language is, it is a treasure of human history, so government or authority in which the lesser-known languages are spoken should take actions to stop them from extinction. There are several method that they can apply. First, they should instruct their people to continue using their own languages or dialects. Like authorities in Welsh, although they belong to British government where English is the official language, they still keep Welsh as their mother tongue. Even at school, Welsh takes the priority over English. Only people in these countries use their languages themselves can their culture maintain. Meanwhile, government should also provide financial support for the development and study of its language, for example, establishing language learning schools, publishing books, newspapers and magazines, using media method like TV, radio and internet to publicize its languages and call on people's attention to use them.

    To conclude, every language have a great symbolic weight in its culture. And every culture is an important element of the world, so governments and authorities should take action to protect its languages or dialects for the aim to keep the fruits of human intelligence, to remain its unique culture, as well as to provide precious materials for their descendants.

第一次写不知道构架怎样安排比较好，我会继续改进的。
发帖的地址：https://bbs.gter.net/viewthread.php?tid=1044695&extra=

lime314UID: 2643598

https://bbs.gter.net/thread-1044038-1-1.html
America's health-care bill
Nearer and nearer
Dec 21st 2009From Economist.com
A procedural vote in America's Senate brings Barack Obama's health-care reforms closer

IT NOW looks certain that Barack Obama will get what he wanted for Christmas—a health-care reform bill passed out of the Senate, probably just a few hours before Santa begins his rounds. Republicans, who have been fighting tooth-and-nail to block
passage of the bill seem to have given up the fight, and have given warning instead that this will be a wish that he comes to regret.

(Barack Obama's health-care reform bill is finally passed by the Senate.)

Shortly after 1am on Monday December 21st, the health bill cleared the first, and the most difficult, of the procedural hurdles it has to leap in order to secure passage through the Senate. Technically only a motion to end debate on a “manager's amendment” put together by the Senate's majority leader, Harry Reid, what the vote really represented was a crucial exercise in nose-counting. The result was a vote on precisely partisan lines, with all 40 Republicans opposed, and all 58 Democrats plus the two independents who are grouped with them voting in favour. Since 60 votes is the precise number needed to avoid a filibuster, there was no room for error whatsoever, the reason why the procedural motion had taken so long. But with all 60 members of the “Democratic caucus” now signed up, the final vote, on Christmas Eve, looks like a formality.

(the process was很纠结吧）

From the point of view of the Democrats, this victory has come at a high price. The health bill has been stripped of something very dear to many of then: a “public option” of a government-backed insurance scheme that would compete with private insurers in order, supposedly, to keep costs down and guarantee access. The version of the bill already passed by the House of Representatives does contain just such a public option, one of several reasons why final passage of a reconciled bill is still a way off. Some Democrats hope, however, that a public option can be added later on, after the initial bill has gone into effect.（Although the bill is passed, it is on the Democrats' price.

Still, the Senate version does tick most Democratic boxes; it obliges everyone to have health-insurance, and sets out a generous system of subsides to help the uninsured obtain coverage, along with a system of government-regulated exchanges that should encourage competition among private insurers. It fines employers who do not offer health cover to their workers. And it makes it illegal for insurers to refuse people coverage on the basis of pre-existing medical conditions, as well as putting strict limits on the way that premiums are allowed to increase with age. The hope is that tens of million of Americans currently without coverage will now be able to get it, and many tens of millions more, who have insurance but fear losing it through redundancy or ill-health, will have those worries lifted from their shoulders.（让每人都买健康保险，并降低价钱以保证更大的覆盖范围，政府和私人的保险公司竞争，不给员工投保的公司要罚款，

Republicans, however, hate the bill, mostly on the ground of（以……为由） cost. The advertised price-tag of the Senate bill is a bit under $900 billion over the next ten years, but Republicans contend that the numbers will be much higher than that, as the cost of subsidies has been underestimated and predicted savings will not materialise. Even at the stated number, this is a large bill at a time when America is running huge deficits that it urgently needs to tackle. The Senate bill is "paid for", but only in the sense在这个意义上 that it provides for large charges on the most expensive private insurance policies, and because it factors in deep cuts to Medicare the health-insurance scheme for the elderly. Republicans say these will never be enacted. Past history provides them with evidence to back up that claim.（共和党到底是高兴还是不高兴啊？）

Less politically involved observers also note that it is unprecedented for such a substantive and expensive bill to have been forced through Congress on such a narrow vote. The bill passed the House on a margin of just five votes, and in the Senate it has no safety margin. With no bipartisan support at all, Democrats will be held solely responsible if the reform turns out to be a disappointment. Some studies have suggested that private insurance premiums could rise substantially in response to the new burdens being placed on insurers

Completion of work on the bill is by no means 绝不a formality, though it does now look more or less certain that the Senate will vote the bill out before Christmas. The next difficulty will come in producing a single “reconciled” version from the very different bills that the Senate and House have produced; that reconciled bill then has to go back for final clearance by both chambers也可代表“议院”. The public option is one big stumbling block. It is clear that the Senate cannot pass any version of a bill that contains a public option, so the House will have to give ground, which is going to require a lot of presidential arm-twisting in January. And the two bills are funded in very different ways, one with a tax on the rich, the other with an insurance-policy surcharge. As of today though, health-care reform, expensive and imperfect though it is, is looking a lot more likely.


Good Words and Phrases
Leap the hundle 跨栏   
nose-counting(统计人数)
New Words
Technically ad.严格地说  
partisan a.过分支持的  
filibuster n.会议妨碍行为
Insurer n.承包人  
way off差得很远
Oblige v.使……付义务  
premium n.保险费  
redundancy n,解雇
Subsidy n,津贴  
enact  v.制定
margin n.差额  
bipartisan  a.两党的
Clearance n.审查许可  
arm-twisting n.说服，强迫  
surcharge n.额外收费

lime314UID: 2643598

最近期末考快把人压扁了……今天背了2个list，继续回顾以前的词，觉得我绝望，我真的背过么？