1006G SPECTACULAR 备考日记 by环游世界[无]——让每天充实快乐

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　　从打算考G到现在不到2个月，这段时间GRE让我看到了，一个人如果认真起来，许多看似飘渺的事也会变得可以触摸。选择国内读研，选择现在的安逸，也就等于选择了失去小时的理想。自己的实力与目标有很大的差距，so化蛹为蝶的过程必然艰辛，but报名的那一刻已经做了充分的思想准备迎接所有的挑战。那么接下来就是坚持，坚持，再坚持。以往最大的毛病就是三心二意，没有长劲儿,这次一定要坚持到底，和大家共同进步。
     年轻时最难能可贵的不是美丽的外表，不是拥有的财富，不是大把的可以挥霍的时间，而是敢于为了理想犯错误，竭尽全力，勇于拼搏的勇气。没有这些，青春将显得多么苍白。
                                                                                                                 ——杨澜
     送给所有在为自己梦想努力的战友们。
     目标：AW 4.5以上+笔试1450

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一楼空着

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上午，1小时TOEFL词汇伴侣，1小时中译英，1.5小时单词，1小时作业，1小时comment，1小时AW题库。


2.1号，重看20问。

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Fundamental Course of Writtng 总结汇总贴
（1）20 Questions for Writers
       暂时感觉不深，1个月后重看
（2)(3)（4） Writing Anxiety and start to write
自己主要开头磨蹭很久，思路打开不快。几个觉得不错的方法总结如下。
         a.写作前有所准备，过题库
         b.陌生题，点线面逐渐展开式列提纲
       c.难下手的题，先写个要求不高的初稿。修改要先易后难
       d.一点思路都没有的题，开头可以空着。
       e,写作步骤：明确主题，记下所有灵感，并将思路图表化，寻找主线，丰富内容。开写，不说废话。
       f,修改方法：改变读者对象，客观审视，小组讨论。
(5) Writing with computers
         主题句写在段首
       每次修改，保留前进痕迹
       打印出来，纸质的要亲近些
       打印预览
       注意作文的句子长度。
       运用修改工具和词典，改作文。
       用颜色突出重点。




      

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【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（1）20 Questions for Writers

1. What does X mean? (Definition)
1
2. What are the various features of X? (Description)
1
3. What are the component parts of X? (Simple Analysis)
1
4. How is X made or done? (Process Analysis)
1
5. How should X be made or done? (Directional Analysis)
1
6. What is the essential function of X? (Functional Analysis)
1
7. What are the causes of X? (Causal Analysis) BE EACW
1
8. What are the consequences of X? (Causal Analysis)
1
9. What are the types of X? (Classification)
1
10. How is X like or unlike Y? (Comparison)
1
11. What is the present status of X? (Comparison)
1
12. What is the significance of X? (Interpretation)
1
13. What are the facts about X? (Reportage)
1
14. How did X happen? (Narration)
1
15. What kind of person is X? (Characterization/Profile)
1
16. What is my personal response to X? (Reflection)
1
17. What is my memory of X? (Reminiscence)
1
18. What is the value of X? (Evaluation)
1
19. What are the essential major points or features of X? (Summary)
1
20. What case can be made for or against X? (Persuasion)
有些问题放在那，写作时自然会有的放矢，结构清晰。就如同有了目标，效率自然高些。少了东张西望的冗余动作了吧。现在习作经验不多，一个月后要再来好好体会下。

【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（2）Writing Anxiety
Coping with Writing Anxiety


Many situations or activities, such as writing, taking tests, competing in sports, or speaking before a large audience, may make us anxious or apprehensive. It's important to remember that a moderate level of anxiety is helpful and productive. That flow of adrenaline（肾上腺素） is a natural response that helps get us ready for action. Without it, we might not perform as well.

If we let our anxiety overwhelm us, it can cause problems. If we control that anxiety, however, we can make it work for us. One way to do that is to use some of the coping strategies listed below.

Coping Strategies:

Focus your energy by rehearsing the task in your head.看模版
Consciously stop the non-productive comments（没用的思路） running through your head by replacing them with productive ones.
不要胡思乱想
If you have some "rituals（仪式）" for writing success, use them.
目前没有
Examples:

-Follow a protocol you may have for organizing your time. Use a favorite pen if you have one. （回忆模板，摸摸自己的幸运物）
-Spend a few minutes doing some relaxation exercises. （做运动）
-Take a break: physically walk away from the situation for a few minutes if you can. （溜达溜达）
脑袋转的慢时，运动是最好的办法了，深有体会。
Relaxation Strategies

Stretch伸展! If you can't stand up, stretch as many muscle groups as possible while staying seated. （不要吓到邻座...）

Try tensing and releasing various muscle groups. Starting from your toes, tense up for perhaps five to ten seconds and then let go. Relax and then go on to another muscle group.
Breathe deeply. Close your eyes; then, fill your chest cavity slowly by taking four of five short deep breaths. Hold each breath until it hurts, and then let it out slowly.
Use a calming word or mental image to focus on while relaxing. If you choose a word, be careful not to use an imperative. Don't command yourself to "Calm down!" or "Relax!"
虽然打小语文就一般，写作前倒是没忧虑过。。。，这些方法刚好可以在这几天准备期末的时候试试，哈哈。

Symptoms and Cures for Writer's Block  对于神经性写作便秘的症状介绍及治疗建议


Because writers have various ways of writing, a variety of things can cause a writer to experience anxiety, and sometimes this anxiety leads to writer's block. Often a solution can be found by speaking with your instructor (if you are in school), or a writing tutor. There are some common causes of writer's block, however, and when you are blocked, consider these causes and try the strategies that sound most promising:

Symptom

You have attempted to begin a paper without doing any preliminary work such as brainstorming or outlining...

Possible Cures

• Use invention strategies suggested by a tutor or teacher
• Write down all the
  primary ideas you'd like to express and then fill in each with the smaller ideas that make up each primary idea. This can easily be converted into an outline

点线面逐渐展开式列提纲
Symptom

You have chosen or been assigned a topic which bores you....

Possible Cures

• Choose a particular aspect of the topic you are interested in (if the writing situation will allow it...i.e. if the goal of your writing can be adjusted and is not given to you specifically, or if the teacher or project coordinator will allow it)
• Talk to a tutor about how you can personalize a topic to make it more interesting

Symptom

You don't want to spend time writing or don't understand the assignment...

Possible Cures

• Resign yourself to the fact that you have to write
• Find out what is expected of you (consult a teacher, textbook, student, tutor, or project coordinator)
• Look at some of the strategies for writing anxiety listed below

Symptom

You are anxious about writing the paper...

Possible Cures

• Focus your energy by rehearsing the task in your head.
• Consciously stop the non-productive comments running through your head by replacing them with productive ones.
• If you have some "rituals" for writing success (chewing gum, listening to jazz etc.), use them.

Symptom

You are so stressed out you can't seem to put a word on the page...

Possible Cures

• Stretch! If you can't stand up, stretch as many muscle groups as possible while staying seated.
• Try tensing and releasing various muscle groups. Starting from your toes, tense up for perhaps five to ten seconds and then let go. Relax and then go on to another muscle group.
• Breathe deeply. Close your eyes; then, fill your chest cavity slowly by taking four of five short deep breaths. Hold each breath until it hurts, and then let it out slowly.
• Use a calming word or mental image to focus on while relaxing. If you choose a word, be careful not to use an imperative. Don't command yourself to "Calm down!" or "Relax!"

Symptom

You're self-conscious about your writing, you may have trouble getting started. So, if you're preoccupied with the idea that you have to write about a subject and feel you probably won't express yourself well...

Possible Cures

• Talk over the subject with a friend or tutor.
• assure yourself that the first draft doesn't have to be a work of genius, it is something to work with.
  写初稿
• Force yourself to write down something, however poorly worded, that approximates your thought (you can revise this later) and go on with the next idea. 初稿要求不高
• Break the task up into steps. Meet the general purpose first, and then flesh out the more specific aspects later.
  修改也是先易后难
• Try one of the strategies on the next page of this resource.

