【clover】ECO analysis by 七七夕夕

七七夕夕UID: 2753801

clover 组的魔鬼计划果然名不虚传，组长银落和bela都彻夜彻夜的。。。崇拜加感激。。。  以后作业绝不落下了。
eco 开始。。。
此贴不水。。。

银落UID: 2632560

SF鼓励~

七七夕夕UID: 2753801

Post-earthquake chaos in Haiti
A massive relief effort limps into gear
The world’s attempt to aid Haitians stumbles against  extraordinary difficulties of transport and communications
Jan 21st 2010 | PORT-AU-PRINCE
From The Economist print edition
Italic     生词
Bold    好词，好句
Underline 素材（段落句子结构，事例）

IN ONE of the ramshackle tent cities thathave sprouted in open spaces all across Port-au-Prince, Isa Longchamp, a dishevelled and dejected eight-year-old girl, starts to whimper. After losing her mother when the Haitian capital was devastated by the earthquake of January 12th, she is now struggling to survive. Batted aside(很形象) when hundreds of desperate victims of the disaster swarmed around aid workers handing out a batch of supplies earlier in the day, she is still hungry. She depends on the charity of her new neighbours. But at least she is alive, and fairly(程度轻的相当) healthy.

背景描述

Her home now is a precarious lean-to made from a couple of stained, fraying sheets tied to some sticks. She shares it with what remains of her family. Not far away other earthquake survivors wail in agony in a makeshift hospital. Field surgery is performed with rudimentary equipment and morphine is scarce. Many of the injured(形容词代指此类人的用法) have died because of a lack of medical supplies.

背景描述

Like hundreds of thousands of other Haitians, she is patiently waiting for a relief operation that has proved(to be)agonisingly slow to get going. Officials at the World Food Programme said that a week after the earthquake, 200,000 people had received ration packs of high-nutrition biscuits. American helicopters, operating from an aircraft-carrier offshore, dropped small quantities of supplies. Canadian troops, the first of some 2,000, arrived in Jacmel, a badly affected town south-west of Port-au-Prince. But aid has so far amounted to a drop in the ocean” of what people need, (貌似此文主旨句)admitted Elisabeth Byrs, the spokeswoman for the United Nations Office for the Co-ordination of Humanitarian Affairs.

提出所述问题

That is partly because of the huge scale of the disaster—a third of the population of 9m were affected and about 1m are homeless. But the main reason was that the earthquake knocked out both the institutions and the sinews of transport and communication on which aid agencies normally rely. So co-ordination—deciding who does what where—has been unusually slow and difficult. The rapid influx of well-meaning(这个词用得好) aid agencies that now throng the dusty remnants of Port-au-Prince has contributed to the confusion.

简略分析问题的原因，提出主要原因

Haiti’s elected government is operating from a police station near the airport. The Cabinet meets there each day. But the structure of government has caved in just as completely as the presidential palace itself. The UN mission to Haiti was decapitated with(表原因) the collapse of the hotel where it was based. Its 49 confirmed dead included Hédi Annabi, the experienced mission chief, his Brazilian deputy and the Canadian police chief. Another 300 UN personnel, including local staff and peacekeepers, are still unaccounted for.

详述主要原因之一(knocked out the institutions)

Brazil, which has led the UN peacekeeping mission in Haiti since 2004, lost 18 soldiers—the biggest loss of life for its armed forces since the second world war. The Haitian police force, which the UN has been training, lost around half its strength in Port-au-Prince, according to Ms Byrs. Some of the many NGOs already working in Haiti were also impeded by quake damage. Oxfam, a British charity, had 100 staff there. Two were killed, and their office and warehouse of supplies were both reduced to rubble. The UN has dispatched 50 civilian officials to Haiti. The Security Council called for 1,500 more police officers and 2,000 extra peacekeeping troops (Brazil quickly offered 800).

详述主要原因之一(knocked out the institutions)

An even bigger bottleneck has been transport. American troops took charge of the airport, and quickly tripled its capacity to 100 flights a day (and to 153 flights by January 19th). France and Brazil initially complained that their flights were turned away while(表对比) a landing slot was found for Hillary Clinton, the American secretary of state. Half of the ten flights that Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), a French medical charity, tried to land in Port-au-Prince were diverted, and with them some 85 tonnes of medical and relief supplies. But France’s president, Nicolas Sarkozy, and the UN later praised the huge American effort, and Brazil’s foreign ministry said co-ordination had improved.