Other Strategies for Getting Over Writer's BlockIf you have tried the other strategies and are still having problems, try some of these general techniques for getting over writer's block. These strategies will prove more helpful when you're drafting your writing.
Begin in the MiddleStart writing at whatever point you like. If you want to begin in the middle, fine. Leave the introduction or first section until later. The reader will never know that you wrote the paper "backwards." Besides, some writers routinely save the introduction until later when they have a clearer idea of what the main idea and purpose of the piece will be. 不好开头的话，可以先空着，不过早晚是要解决的。。。
Talk Out the PaperTalking feels less artificial than writing to some people. Talk about what you want to write to someone—your teacher, a friend, a roommate, or a tutor. Just pick someone who's willing to give you fifteen to thirty minutes to talk about the topic and whose main aim is to help you start writing. Have the person take notes while you talk or tape your conversation. Talking will be helpful because you'll probably be more natural and spontaneous in speech than in writing. Your listener can ask questions and guide you as you speak, and you'll be more likely to relax and say something unpredictable than if that you were sitting and forcing yourself to write.
小组讨论很重要啊
Tape the PaperTalk into a tape recorder, imagining your audience sitting in front of you. Then, transcribe the tape-recorded material. You'll at least have some ideas written down to work with and move around.
Change the AudiencePretend that you're writing to a child, to a close friend, to a parent, to a person who sharply disagrees with you, or to someone who's new to the subject and needs to have you explain your paper's topic slowly and clearly. Changing the audience can clarify your purpose and can also make you feel more comfortable
and help you write more easily.
改变读者的立场，这个老师讲过，不过每次写作文时都没功夫顾这个
Play a RolePretend you are someone else writing the paper. For instance, if you have been asked to write about sexist advertising, assume you are the president of the National Organization of Women. Or, pretend you are the president of a major oil company asked to defend the high price of oil. Consider being someone in another time period, or someone with a wildly different perspective from your own. Pulling yourself out of your usual perspective can help you see things that are otherwise invisible or difficult to articulate, and your writing will be stronger for it.
扮演角色，可以当一下大人物！
(Many of these ideas are from Peter Elbow's Writing with Power, [Ch. 8; 59-77] and Mack Skjei's Overcoming Writing Blocks.)
Instead, you can try one or more of these strategies:

【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（4）start to write
Ask yourself what your purpose is for writing about the subject.

There are many "correct" things to write about for any subject, but you need to narrow down your choices. For example, your topic might be "dorm food." At this point, you and your potential reader are asking the same question, "So what?" Why should you write about this, and why should anyone read it?

Do you want the reader to pity you because of the intolerable food you have to eat there?

Do you want to analyze large-scale institutional cooking?

Do you want to compare Purdue's dorm food to that served at Indiana University?

Ask yourself how you are going to achieve this purpose.

How, for example, would you achieve your purpose if you wanted to describe some movie as the best you've ever seen? Would you define for yourself a specific means of doing so? Would your comments on the movie go beyond merely telling the reader that you really liked it?
明确主题，必须的，AW不是散文。
Start the ideas flowing

Brainstorm. Gather as many good and bad ideas, suggestions, examples, sentences, false starts, etc. as you can. Perhaps some friends can join in. Jot down everything that comes to mind, including material you are sure you will throw out. Be ready to keep adding to the list at odd moments as ideas continue to come to mind.
讨论，记下所有灵感，哪怕很细微。也用过，但没刻意以为是这个步骤。。
Talk to your audience, or pretend that you are being interviewed by someone -- or by several people, if possible (to give yourself the opportunity of considering a subject from several different points of view). What questions would the other person ask? You might also try to teach the subject to a group or class.
与20问异曲同工
See if you can find a fresh analogy that opens up a new set of ideas. Build your analogy by using the word like. For example, if you are writing about violence on television, is that violence like clowns fighting in a carnival act (that is, we know that no one is really getting hurt)?

Take a rest and let it all percolate.

Nutshell your whole idea.

Tell it to someone in three or four sentences.
提取主题，要简单明了，不说废话
Diagram your major points somehow.

Make a tree, outline, or whatever helps you to see a schematic representation of what you have. You may discover the need for more material in some places.
观点，例子图表化。寻找可以丰富完善的地方。
Write a first draft.

Then, if possible, put it away. Later, read it aloud or to yourself as if you were someone else. Watch especially for the need to clarify or add more information.
站在客观角度重新审视，修改文章。看速度了，有时间的话一定做。
You may find yourself jumping back and forth among these various strategies.
这一遍下来估计下课铃早响了。考前准备很重要啊。
You may find that one works better than another. You may find yourself trying several strategies at once. If so, then you are probably doing something right!

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Writing With Computers


Using word processing software on a computer is an efficient way to write. You can delete, revise, and cut and paste with great ease and speed, without having to retype, and you will find your drafts easier to read as you revise. Even if you cannot type well (and many successful computer users can't), a computer can be both a convenience and an aid throughout the writing process. But remember to save your files often and make a backup copy of the file, even when you've carefully saved it. Disks can fail and not open, and files can be deleted or lost.

Word processing software can aid your efforts in all aspects of the writing process:

Planning

freewriting

If freewriting or brainstorming is a useful invention strategy for you, do either invention strategy on a computer using word processing software. You can then cut and paste parts of those planning notes into a draft as needed. Some writers find that they can freewrite more easily by turning down the computer screen, so they cannot see what they type. You may also want to create separate files for different topics discovered while freewriting.

writing an e-mail message

As you think about your assignment or topic, try writing an e-mail message to a friend, to someone in your class, or to a Writing Lab tutor . Use that e-mail message to test ideas as you would in a conversation with peer group members or a tutor. Encourage the person who receives the e-mail to ask you questions that help you clarify your ideas.

making an outline

Set up headings for an outline in large bold letters. Later, as you go back and fill in the subheadings and sub points, you will be able to see the larger structure of the paper. Some word processing programs either outline for you or permit you to indicate the outline headings in a way that allows you to go back and forth between a screen showing only the headings and screens showing the detailed material within sections.

planning visually

Use a drawing or painting program to do some visual planning. To do some clustering, put a topic word or phrase in a circle in the middle of the page and then surround that circle with clusters of related ideas (also in circles). Use lines to connect these ideas to the main idea or to other sub-ideas. To try branching, another visual planning strategy, put the main idea at the top of the page and then list sub-ideas underneath the main idea with related points for each sub-idea branching off.

keeping a journal

If keeping a journal helps you, start a journal file for each assignment and include thoughts and questions that occur to you as you proceed through the writing. Include a plan for how you will proceed through the assignment, and if there are stages or steps to complete, write a "to do" list. Include phrases and ideas that occur to you and that may fit into the paper later with some cutting and pasting from one file to another. You may want to insert page breaks for different sections or thoughts.


Drafting

creating a scrapfile

As you start an assignment, make two separate files, one for the assignment itself and the other for scraps of writing that you will be collecting. As you write (or plan) use the scrap file to cut and paste anything that doesn't seem to fit in as you write. This scrap file can be a very useful storage space for material that should be deleted from the paper you are writing now but that may be useful for other writing assignments. You may also want a separate file for keywords, words that come to mind and that can be used when needed or phrases that may come in handy as section headings in your paper.

splitting screens

If you are using a Macintosh or Windows, you can have multiple files visible on your screen at the same time. Consider this strategy if it helps you to look at one bit of information while trying to create another. One box on the screen can display your outline or visual planning while another can display your draft. Or, you can keep your scrap file visible while writing a draft. Remember that you can cut, copy, and paste between files.
有点专业，呵呵
adding notes

As you gather material from your reading (or want to save comments to yourself about something you've written), develop a method to store this kind of material that you may or may not use. For example, put parentheses around material that might not stay in a later draft, or use bold lettering, or make use of a word processing feature that permits you to store material as notes. Be sure to delete this material when you are sure you no longer want it.