详述主要原因之二 (knocked out sinews of transport and communication)
By January 19th more than 11,000 American troops, marines and sailors had arrived in Haiti (another 4,000 were on their way). They were trying to open transport links, as well as giving out some aid. They were due to open an airport at Jacmel on January 21st, and were also to use an airbase at San Isidro in the Dominican Republic. They hoped to get the port working again in “a week or two”. Meanwhile, the UN was using minor(对比) ports at Cap-Haïtien and Gonaïves. Supplies were also coming in through the Dominican Republic.

问题对应主要原因之二的解决方法

The next set of difficulties lie in getting the aid out to those who need it. The main arteries in Port-au-Prince are blocked by rubble. Landslides have severed roads to outlying towns and villages. This week petrol all but ran out(不明白). The UN has designated four sites in the capital as distribution hubs for water and food, and 18 local depots. But this network is not yet fully functioning—hence the resort to air-drops. Adding to the problems, telephones and the internet have worked only patchily if at all.

主要原因之二无法完全解决

The specialised rescue teams that flooded into Haiti in record numbers managed to extract more than 120 people from the ruins. The problem was that the lack of medical supplies meant that many more among the survivors died from their injuries. This carnage gradually subsided.(表转折) On January 15th Partners in Health, an American NGO which runs 12 hospitals in rural Haiti, took over the capital’s General Hospital. Foreign teams set up several field hospitals. But some medicines remained in short supply. An MSF doctor was reduced to (有无奈的意思)buying a saw in a market to carry out amputations of gangrenous limbs. The USNS Comfort, a vast American hospital ship, arrived on January 20th.

上述原因无法解决导致的后果
   
In most natural disasters, points out Graham Mackay of Oxfam (倒装), by day four the aid agencies expect to have set up distribution systems for food, water and temporary shelter(倒装). After the Asian tsunami, Oxfam’s first flight left Britain with supplies within three to four days. (人类互相救援的素材)That also happened this time. The difference was the difficulty of getting them into the hands of desperate Haitians.(主旨句重述)

再次总结简述问题的主要原因

It seemed, too, as if some of the lessons from other disasters that could have been applied in Haiti were being ignored（这句话绕得不错）。One is that dead bodies are not necessarily an immediate threat to (可以用在argument里，比较精确的表达) the health of the living. A Haitian official said that some 70,000 bodies had been hastily buried in mass graves. In a society that places great store on venerating its dead, that will add to the trauma of the survivors.(that 代表前面一句)

导致问题的其它原因

Too dazed to riot
Another lesson is that survivors are generally too dazed and weak to riot. An exaggerated fear of violent disorder seemed to be another reason why aid was slow. A few hundred desperate people scavenged in the rubble in a downtown shopping street. There were reports of gang leaders (who escaped when the jail collapsed) resurfacing in shanty towns from which they had been flushed out by UN troops in 2006. But generally Port-au-Prince was calm. Haitians were helping each other. Many crowded onto buses to seek refuge with relatives in rural areas.

导致问题的其它原因

Brazil’s ambassador to Haiti, Igor Kipman, said that the UN peacekeeping force had security “perfectly under control” and did not need the help of the American troops. The Americans, too, stressed that their job was logistics. But the potential for friction with Brazil remained. Barack Obama’s administration is “trying to pull off a delicate balancing act(不错的表达)by offering massive humanitarian relief while avoiding giving the impression that they are taking over Haiti,” says Daniel Erikson of the Inter-American Dialogue, a think-tank in Washington, DC. The build-up of troops may have caused short-term delays in aid deliveries, but will pay off if they quickly open transport routes without which nothing would reach the needy anyway(很好的论证优点的手法哈，有攻有守). This relief operation was always going to be unusually slow and chaotic. But Haitians cannot afford for it to remain so.