Organizing

mixing up the order of paragraphs or sentences

Make a new copy of your file. Then, in the new file, use the cut-and-paste feature to move paragraphs. You may see a better organizing principle than the principle you had been using. Do the same with sentences within paragraphs.

checking your outline

Look again at the bold-lettered headings of the outline you made during planning (or create one now), and reassess whether that outline is adequate or well organized.

staying on topic in every paragraph

Put your topic sentence at the top of each paragraph to keep the sentence in mind and not lose track of your topic.
主题句写在段首

Revising

starting at the beginning of the file

Each time you open a file, you are at the beginning of the draft. Start there when you are drafting and revising and read until you come to a section where you will be working. That rereading has several advantages for you. It helps you get back into the flow of thought, and it permits you to review what you've written so that you can revise as you read forward. But be careful not to get caught up in endless revising of the beginning of the paper, especially if like some writers, you find that you need to write the whole paper before you can write the introduction.
每次写前，回顾原文。不是写小说，AW中不必了吧。
renaming a file

Each time you open your file, save it as a different file so that you always know which is the most recent version you've worked on. If your first draft is Draft I, the next time you open that file, save it as Draft II.
保留前进痕迹，有个对比，要不下回还是老样子。
saving copies of material to cut and paste

When you are moving large blocks of text, highlight what you are going to move and make a copy for your clipboard before moving. if you lose the portion you are moving, you still have a copy available.

printing out hard copies to read

It may help you to look at a printed copy of your paper as you revise, so you can see the paper's development and organization.
纸质的要亲近些吧
resisting the neat appearance of a printout

If you print out a draft of your paper, resist the temptation to hand in that draft because it looks neat and seems to have a finished appearance.

using page or print view to check paragraphs

Switch to the page or print view so that you can see the whole view of each page on screen. Do the paragraphs look to be about the same length? Does one look noticeably shorter than the others? Does it need more development? Is there a paragraph that seems to be disproportionately long?
打印预览，一直在用
highlighting sentence length

Make a copy of your main file and, using that copy, hit the return key after each sentence so that each looks like a separate paragraph. Are all of your sentences the same length? Do they all start the same way and need some variety?
这个。。从来没注意过作文的句子长度。
  

Editing and Proofreading

using online tools

A number of online tools exist, such as spell checkers, grammar checkers and style analyzers, but grammar and style checkers are not effective. Distinguishing between appropriate advice and inappropriate advice is difficult and a style checker relies on rules you may not be familiar with. Some word processing programs include a thesaurus which is useful for looking up synonyms for words you've been using too much or for finding more specific words than the ones you have used.
运用修改工具和词典，改作文。
changing the appearance of key features of your writing

Change active verbs to bold letters, put passive constructions in italics, use larger fonts for descriptive words, underline your thesis statement, and so on. By changing the appearance of these features, you may see that you have too many passives or that you don't have many descriptive words.
用颜色突出重点。
editing on hard copy

It may be easier for you to print out a draft and mark it for editing changes. If you do, put marks in the margins to indicate lines where changes are to be made, so you can easily find them again.

环游世界UID: 2743584

0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】汇总贴 & DAY I 主谓一致

易错的放前面：

但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。
两个并列的名词由each，every， no等修饰时，谓语动词一般用单数。

主谓一致是指：
1）
语法形式上要一致，即单复数形式与谓语要一致。
2）
意义上要一致，即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。
3）
就近原则，即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语，
一般来说，不可数名词用动词单数，可数名词复数用动词复数。

There is much water in the thermos.
但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。

Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.

1、
并列结构作主语时谓语用复数


Reading and writing are very important.
注意：
当主语由and连结时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。
The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.

2、
主谓一致中的就近原则


1）当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。

There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk..

There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.

2）当either… or… 与neither… nor，连接两个主语时，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。
Either you or she is to go.
如果句子是由here, there引导，而主语又不止一个时，谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。
Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you.

3、
谓语动词与前面的主语一致
当主语后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词引起的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语一致。

The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory.

He as well as I wants to go boating.

4 、谓语需用单数


1）
代词each和由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语，或主语中含有each, every, 谓语需用单数。

Each of us has a tape-recorder.

There is something wrong with my watch.


2）
当主语是一本书或一条格言时，谓语动词常用单数。
The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English.

<<天方夜谭>>是英语爱好者熟悉的一本好书。

3）
表示金钱，时间，价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语
时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语一般用单数。(用复数也可，意思不变。)

Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.

Ten dollar
is enough.

5、
指代意义决定谓语的单复数


1）
在代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。

All is right. (一切顺利。)

All are present.
(所有人都到齐了。)

2）
集体名词作主语时，谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后用复数形式时，意为这个集体中的各个成员，用单数时表示该个集体。

His family isn't very large.
他家不是一个大家庭。

His family are music lovers. 他的家人都是音乐爱好者。
但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。
Are there any police around?

3）有些名词，如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数，有时看作复数。有含义决定
A number of +名词复数+复数动词。
The number of +名词复数+单数动词。
A number of books have lent out.
The majority of the students likes English.

6 、与后接名词或代词保持一致


1）
用half of, part of, most of, a portion of 等词引起主语时，动词通常与of后面的名词，代词保持一致。

Most of his money is spent on books.

Most of the students are taking an active part in sports.

2）
在一些短语，如
many a 或 more than one
所修饰的词作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。但由more than… of 作主语时，动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。

Many a person has read the novel. 许多人都读过这本书。

More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生都来自这个城市。




冠词

1.在专有名词和不可数名词前。例如，Class Two，Tian’an Men Square，water


7.在表特定的公园，街道，车站，桥，学校等之前。例如：No.25 Middle School
(2)名词词组：day and night日日夜夜；brother and sister兄弟姐妹;hour after hour时时刻刻；here and there到处

on horseback骑着马/on the horseback在马背上
two of us我们当中的两人/the two of us我们两人(共计两人)
out of question毫无疑问/out of the question不可能的，办不到的

0.09：point zero nine


3)如果主语是many a，more than one+单数名词构成，尽管从意义上看是复数，但谓语动词仍用单数形式
4)a+单数名词+or two做主语，谓语动词用单数形式。one or two+复数名词，谓语动词用复数形式。
10.C。年月日的表达法：“月份+日期，年代”，日期写序数词或基数词都可，一般都习惯写基数词，但读时要读成序数词。

turn 后面的名词前一般都不加冠词。

情态动词

1） 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情，只表示期待或估计某事的发生。
2） 情态动词 除ought 和have 外，后面只能接不带to 的不定式。
3） 情态动词没有人称，数的变化，即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。
4） 情态动词没有非谓语形式，即没有不定式，分词，等形式。
只用于现在式和过去式(could)。be able to可以用于各种时态。
. 表示成功地做了某事时，只能用was/were able to， 不能用could。
He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out.
= He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out.


have to 表示客观的需要， must 表示说话人主观上的看法
既主观上的必要。

3） 在否定结构中： don't have to 表示"不必"
mustn't表示"禁止"



must用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测，意为"一定"
must表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时， must 后面通常接
或行为动词的进行式。
He must be staying there.
他现在肯定呆在那里。
He must stay there.
他必须呆在那。



must 表示对已发生的事情的推测时，must 要接完成式。

must表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测，must 后面要接不定式的完成进行式。

3) ought to have done sth, should have done sth
本应该做某事，而事实上并没有做。否定句表示"不该做某事而做了"。
ought to 在语气上比should 要强。
had better 相当于一个助动词，它只有一种形式，它后面要跟动词原形。
had better have done sth表示与事实相反的结果，意为"本来最好"。
You had better have come earlier.


would rather do
would rather not do
would rather… than… 宁愿……而不愿。
还有would sooner, had rather, had sooner都表示"宁愿"、"宁可"的意思。

ought to 本身作为情态动词使用。其他的词作为实义动词使用，变疑问，否定时，须有do 等助动词协助。
首先是情态动词，尤其是Will的漏掉。中国考生受汉语影响，一提到“将来”才会有意识地用will, 实际上will可以表达“能、将、会、要、就”等多种意义。只是涉及到这样的地方很多学员就把这几个词当作虚词忽略掉了，以至于经常出现“观点”与“事实”不分的句子, 如：
Riding bicycles reduces air pollution.

如果没有情态动词，这个句子就是一个表示目前存在的状态或者事实，而不表示个人对骑自行车的评价。
主要问题是中国学生在亮观点时对“can”情有独钟，而英式的学风历来讲究严谨，像can 这样语气过于绝对的表达最好换成may/ will, 或者是语气更委婉的might/would probably等，同时还要搭配一定程度的副词
另外一个容易误用的词是should，多表示根据社会风俗习惯个人的责任，而在比较正式的议论文写作中，多数句子是以客观事物做主语的， 所以用should就有些不太恰当，
一般我们会用另外一个更客观性的短语be to do来代替， 或者是shall，但是这里的shall不是用于
，而表示的是一种情态。
至于must, 因为语气实在强硬，所以一般在社会性的问题的论述上我们要慎用，建议多换成need/ shall/ be to do 或者是be expected to do形式。如：
could have+过去分词表示过去本来应该(但没能)做某事

选D. “You should have been more careful”. 意为：你本来应该更细心的。
选B. 在疑问句中shall 用于第三人称，也表示征求意见。

could/can have done 用于否定推测和疑问推测。

根据句意用mustn’t



shall 用在疑问句中，常用于第一，三人称， 表示征求意见或请求指示。

环游世界UID: 2743584

【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（6）thesis statement
文章的主题句
位置：主题句一般出现在开头的最后一两句
特点：不假大空，不用第一人称，要有可争论性。与下文的观点相对应
也可概括为：
Specific topic + Attitude/Angle/Argument = Thesis
What you plan to argue + How you plan to argue it = Thesis
检查主题句的五个问题：
Try these five tests:
Does the thesis inspire a reasonable reader to ask, "How?" or Why?" 吸引读者思考
Would a reasonable reader NOT respond with "Duh!" or "So what?" or "Gee, no kidding!" or "Who cares?" 避免出现so what问题
Does the thesis avoid general phrasing and/or sweeping words such as "all" or "none" or "every"? 避免绝对的论调
Does the thesis lead the reader toward the topic sentences (the subtopics needed to prove the thesis)? 主题句是否引导了下文的分论点或者段主题？
Can the thesis be adequately developed in the required length of the paper or project? 主题句是否可以适合被展开论述？

环游世界UID: 2743584

[REBORN FROM THE ASHES][comment][12.30]
蓝色：突出
红色：疑问
over being outflanked（太过关注？）
an increasingly fierce partisan exchange over culpability heading into a midterm election year.（exchangde 和culpability heading该怎么翻译？）
the administration’s overarching strategy （翻译？）
had it been（在第一段，怎么理解，虚拟语气？）

粉红：好词好句
“insist on accountability at every level
elaborate
the suspect would have emerged,
The warning signs would have triggered red flags（生动）
withering
reshape the intensifying political debate over the thwarted terrorist attack.
returne fire
contain the damage
a substitute diagnosis
frame by
通过…来修饰

fix the flaws in our system
pieced together
inject the bombing attempt into next year’s midterm races.
accused Mr. Reid of grandstanding.
（grandstand正面看台：引申REID事后诸葛亮）


紫色：生词
Al Qaeda:基地组织http://sl.iciba.com/viewthread-10-298521-1.shtml有更多。
blow up：引爆
aftermath：结果
bound for：驶往
the watch-list system：监视名单系统
play politics with：玩政治游戏
his race for governor：竞选州长
in retrospect：回顾
the pending attack:悬而未决的攻击
其他颜色表示结构




U.S. Had Early Signals of a Terror Plot, Officials Say


President Obama, speaking on Tuesday at a Marine Corps base near Honolulu, said he would “insist on accountability at every level” for failures in security.
The president was told during a private briefing on Tuesday morning while vacationing here in Hawaii that the government had a variety of information
in its possession before the thwarted bombing that would have been a clear warning sign had it been（怎么理解，虚拟语气？） shared among agencies, a senior official said.

Two officials said the government had intelligence from Yemen before Friday that leaders of a branch of Al Qaeda there were talking about “a Nigerian” being prepared for a terrorist attack. While the information did not include a name, officials said it would have been evident had it been compared with information about Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab, the 23-year-old Nigerian charged with trying to blow up a Northwest Airlines flight to Detroit on Christmas Day.
The government also had more information about where Mr. Abdulmutallab had been and what some of his plans were.
Some of the information was partial or incomplete, and it was not obvious that it was connected, the official said, but in retrospect it now appears clear that had it all been examined together it would have pointed to the pending attack. The official said the administration was “increasingly confident” that Al Qaeda had a role in the attack, as the group’s Yemeni branch has publicly claimed.
Shortly after being briefed, Mr. Obama addressed reporters in his second public statement on the matter in two days,
announcing that a review already had revealed a breakdown in the intelligence system（动名词做状语） that did not properly identify the suspect as a dangerous extremist （定语从句）who should have been prevented from flying to the United States（定语从句）.（一段只有一句话！）
“A systemic failure has occurred, and I consider that totally unacceptable,” Mr. Obama said. He said he had ordered government agencies to give him a preliminary report on Thursday about what happened and added that he would “insist on accountability at every level,”（很有气势） although he did not elaborate.（很简洁）
Mr. Obama alluded to the intelligence in his statement. “Had this critical information been shared, it could have been compiled with other intelligence and a fuller, clearer picture of the suspect would have emerged,” the president said. “The warning signs would have triggered red flags（生动）, and the suspect would have never been allowed to board that plane for America.”
The president’s withering assessment of the government’s performance could reshape the intensifying political debate over the thwarted terrorist attack. Instead of defending the system, Mr. Obama sided with critics who complained that it did not work and positioned himself as a reformer who will fix it. At the same time, the decision to speak a second time after remaining out of sight for three days underscores the administration’s concern over being outflanked（太过关注？） on national security.
The aftermath of the attempted bombing has been marked by an increasingly fierce partisan exchange over culpability heading into a midterm election year.（意思？） With Republicans on the attack against the administration as not taking terrorism seriously enough, Democrats returned fire by accusing the opposition of standing in the way of needed personnel and money while exploiting public fears.
The debate has escalated since Mr. Obama’s secretary of homeland security, Janet Napolitano, said Sunday that “the system worked” after officials said the suspect tried to ignite explosive chemicals aboard a Northwest Airlines flight approaching Detroit. Ms. Napolitano made clear the next day that she had meant the system worked in its response to the attempted bombing, not before it happened.
Mr. Obama appeared to be trying to contain the damage on Tuesday, offering “systemic failure” as a substitute diagnosis for “system worked.” He framed Ms. Napolitano’s statement by saying she was right that “once the suspect attempted to take down Flight 253, after his attempt, it’s clear that passengers and crew, our homeland security systems and our aviation security took all appropriate actions.”
The president praised the professionalism of the nation’s intelligence, counterterrorism, homeland security and law enforcement officials. But he spared little in his sharp judgment about how a known extremist could be allowed to board a flight bound for the United States after his own father had warned that he had become radical.
“There was a mix of human and systemic failures that contributed to this potential catastrophic breach of security,” Mr. Obama told reporters at the Marine Corps base at Kaneohe Bay outside Honolulu, near his vacation home in Kailua. “We need to learn from this episode and act quickly to fix the flaws in our system because our security is at stake and lives are at stake.”
Mr. Obama suggested that he would overhaul the watch-list system. “We’ve achieved much since 9/11 in terms of collecting information that relates to terrorists and potential terrorist attacks,” he said. “But it’s becoming clear that the system that has been in place for years now is not sufficiently up to date to take full advantage of the information we collect and the knowledge we have.”
Mr. Abdulmutallab, who has been linked to the Yemeni branch of Al Qaeda, came to the attention of the American authorities when his father went to the embassy last month to report that his son had expressed radical views before disappearing. The father, a respected retired banker, did not say his son planned to attack Americans but sought help locating him and bringing him home, United States officials said.
After Mr. Abdulmutallab’s father asked the embassy in Nigeria for help, embassy officials from several agencies, including the Central Intelligence Agency, met to discuss the case, officials said.
Paul Gimigliano, a C.I.A. spokesman, said that was the first time the agency had heard of the young Nigerian. “We did not have his name before then,” he said.
The embassy sent a cable to Washington, which resulted in Mr. Abdulmutallab’s name being entered in a database of 550,000 people with possible ties to terrorism. But he was not put on the much smaller no-fly list of 4,000 people or on a list of 14,000 people who are required to undergo additional screening before flying,
nor was his multiple-entry visa to the United States revoked.（nor结构复习）
“It now appears that weeks ago this information was passed to a component of our intelligence community but was not effectively distributed so as to get the suspect’s name on a no-fly list,” Mr. Obama said of the father’s warning. “There appears to be other deficiencies as well. Even without this one report, there were bits of information available within the intelligence community that could have and should have been pieced together.”
Mr. Obama’s appearance came after another day of Republican criticism. On Tuesday, the National Republican Congressional Committee sought to inject the bombing attempt into next year’s midterm races. In a series of news releases, the committee sought to press vulnerable Democrats on whether they agreed with Ms. Napolitano’s initial assessment.
“All year long, we’ve asked the question: What is the administration’s overarching strategy to confront the terrorist threat and keep America safe?” Representative John A. Boehner of Ohio, the Republican leader, said in a statement Tuesday. “We haven’t gotten a satisfactory answer, and the secretary’s ‘the system worked’ response doesn’t inspire confidence.”
Democrats countered that Republicans had shown disregard for any terrorism risk by blocking the president’s nominee for head of the Transportation Security Administration and by voting this year against a measure providing $44 billion for Department of Homeland Security operations.
“They have essentially voted against and delayed providing the tools that are necessary to prevent these kinds of actions,” said Representative Chris Van Hollen of Maryland, chairman of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee.
They also criticized Representative Peter Hoekstra of Michigan, the senior Republican on the intelligence committee and a leading critic of the White House, for tying the thwarted bombing to an appeal for money for his race for governor. In a letter first reported by The Grand Rapids Press, Mr. Hoekstra sought donations to help counter Democratic “efforts to weaken our security.”
A spokesman for Mr. Hoekstra’s campaign said the letter was appropriate and sought to inform potential donors of his leadership on national security issues.
Senator Harry Reid, the Nevada Democrat and majority leader, said on Tuesday that
once the Senate returned on Jan. 19, he would move quickly to overcome Republicans’ objections to the nomination of Erroll G. Southers, a former F.B.I. agent, to lead the security agency.
Senator Jim DeMint, Republican of South Carolina, has blocked the appointment, saying he was worried Mr. Southers might allow T.S.A. workers to join labor unions. “Republicans have decided to play politics with this nomination by blocking final confirmation,” Mr. Reid said.
Mr. DeMint said he was seeking an opportunity to debate the nomination rather than have it approved without discussion, and he accused Mr. Reid of grandstanding. “Senator Reid completely ignored this nominee until the recent terror attempt,” Mr. DeMint said, “and now he’s trying to show concern for airport security.”