片尾叙述性的总结

（1）报告文学，有点复杂和发散，但是总的来说，结构还是比较清晰，一点一点的叙述和解析。
（2）可以做为人道援助的例子。

七七夕夕UID: 2753801

eco analysis 1(n没有读English News了，好多单词都生疏了啊～～ ps：我怎么今天那么走运挑了篇这么长的文章呢，analysis 到手抽筋了)
Word:
relief n. 救济，宽慰
limp  v. proceed slowly or with difficulty
sprout vi. 1. 发芽, 抽芽, 长出 2. 出现；3.使涌现出
dishevelled adj. (指毛发或衣服）不整齐的, 凌乱的.
whimper v. 呜咽, 啜泣
bat v. 用板（或棒、拍）击（某物)
lean-to n. small building or shed with its roof resting against the side of     a larger building, wall or fence 披屋; 单坡棚
fray v.（使某物）磨损（致使线、纤维或丝松弛）
wail v. (大声）哭, 诉苦（通常指尖声地）
makeshift  n.／adj.（ 临时的）代用品; 权宜的; 临时凑合的
morphine n.吗啡
scarce  adj. 难获得而不足的
agonizingly adv. 折磨人地
operation  n. activity, often involving several people and/or spread over a period of time 行动
ration v./n. （尤指食物等短缺时的）配给限额
offshore adj. 近海的
aircraft-carrier n.航空母舰.
sinew n.命脉，肌腱
well-meaning adj acting with good intentions (but often not having the desired effect) 好心的, 善意的（但常指效果未如愿）
throng v 挤满
decapitate  v.杀头
personnel pl.n. 人员，职员
warehouse n.货仓
rubble n.碎石; 碎砖
triple v.（使某物）增至三倍, 成三倍
slot  n.为某人[某事物]安排的位置或时间（如在一系列广播、讲座等中）: find a slot for a talk on the economy 为经济问题演讲安排时间marine n.    member of a body of soldiers trained to fight on land or sea 海军陆战队士兵
minor n. 不重要的，辅助的，程度轻的
outlying adj.偏远的
depot n.库房，车房
resort =expedient n.帮助
patchily adv. 有斑有块的，时断时续的
specialised, specialized adj.（为适应某目的或为某目的而设计的）专门的carnage n. 大屠杀
subsidy  v.平息
amputations n.切除术
gangrenous adj.坏疽的
dazed 茫然的
riot v.n. 暴动，闹事
scavenge  v.（指人）在垃圾堆里寻找有用之物
resurface v.重新出现
refuge n.避难所
refugee n.  难民
delicate adj.微妙的, 有技巧的, 得当的
think-tank n.国家的或商业的）智囊团, 专家小组.

Phrase:
   limp into gear v.  缓慢不稳的开始运行
   A stumbles over/against B  A被B绊倒,B阻碍了A
   tent city: is a temporary housing facility made using tents
   swarmed around :成群聚集
   hand out: 分发，施舍
   field surgery n.Battlefield medicine, also called field surgery and later combat casualty care, is the treatment of wounded soldiers in or near an area of combat.
   prove to be= turn out to be  e.g. The task proved (to be) more difficult than we'd thought. 这项任务原来比我们预想的难得多.
   get going v 出发,实行,使开动
   relief operation=Humanitarian aid  Humanitarian aid is material or logistical assistance provided for humanitarian purposes, typically in response to humanitarian crises
   operate from (指士兵、警方等）出击、巡逻从目的地（等: bombers operating from bases in the North 从北方各空军基地起飞的轰炸机
   a drop in the ocean n.沧海一粟, 九牛一毛
   amount to 相当于
   cave in v.1. 塌陷; 坍方2. (指商店等)倒闭 3. 投降; 屈服
   operate from v 由。。。管理: The company operates from offices in London. 那公司由设在伦敦的办事处管理.
   be unacoounted for adj.1.未包括在某数目、帐目等中2.没有解释的
   peacekeeping mission n.维和部队
   reduce to v.1. 使降低到; 遭受 2. 归纳, 简化 3. 折合; 分解成
   be reduced to v. 被折合，分解，归纳，简化为
   turn away (from sb/sth)不准某人进入某处; 拒绝帮助或支持某人:
   if at all 如果有的话
   take over v. 接管; 接替
   place great store on sth. store n.必将到来，快要发生   set (great/little/no/not much) store by sth consider sth to be of (great/little, etc) importance or value 认为某事物（非常[不太]等）重要或有价值
   add to 增加，加强
   flush out v.1. 把大量液体灌入…冲洗2. 驱赶
   pull sth off (infml 口) succeed in sth 做成某事:
   the administration n.美国总统任期; 美国总统任期内的政府:
   pay off  (尤指冒风险的政策、做法等）带来好结果, 成功, 行得通

mintshUID: 2460474

5# 七七夕夕
不知道为啥，附件下不了呢~~:shutup:

七七夕夕UID: 2753801

6# mintsh 不好意思，昨天写得太乱了，所以把附件给删了，今天重新整理了下，贴子没有颜色，用了其它方法标记，上传没有遗漏，所以就不用发附件了～

七七夕夕UID: 2753801

Where survival is at stake
Mohamed Nasheed, president of the Maldives, argues that the rich must help the poor combat climate change—or else all will face disaster
Nov 13th 2009 | From The World in 2010 print edition

If environmental politics in 2009 were dominated by the build-up to the December Copenhagen climate-change negotiations, in 2010 they will be dominated by post-Copenhagen analysis. That analysis will include the creeping realisation that climate negotiations are not really negotiations between nations at all. Climate change is not a grand bargain between the United States and China; nor the European Union and India. Rather, humanity is negotiating with Mother Nature. And mother appears in no mood to compromise.(很精辟的句子)