http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/30/us/politics/30obama.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1&ref=world

Comment
A big doubt about the Democrats’ national security strategy arose after the thwarted bombing on the plane which bound for Detroit on Christmas’ Day. What’s more ,it’s assured that US had early signals of this terror attack, but missd the chance to tackle it well. Is our security policy not strong any more or just Democrats weak in defeating terrorists? This passage gives us a clinical angle on this terror attack through narrating both parties’ attitudes toward who is responsible for it. On the other hand, through the debate on the nomination of the leader of security agency, we may catch a glimpse of the complicated politic contradictories behind the peaceful Congress. Maybe the distrust between Democrats and Republicans should also take its accountability for this matter.

环游世界UID: 2743584

这两天考试太紧了，都没时间上网了。好了，把作业贴上先。
[REBORN FROM THE ASHES][comment][12.31]



Beauty(节选）


By Scott Russell Sanders
粉红：好词,好句
紫色：生词
其他结构
Judging from the scientists I know, including Eva and Ruth, and those whom I've read about, you can't pursue the laws of nature very long without bumping into beauty. "I don't know if it's the same beauty you see in the sunset," a friend tells me, "but it feels the same." This friend is a physicist, who has spent a long career deciphering what must be happening in the interior of stars. He recalls for me his thrill on grasping for the first time Dirac's equations describing quantum mechanics, or those of Einstein describing relativity. "They're so beautiful," he says, "you can see immediately they have to be true. Or at least on the way toward truth." I ask him what makes a theory beautiful, and he replies, "Simplicity, symmetry, elegance, and power."

Why nature should conform to theories we find beautiful is far from obvious. （提问式主题句）The most incomprehensible thing about the universe, as Einstein said, is that it's comprehensible. How unlikely, that a short-lived biped on a two-bit planet should be able to gauge the speed of light, lay bare（揭露） the structure of an atom, or calculate the gravitational tug of a black hole. We're a long way from understanding everything, but we do understand a great deal about how nature behaves. Generation after generation, we puzzle out formulas, test them, and find, to an astonishing degree, that nature agrees. An architect draws designs on flimsy paper, and her buildings stand up through earthquakes. We launch a satellite into orbit and use it to bounce messages from continent to continent. The machine on which I write these words embodies hundreds of insights into the workings of the material world, insights that are confirmed by every burst of letters on the screen, and I stare at that screen through lenses that obey the laws of optics first worked out in detail by Isaac Newton.（生动）

By discerning patterns in the universe, Newton believed, he was tracing the hand of God. Scientists in our day have largely abandoned the notion of a Creator as an unnecessary hypothesis, or at least an untestable one. While they share Newton's faith that the universe is ruled everywhere by a coherent set of rules, they cannot say, as scientists, how these particular rules came to govern things. You can do science without believing in a divine Legislator, but not without believing in laws.

I spent my teenage years scrambling up the mountain of mathematics. Midway up the slope, however, I staggered to a halt, gasping in the rarefied air, well before I reached the heights where the equations of Einstein and Dirac would have made sense. Nowadays I add, subtract, multiply, and do long division when no calculator is handy, and I can do algebra and geometry and even trigonometry in a pinch, but that is about all that I've kept from the language of numbers. Still, I remember glimpsing patterns in mathematics that seemed as bold and beautiful as a skyful of stars.

I'm never more aware of the limitations of language than when I try to describe beauty. Language can create its own loveliness, of course, but it cannot deliver to us the radiance（光辉） we apprehend in the world, any more than a photograph can capture the stunning swiftness of a hawk or the withering power of a supernova. Eva's wedding album holds only a faint glimmer of the wedding itself. All that pictures or words can do is gesture beyond themselves toward the fleeting glory that stirs our hearts. So I keep gesturing.

"All nature is meant to make us think of paradise," Thomas Merton observed. Because the Creation puts on a nonstop show, beauty is free and inexhaustible, but we need training in order to perceive more than the most obvious kinds. Even fifteen billion years or so after the Big Bang, echoes of that event still linger in the form of background radiation, only a few degrees above absolute zero. Just so, I believe, the experience of beauty is an echo of the order and power that permeate the universe. To measure background radiation, we need subtle instruments; to measure beauty, we need alert intelligence and our five keen senses.

Anyone with eyes can take delight in a face or a flower. You need training, however, to perceive the beauty in mathematics or physics or chess, in the architecture of a tree, the design of a bird's wing, or the shiver of breath through a flute. For most of human history, the training has come from elders who taught the young how to pay attention. By paying attention, we learn to savor（尽情享受） all sorts of patterns, from quantum mechanics to patchwork quilts.

This predilection brings with it a clear evolutionary advantage, for the ability to recognize patterns helped our ancestors to select mates, find food, avoid predators. But the same advantage would apply to all species, and yet we alone compose symphonies and crossword puzzles, carve stone into statues, map time and space. Have we merely carried our animal need for shrewd perceptions to an absurd extreme? Or have we stumbled onto a deep congruence between the structure of our minds and the structure of the universe?

I am persuaded the latter is true. I am convinced there's more to beauty than biology, more than cultural convention. It flows around and through us in such abundance, and in such myriad forms, as to exceed by a wide margin any mere evolutionary need.（生动） Which is not to say that beauty has nothing to do with survival: I think it has everything to do with survival. Beauty feeds us from the same source that created us. It reminds us of the shaping power that reaches through the flower stem and through our own hands. It restores our faith in the generosity of nature. By giving us a taste of the kinship between our own small minds and the great Mind of the Cosmos, beauty reassures us that we are exactly and wonderfully made for life on this glorious planet, in this magnificent universe. I find in that affinity a profound source of meaning and hope. A universe so prodigal of beauty may actually need us to notice and respond, may need our sharp eyes and brimming hearts and teeming minds, in order to close the circuit of Creation


Comment:
At the first glimpse, I thought it related to something about drab arts. While continuing paragraph by paragraph, I got stunned by the intense consonance with the animated words. Mr. Sanders makes us an access to the most mysterious and fascinating field, which concerns about the world we live, the principle we behave to and the materials we are composed of. Apparently it is a formidable work to describe this thesis, as it is quite complex and abstract, while at the same time so simple and familiar that a pupil may ask some question about it. But through lots of examples and analogy, the writer has succeeded to give us an overlook of what the beauty is and why it is so enchanting. The words and phrase in this essay is not advanced in the way “the economists” presents but it doesn’t reduce any bit of the charm of what the thesis should display. This is an essay deserved to recite, I think.

环游世界UID: 2743584

Topic Sentences and Signposting

主题句引入主要四种方法
1，复合句联系上下文

2，提问法
3，通过过渡句
4，中间转折
感觉1，3，4，一样通过过渡引入主题句。
连接词
段间，段内只要意思转折递处进都要用。让读者知道自己的行文思路。通过句子意思自然过渡最好

段落内部的关系

段落的基本要素
（1）一个独立的观点－和Thesis密切相关
（2）一个合理的逻辑顺序
(3)
没有无关细节

一，段落的组成结构：
１．The topic sentence:一般在文章开头
２． Supporting evidence/analysis:必须在论据和论证之间找到一个平衡
３．The conclusion(observation):结论句总是在文章的最后一句或者倒数第二句！。
组织段落四项基本原则
Orient your reader to the subject.
Tie your ideas together.承上启下
Take it easy through technically dense passages. 诙谐
Arrange your ideas in a logical sequence.有逻辑
方法：
1，用连词of course
2，先说新的，然后用老的对比
3，加解释性的修饰。
二，段内句子连接：
三个原则：
1，Unity-所有句子讲同一个主题
2，Coherence－句子之间相互关联，共同构成有机整体
3，Connection－适当的连接句子
实现：

1，利用逻辑连接词,likewise, first, sometimes


2，利用重复，this, that


3，利用强调，especially，in fact, so…that


(但不要用的太泛滥)

环游世界UID: 2743584

01.01  The World in 2010
The Americas
Canada's northern goal
Nov 13th 2009
From The World in 2010 print edition
By Jeffrey Simpson, OTTAWA

Note:
quaint（离奇有趣的）customs.
squabbles（争论）
patrol（巡逻） ships
paid little heed（注意）
maritime boundary
sort out（选出）
the Far North has become a national priority.
made the Far North one of his signature issues after being elected in 2006.
the days of benign neglect of the Far North are over.