提出自己对气候恶化的看法——last sentence

Less than one degree Celsius(centigrade) of warming since the pre-industrial age has unleashed frightening and unforeseen change, including glacier-melt and unprecedented coral-reef degradation. A commitment to limit warming to two degrees by 2050, as proposed by the G8 club of rich countries, will not halt climate change. Either humans slash the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere to near pre-industrial levels or the world will continue to warm, with awful consequences.(不明白，谓语呢)

简述背景——气候恶化;目前解决方案无用

In low-lying areas, people will watch the steady retreat of Arctic ice, a precursor to rising sea levels, with increasing apprehension. (e.g)Health officials will note with alarm the spread of tropical diseases to more temperate climes. And the 1 billion people who rely on the world’s coral reefs will await a potential 2010 El Niño, whose hotter temperatures can be devastating(adj.) for reefs, with trepidation.( e.g)

举例详述气候恶化现象的后果——对人

Climate change will also be a multiplier of (可代替enhance等)poverty, as increasingly erratic weather induces more drought, flooding, erosion and soil degradation. Aid agencies already fear that this will undo decades of development efforts in poor parts of the world.

举例详述气候恶化现象的后果——对经济

More vulnerable nations will be forced to invest large sums of  money in adaptation measures. In the Maldives, the government needs to build a $40m seawall around our third-most-populous island, Fuvahmulah, to protect it from coastal erosion. For a country with total government revenue of just $550m a year, this is more thanloosechange(e.g). If the Maldives and other countries at risk are lucky, new finance mechanisms will help poor countries pay for adaptation initiatives. Otherwise, climate-change adaptation will drain the reserves of vulnerable nations.

举例详述气候恶化现象的后果——对易感国家

The aftermath of Copenhagen will affect the international image of the world’s nations and their ability to project “soft power”. Bogeyman, foot-dragging countries will have been identified at Copenhagen and America is unlikely to be the sole environmental offender. Other countries with hitherto positive images could also find themselves on the uncomfortable receiving end of global ire.( 形象的句子)

气候恶化现象的后果——Copenhagen对国家软实力的影响

And it is not only soft power that comes into focus.(递进) In 2010 there will be a gradual shift from perceiving climate change as a “soft” green issue to seeing it as a “hard” military one. Nowhere will this be more apparent than(漂亮的倒装) in America. A 2007 report by CAN Corporation, a Pentagon-funded think-tank, gives a taste of things to come(不明白). If greenhouse-gas emissions are not reduced, it concludes, climate change has the potential to “create sustained natural and humanitarian disasters on a scale far beyond those we see today.” It adds that “weakened and failing governments…foster the conditions for internal conflicts, extremism and movement toward increased authoritarianism and radical ideologies.”(e.g) Climate change will make the world an increasingly unsafe place and military capabilities will have to respond accordingly.

气候恶化现象的后果——Copenhagen对国家硬实力的挑战

Green shoots
However, 2010 will not be all doom and gloom.(转折) While some fossil-fuel industries pour money into climate-denying lobbying, (让步)other nations, companies and entrepreneurs will invest in the green economy of the future.

转折支持绿色经济的萌芽

In the Maldives, the government will continue to implement its ten-year carbon-neutral strategy. Spearheaded by a switch from oil to renewable-power production, the strategy aims to all but（ almost） eliminate the use of fossil fuels in the Maldivian archipelago by 2020. In 2010 the Maldives will commission renewable-energy projects and advance waste-to-energy initiatives. (e.g)And new concepts, such as the introduction of biochar, will help improve farming and reduce emissions.

举例支持绿色经济

Local Maldivian companies will pioneer technologies to help grow a new green economy. Soneva Fushi, for instance, will become the world’s first carbon-neutral tourist resort. (e.g)It will host a symposium to demonstrate how, through a combination of technical wizardry and commonsense solutions, it has slashed (代替increase)carbon emissions, putting to bed(相当于put an end to ) the myth that luxury necessarily equates with environmental degradation.

举例支持绿色经济

I have, in the past, talked of buying land elsewhere as an “insurance policy” should （虚拟语气的非真实条件句中若含有“were, had, should等词”，可以省略连词if，并把were等移到句首，构成倒装 ）our islands disappear under the sea. But our hope is that concerted international action against climate change will mean the policy will never be invoked.