The Arctic is no longer the forgotten frontier
Canada is a northern nation. “O Canada”, the national anthem, speaks of “true north, strong and free”. But for most Canadians, 80% of whom live within 200km (124 miles) of the United States border, the Far North (Yukon, Northwest Territories and Nunavut) is a vast area never visited, largely unknown, usually forgotten and populated only by aboriginal peoples with quaint（离奇有趣的） customs. All that will start to change in 2010.

Pangnirtung, population 1,300, on the east coast of Baffin Island, a settlement mostly known for Inuit art and a nearby national park, will see construction start on a C$42m ($40.5m) harbour for the small Inuit fishing fleet. At Gjoa Haven, the only settlement on King William Island, cabins used by polar-bear researchers will be upgraded. At Eureka, on Ellesmere Island, an atmospheric laboratory will be overhauled. At Iqaluit, capital of the Nunavut territory, tens of millions of dollars will be spent on badly needed housing, a research institute and a research vessel.

Add to that oil and gas exploration in the Beaufort Sea; C$100m for social housing; the same sum for geology research; another C$90m for economic-development projects; C$85m to improve Arctic research stations. The result is activity such as the Far North, from Alaska in the west to Baffin Bay in the east, has never before seen. And still to come—delayed by debilitating squabbles（争论） among Canada’s shipbuilders and the usual cost overruns of military projects—are three Arctic patrol（巡逻） ships and a polar icebreaker, plus the publication of plans for a deep-water port at Nanisivik, on the north coast of Baffin Island. Later in the year, if all goes according to plan, the federal government will select a community that will get a High Arctic Research Station.

During the cold war, Canada and the United States constructed a Distant Early-Warning detection system against any attack by Soviet bombers. Apart from this DEW line, Canada paid little heed（注意） militarily to the Far North. Soviet and American submarines roamed under the Arctic ice without Canada having any ability to monitor them. The Canadian government outfitted a few Inuit with baseball hats and rifles, called them Rangers, and forgot about the region.

Now, the rush is on to discover the Far North, quite literally in the sense of research into atmosphere, ice and animals; and more urgently to get ready for the widening of sea lanes caused by global warming. Higher temperatures mean less sea ice and more scope for mineral and fossil-fuel exploration, more foreign ships traversing the north, and potential conflicts with other Arctic states over the seabed, sea lanes, and sea and land borders.

The Arctic is full of unresolved border delineations. （主题句）Canada and the United States disagree over the maritime boundary between Alaska and Yukon. Canada and Denmark have both planted flags on tiny Hans Island. Canada will continue working in 2010 to prepare its claim under a United Nations convention for underwater rights extending as far as the North Pole, a claim that will surely conflict with one already filed by Russia.

No country agrees with Canada’s contention that the Northwest Passage (there are actually two or three possible routes) belongs to Canada. The United States, Russia and the European Union all believe the passage constitutes an international strait. The trickiest decision for Canada is whether to consider the United States as friend or rival in the Far North, a decision that has to come soon. Do the two countries co-operate in managing the sea lanes? Do they sort out（选出） their maritime border dispute? Do they support each other against Russia, or go their own ways?

Canada’s belated interest in its Far North is somewhat ironic given that climate change has hit the Far North harder than any other part of the Earth, and yet Canada’s record in curbing greenhouse-gas emissions is the worst in the G8. In the Kyoto climate-change protocol, Canada pledged to reduce emissions by 6% from 1990 levels by 2008-12; instead, emissions have risen by 27% and will rise again in 2010, especially if development intensifies in the tar sands of Alberta.

No matter who governs Canada in 2010—the country’s fractured political system has thrown up a series of unstable governments—all parties agree that the rush to research, develop and protect the Far North has become a national priority. The Conservative prime minister, Stephen Harper, made the Far North one of his signature issues after being elected in 2006. That the other parties now agree with this priority, without giving him any credit of course, means that the days of benign neglect of the Far North are over.

Comment:

What global warming means to us? The Arctic is emerging from behind the huge melting icebergs as an international controversial issue, because of its imponderable store of fossil-fuel, military importance and something else we might recognize in the future. The article is intended to tell something about this crisis which is ignited by the climbing temperature. Is it unchangeable that the Arctic would be laid bare in a few years? Is it a good news for the man-kind that the Arctic would become another “Middle East”? As a responsible country for the mankind, each of the related country should shelve the boarder dispute but pay more attention on how to alleviate the pressing situation. “First pollution, last treatment” is still an arcing problem in some countries now. WE should not be short-sighted again.

环游世界UID: 2743584

Conciseness: Methods of Eliminating Wordiness

Change phrases into single words
Change unnecessary that, who, and which clauses into phrases
Avoid overusing expletives at the beginning of sentences
Use active rather than passive verbs
Avoid overusing noun forms of verbs
Use verbs when possible
不必要的不定式短语改成动词或名词
显而易见的不要说
1. Eliminate unnecessary determiners and modifiers

Writers sometimes clog up their prose with one or more extra words or phrases that seem to determine narrowly or to modify the meaning of a noun but don't actually add to the meaning of the sentence. Although such words and phrases can be meaningful in the appropriate context, they are often used as "filler" and can easily be eliminated.

Wordy

Any particular type of dessert is fine with me.

Balancing the budget by Friday is an impossibility without some kind of extra help.

More Concise

Any dessert is fine with me.

Balancing the budget by Friday is impossible without extra help.

Here's a list of some words and phrases that can often be pruned away to make sentences clearer:

kind of sort of type of really basically for all intents and purposes

definitely actually generally individual specific particular

Wordy

For all intents and purposes, American industrial productivity generally depends on certain factors that are really more psychological in kind than of any given technological aspect.

More Concise

American industrial productivity depends more on psychological than on technological factors.


2. Change phrases into single words

Using phrases to convey meaning that could be presented in a single word contributes to wordiness. Convert phrases into single words when possible.

Wordy

The employee with ambition... the ambitious empolyee

The department showing the best performance...the best-performing department

Jeff Converse, our chief of consulting, suggested at our last board meeting the installation of microfilm equipment in the department of data processing.
At our last board meeting, Chief Consultant Jeff Converse suggested that we install microfilm equipment in the data processing department.

As you carefully read what you have written to improve your wording and catch small errors of spelling, punctuation, and so on, the thing to do before you do anything else is to try to see where a series of words expressing action could replace the ideas found in nouns rather than verbs.
As you edit, first find nominalizations that you can replace with verb phrases


3. Change unnecessary that, who, and which clauses into phrases

Using a clause to convey meaning that could be presented in a phrase or even a word contributes to wordiness. Convert modifying clauses into phrases or single words when possible. 把修饰用的从句转换成短语或单词。

Wordy

The report, which was released recently...
The recently released report

All applicants who are interested in the job must...
All job applicants must...
The system that is most efficient and accurate...
The most efficient and accurate system...

受教，受教。不过感觉也不能都用短语。合适就好。
4. Avoid overusing expletives at the beginning of sentences

Expletives are phrases of the form it + be-verb or there + be-verb. Such expressions can be rhetorically effective for emphasis in some situations, but overuse or unnecessary use of expletive constructions creates wordy prose. Take the following example: "It is imperative that we find a solution." The same meaning could be expressed with this more succinct wording: "We must find a solution." （我就这么写的啊，改改改，自己废话太多）But using the expletive construction allows the writer to emphasize the urgency of the situation by placing the word imperative near the beginning of the sentence, so the version with the expletive may be preferable.（还不是完全无病呻吟） Still, you should generally avoid excessive or unnecessary use of expletives. The most common kind of unnecessary expletive construction involves an expletive followed by a noun and a relative clause beginning with that, which, or who. In most cases, you can create a more concise sentence by eliminating the expletive opening, making the noun the subject of the sentence, and eliminating the relative pronoun.

Wordy

It is the governor who signs or vetoes bills.
The governor signs or vetoes bills。意思差别很大啊，原句强调只有州长有这个权利。改后更像是州长的义务。。
There are four rules that should be observed: ...
Four rules should be observed:..
There was a big explosion, which shook the windows, and people ran into the street.
A big explosion shook the windows, and people ran into the street


5. Use active rather than passive verbs

See our document on active and passive voice for a more thorough explanation of this topic.

Wordy

An account was opened by Mrs. Simms.
Mrs. Simms opened an account
Your figures were checked by the research department.
The research department checked your figures

6. Avoid overusing noun forms of verbs
用动词替换be+名词形式
Use verbs when possible rather than noun forms known as nominalizations. Sentences with many nominalizations usually have forms of be as the main verbs. Using the action verbs disguised in nominalizations as the main verbs--instead of forms of be--can help to create engaging rather than dull prose.

Wordy

The function of this department is the collection of accounts.
This department collects accounts

The current focus of the medical profession is disease prevention.
The medical profession currently focuses on disease prevention

7. Reword unnecessary infinitive phrases

Some infinitive phrases（不定式短语） can be converted into
finite verbs or brief noun phrases. Making such changes also often results in the replacement of a be-verb with an action verb.

Wordy

The duty of a clerk is to check all incoming mail and to record it.
A clerk checks and records all incoming mail
A shortage of tellers at our branch office on Friday and Saturday during rush hours has caused customers to become dissatisfied with service.

A teller shortage at our branch office on Friday and Saturday during rush hours has caused customer dissatisfaction.

8. Replace circumlocutions with direct expressions

Circumlocutions are commonly used roundabout expressions that take several words to say what could be said more succinctly. We often overlook them because many such expressions are habitual figures of speech. In writing, though, they should be avoided since they add extra words without extra meaning. Of course, occasionally you may for rhetorical effect decide to use, say, an expletive construction instead of a more succinct expression. These guidelines should be taken as general recommendations, not absolute rules.

Wordy

At this/that point in time...
Now/then...
In accordance with your request...
As you requested...

Here are some other common circumlocutions that can be compressed into just one word:

the reason for for the reason that owing/due to the fact that in light of the fact that considering the fact that on the grounds that this is why	=because, since, why
on the occasion of in a situation in which under circumstances in which	=when
as regards in reference to with regard to concerning the matter of where ________ is concerned	=about
it is crucial that it is necessary that there is a need/necessity for it is important that cannot be avoided	=must, should
is able to has the opportunity to has the capacity for has the ability to	=can
it is possible that there is a chance that it could happen that the possibility exists for	=may, might, could

Wordy

It is possible that nothing will come of these preparations.
Nothing may come of these preparations
She has the ability to influence the outcome.
She can influence the outcome
It is necessary that we take a stand on this pressing issue.
We must take a stand on this pressing issue.


9. Omit words that explain the obvious or provide excessive detail

Be sure always to consider your readers as you draft and revise your writing. If you find passages that explain or describe in detail what would already be obvious to readers, delete or reword them.

Wordy

I received your inquiry yesterday. Yes, we do have...
Yes, we do have..

It goes without saying that we are acquainted with your policy on filing tax returns, and we have every intention of complying with the regulations that you have mentioned.
We intend to comply with the tax-return regulations that you have mentioned.
Imagine a mental picture of someone engaged in the intellectual activity of trying to learn what the rules are for how to play the game of chess.
Imagine someone trying to learn the rules of chess.
Baseball, one of our oldest and most popular outdoor summer sports in terms of total attendance at ball parks and viewing on television, has the kind of rhythm of play on the field that alternates between times when players passively wait with no action taking place between the pitches to the batter and then times when they explode into action as the batter hits a pitched ball to one of the players and the player fields it.
Baseball has a rhythm that alternates between waiting and explosive action.


10. Omit repetitive wording

Watch for phrases or longer passages in your writing in which you repeat words with similar meanings. Below are some general examples of unnecessary repetition contrasted with more concise versions, followed by lists and examples of specific redundant word pairs and categories.

Wordy

I would appreciate it if you would bring to the attention of your drafting officers the administrator's dislike of long sentences and paragraphs in messages to the field and in other items drafted for her signature or approval, as well as in all correspondence, reports, and studies. Please encourage your section to keep their sentences short.

Please encourage your drafting officers to keep sentences and paragraphs in letters, reports, and studies short. Dr. Lomas, the administrator, has mentioned that reports and memos drafted for her approval recently have been wordy and thus time-consuming.

The supply manager considered the correcting typewriter an unneeded luxury.

The supply manager considered the correcting typewriter a luxury.

Our branch office currently employs five tellers. These tellers do an excellent job Monday through Thursday but cannot keep up with the rush on Friday and Saturday.

Our branch office currently employs five tellers, who do an excellent job Monday through Thursday but cannot keep up with Friday and Saturday rush periods.


Redundant Pairs
累赘的修饰。
Many pairs of words imply each other. Finish implies complete, so the phrase completely finish is redundant in most cases. So are many other pairs of words:

past memories various differences each individual _______ basic fundamentals true facts important essentials future plans

terrible tragedy end result final outcome free gift past history unexpected surprise sudden crisis

A related expression that's not redundant as much as it is illogical is very unique. Since unique means "one of a kind," adding modifiers of degree such as very, so, especially, somewhat, extremely, and so on is illogical. One-of-a-kind-ness has no gradations; something is either unique or it is not.

Wordy

Before the travel agent was completely able to finish explaining the various differences among all of the many very unique vacation packages his travel agency was offering, the customer changed her future plans.

More Concise

Before the travel agent finished explaining the differences among the unique vacation packages his travel agency was offering, the customer changed her plans.

Redundant Categories
多余的分类
Specific words imply their general categories, so we usually don't have to state both. We know that a period is a segment of time, that pink is a color, that shiny is an appearance. In each of the following phrases, the general category term can be dropped, leaving just the specific descriptive word:

large in size（ms用了很多次） often times of a bright color heavy in weight period in time round in shape at an early time economics field

of cheap quality honest in character of an uncertain condition in a confused state unusual in nature extreme in degree of a strange type

Wordy

During that time period, many car buyers preferred cars that were pink in color and shiny in appearance.

During that period, many car buyers preferred pink, shiny cars.

The microscope revealed a group of organisms that were round in shape and peculiar in nature.

The microscope revealed a group of peculiar, round organisms.

环游世界UID: 2743584

0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第四期——虚拟语气

一、介绍：虚拟语气是英文中一特殊的语言现象，主要用于表达与事实相反或者对尚未发生的事情进行假设的陈述，常表达强烈愿望、遗憾、感慨、后悔、责备、规劝等语义。
可大致分为三类：

1、对现在事实的虚拟
基本形式：If + were /did等过去式…, …would /could /should /might + do
例句：
If I were a bird, I would fly to the moon.
If she knew who you are, she would go out of joy.
If they were here, they would help you.

2、对过去事实的虚拟
基本形式：If + had done…, …would /could / should /might + have done
例句：If she had been warned earlier, she wouldn’t have broken the rules.
(事实上：She was not warned earlier and she broke the rules.)
If it hadn’t rained, the match would have seemed more fascinating.
(事实上：It rained and the match was less fascinating.)
If she had worked harder, she would have succeeded.　　
The rice would not have been burnt if you had been more careful.　
If my lawyer had been here last Saturday, he would have prevented me from going.
If he had come yesterday, I should / would have told him about it.
含义：He did not come yesterday, so I did not tell him about it.
If he had not been ill and missed many classes, he would have made greater progress.
含义： He was ill and missed many lessons, so he did not make greater progress.

3、对将来事实的虚拟
基本形式：If + should do…, …would /could /should /might + do; 意思类似汉语中的“万一”

If + were+ 不定式…, …would+ do;
          Should+ 动词原形
例句：If he should forget the date, I might teach him a good lesson.
(事实上：他不大可能忘记那个日期)
If it should snow this afternoon, we could make a snowman.
(事实上不大可能会下雪)
If you succeeded, everything would be all right.
If you should succeed, everything would be all right.
If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.

其他一些重要的语言点：



4、虚拟条件句的倒装
虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可将if省略，再把were, should或had 移到从句句首，实行倒装。
例句：Were they here now, they could help us.=If they were here now, they could help us.

Had you come earlier, you would have met him.=If you had come earlier, you would have met him.　

Should it rain, the crops would be saved. =Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.
Should my car fail, I would have to return home on foot. = If my car should fail, I would have to return home on foot.
Had the letter been sent out, it would have ruined our friendship. = If the letter had been sent out, it would have ruined our friendship.

5、wish的用法
1）用于wish后面的从句，表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为：
　　
（比真实的提前一格）

	真实状况	wish后
从句动作先于主句动词动作（be的过去式为were)	现在时	过去时
从句动作与主句动作同时发生（had+过去分词）	过去时	过去完成时
将来不大可能实现的愿望	将来时	would/could+动词原形

　　　
例句：
I wish I were as tall as you.　我希望和你一样高。
　　　
He wished he hadn't said that. 他希望他没讲那样的话。
　　　
I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了。
2）Wish to do表达法。
例句： Wish sb / sth to do
　　　 I wish to see the manager. = I want to see the manager.
　　　 I wish the manager to be informed at once. (= I want the manager to be informed at once.)

6、比较if only与only if：
only if表示"只有"；if only则表示"如果……就好了"。If only也可用于陈述语气。
例句：I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。
　　　If only the alarm clock had rung.（与过去事实相反）当时闹钟响了，就好了。
　　　If only he comes early.　　　　　　　但愿他早点回来。

7、It is (high) time that
It is (high) time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形，但should不可省略。
例句：It is time that the children went to bed.
　　　It is high time that the children should go to bed.
这个忘了
8、need "不必做"和"本不该做"
didn't need to do表示：
过去不必做某事, 事实上也没做。.
needn't have done表示：
过去不必做某事, 但事实上做了。
例句：John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she didn't need to walk back home. 约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她不必步行回家了。

John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she needn't have walked back home. 约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她本不必步行回家了。 (Mary步行回家，没有遇上John的车。)


9、as, 或者whether…or…谓语多用be的原形，引导让步虚拟从句，这种用法通常采用倒装结构。
例句：Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, be they Christian, Islamic, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.
不管是基督教，还是伊斯兰教，佛教和犹太教，我们都用church来指代宗教场所。
The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.

注意1：部分动词的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气，形式为should do, 其中should常被省略。
此类动词有：insist, demand, suggest, propose, order, require, decide, ask, request, command等表示命令、建议、要求等.
例句： We all insist that we (should) not rest until we finish the work..
The professor suggests that the students (should) collect enough materials before they work on this project.
上面的动词如果以名词形式出现（如以表语从句，同位语从句形式出现）时，后面的that从句仍然要采用虚拟语气
例句：He gives me the suggestion that I (should) eat breakfast every morning.
My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the conference.
　
　I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week.

注意2：在一些惯用语之后经常需要用虚拟，来表示与事实相反或者难以实现的事情
这类习语有：as if , as though, but for, otherwise, without, wish, if only, for fear that, unless, in case, lest等
表示一种假设，就用虚拟语气
例句： But for your help, I would not have arrived here in time.
(如果没有你的帮助，我就不能准时到达)
Without your help, I would not arrive here in time.
She put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch cold. 她在那个婴儿身上盖上了毯子以免他着凉。
The bad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.

注意3：在下列形容词引导的that从句中必须要用虚拟语气(should) do，但是由于 should经常被省略，所以实际上用的就是动词原形。
这类形容词有: It is important/ necessary/ proper/ imperative（必要的）/ essential/ advisable等 + that
例句：It is necessary that he (should) realize his situation.

注意4：在虚拟语气的从句中，动词'be'的过去时态一律用"were"，不用was，
即在从句中be用were代替。
例句：If I were you, I would go to look for him. （如果我是你，就会去找他。）
　　　If he were here, everything would be all right. （如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。）
注意5：如suggest, insist不表示"建议" 或"坚持要某人做某事时"，即它们用于其本意"暗示、表明"、"坚持认为"时，宾语从句用陈述语气。
例句：The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules

二、试题及解析：

1．Were it not for the snowy weather, we all right.

A. would be B. would have been C. were D. may be

2. more careful, his ship would not have sunk.

A. If the captain were B. Had the captain been

C. Should the captain be D. If the captain would have been

3. If he me tomorrow, I would let him know.

A. should call B. should not have been able

C. were not able D. are not able

4. If you asked your father you permission.

A. may get B. might get C. should have called D. maybe get

5. today, he would get there by Friday.

A. Would he leave B. Was he leaving C. Were he to leave D. If he leaves

6. ______I you, I would go with him to the party.

A. Was B. Had been C. Will be D. Were

7.The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, ______all practical value by the time they were finished.

A. could lose B. would have lost C. might lose D. ought to have lost

8. Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he our chairman now.

A. must have been B. would have been C. were D. would be
混合虚拟语气，前半句与过去事实相反，后半句与现在事实相反

9. If you_____Jerry Brown until recently, you’d think the photograph on the right was strange.

A. shouldn’t contact B. didn’t contact C. weren’t to contact D. hadn’t contacted
也是混合虚拟，前半句与过去事实相反

10.he English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday

A. In spite of B. But for C. Because of D. As for

11. Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I your advice

A. follow B. would follow C. had followed D. have followed


13. If the horse won today, it thirty races in five years.

A. would have won B. won C. must have won D. did have won
个人理解：排除法，主句对将来的虚拟，must不能做助动词。

14. There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, _______a sudden loud noise.

A. being there B. should there be C. there was D. there having been

15. The board deemed it urgent that these files right away.

A. had to be printed B. should have been printed

C. must be printed D. should be printed

16. Jean Wagner’s most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is his

insistence that it in a religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference.

A. is to be analyzed B. has been analyzed

C. be analyzed D. should have been analyzed

17. I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I ______

fully occupied the whole of last week.

A. were B. had been C. have been D. was
过去发生的动作，过去时

18. I apologize if I you, but I assure you it was unintentional.

A. offend B. had offended C. should have offended D. might have offended
D表示还不一定发生

20. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west, so it seems as if the sun ________round the earth.

A. were circling B. circles C. is circling D. be circling
as if引导的从句要求用虚拟语气，表示同时或将来的情况，动词要用过去式（be动词用were）或would(could等)+动词原形，本句话中指的是当时的情况，所以要用过去式，
21. If the Watergate Incident Nixon would not have resigned from the presidency.

A. did not occur B. had not occurred C. was not occurring D. be circling

22. I hadn’t expected James to apologize but I had hoped .

A. him calling me B. that he would call me C. him to call me D. that he call me
（B）had hoped是常见的要求其后的宾语从句用虚拟语气的句型,虚拟语气would+动词原形。

23. George would certainly have attended the proceedings .

A. if he didn’t get a flat tire B. if the flat tire hadn’t happened

C. had he not had a flat tire D. had the tire not flattened itself

24. The teacher suggested that her students experiences with ESP.

A. write a composition on their B. to write composition about the

C. wrote some compositions of his or her D. had written any compositions for his

25. He speaks Chinese as fluently as if he ______a Chinese.

A. were B. had been C. is D. has been

26. As usual, he put on a show as though his trip a great success.

A. had been B. has been C. were D. was
as though引导的与过去相反的虚拟。
27. Looking round the town, he felt as though he away for ages.

A. has been B. was C. is D. had been

28. John is so strongly built that he looks as if he as elephant.

A. lifts B. is lifting C. lifted D. could lift
as if引导的与现在事实相反的虚拟。
lift vi.被抬起 lift as elephant:重得像头大象
29. He described the town as if he it himself.

A. had seen B. has seen C. saw D. sees
as if引导的与过去相反的虚拟。
30. Most insurance agents would rather you anything about collecting claims until

they investigate the situation.

A. do B. don’t C. didn’t D. didn’t do

31. Although most adopted persons want the right to know who their natural parents are, some who have found them wish that they the experience of meeting.

A. hadn’t B. didn’t have had C. hadn’t had D. hadn’t have
（C）who引导的定语从句中的现在完成时表示动作业已发生，所以主句中表示的虚拟是针对已经发生了的行为，所以应该用过去完成式表示对过去的虚拟。
Have 过去分词是 had
32. Without electronic computers, much of today’s advanced technology .

A. will not have been achieved B. have not been achieved

C. would not have been achieved D. had not been achieved

33. He told her to return the book in time so that others a chance to read it .

A. may have B. will have C. would have D. might have
连so that引导的从句中要求用虚拟语气，表示一种假设，形式为might+动词原形。
34. It is time that the government measures to protect the rare birds and animals.

A. takes B. took C. has taken D. taking

35. He was very busy yesterday, otherwise he to the meeting.

A. would come B. came C. would have come D. had come

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今天任务完成。红宝到LIST18。词汇伴侣到45页。继续补作业！
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