申明观点

总结:本文条理清楚.先摆明自己对问题的基本看法和出发点。然后通过举例说明气候恶化带来的各个方面的影响，包括对人类活动，经济，易感国家。再然后从各个国家的立场出发，考虑气候恶化及会议决定带来的影响。最后提出绿色经济的希望，申明观点。
ps:不懂的地方用（不明白）标记了，忘有识之士解答！

七七夕夕UID: 2753801

eco analysis 2

build-up  n 逐渐准备（某事物)
creeping adj. 日渐严重的
unforeseen adj. 未预见到的;意料之外的
coral reef n.reef formed by the growth of coral 珊瑚礁
degradation n. 堕落; 降解; 递降分解; 退化
slash v.大幅度地削减费用、价格、数目
low-lying adj.接近地面或海平面的; 低洼的
precursor n.初期形式
clime n. usu pl 地区; 气候:
await v.等候, 等待
offender n.犯人
multiplier n.an instrument or device for multiplying or intensifying some effect
loose adj.not sufficiently controlled （指言行等）不严谨的, 放荡的
reserves n.[通常作复数] thing put aside or kept for later use; extra amount available when needed 储备（物）; 储备量
hithertoadv.迄今; 至今
project v.向他人表现（某事物[某人/自己]）以使其产生深刻的或良好的
foster v.促进
doom n.死亡; 毁灭; 劫数; 厄运
gloom n.昏暗; 阴暗
lobby n.游说（政治家等）支持或反对某立法议案
commission v. 使（机器、设备等）开始使用
pioneer v.当开发者
symposium n.(专题）讨论会, 研讨会
invoke v.祈求（上帝）的保佑; 求助于（法律的力量等)
a large sum of 是指一大笔钱或现金
large sums of 大笔大笔的钱
give a taste of one's quality 显显自己的本领.
give sb a taste of 叫某人尝尝的
Spearheaded by  以 …为先锋
waste-to-energy  燃垃圾发电
Soft power is the ability to obtain what you want through co-option and attraction. It is in contradistinction to 'hard power', which is the use of coercion and payment
Bogeyman is a legendary ghost-like monster. and can be used metaphorically to denote a person or thing of which someone has an irrational fear.
Biochar is charcoal created by pyrolysis of biomass, and differs from charcoal only in the sense that its primary use is not for fuel, but for biosequestration or atmospheric carbon capture and storage.
put something to bed:
1. to finish dealing with something This is an opportunity for us to put some of these problems to bed.
2. to get a newspaper, magazine, or book ready to be printed You put the paper to bed and you're proud of it, but the next morning you find the world has changed while it's been printed.
3. to clean a garden after the plants have died It takes about two weeks to put the garden to bed.

银落UID: 2632560

Either humans slash the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere to near pre-industrial levels or the world will continue to warm, with awful consequences
如果人类不减少二氧化碳的量，那么就会造成全球变暖的可怕结果。红色部分为动词。

A 2007 report by CAN Corporation, a Pentagon-funded think-tank, gives a taste of things to come.
a taste of 就是一些的意思。这句话就是说，智囊团给出了一些以后可能会发生的结果。这句话后面不就是一些如果怎么怎么样了就会怎么怎么样的假设嘛。对吧。

七七夕夕UID: 2753801

Either humans slash the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere to near pre-industrial levels or the world will continue to warm, with awful consequences
如果人类不减少二氧化碳的量，那么就会造成全球变暖的可怕 ...
银落 发表于 2010-1-27 20:07

首先，谢谢组长。。。我这个mac的本本不能直接用颜色的插件，所以都没用颜色标记出来，居然也能被你发现。。。

其次，Either ... or...就相当于如果。。。否则。。。的意思吧！我阅读的时候直接把前面一句作为了主语，所以就找不着谓语了～

最后，那句话的基本意思是这样的，不过我总觉得这个give a taste of。。。带有作者的一些态度倾向，但又说不清楚。。。

七七夕夕UID: 2753801

The psychology of power
Absolutely
Power corrupts, but it corrupts only(比it only corrupts顺口)those who think they deserve it
Jan 21st 2010 | From The Economist print edition

Bridgeman

REPORTS of politicians who have extramarital affairs while complaining about the death of family values, or who use public funding for private gain despite condemning government waste, have become so common in recent years that they hardly seem surprising anymore. Anecdotally, at least,(有余地的总结，…ly,at least) the connection between power and hypocrisy looks obvious.

Anecdote is not science,though. And, more subtly(更敏锐一些), even if anecdote is correct, it does not answer the question of whether power tends to corrupt, as Lord Acton’s dictum has it, or whether it merely attracts the corruptible(这个思维可以推广，是本身有问题，还是本身的某些特征招致的问题). To investigate this question Joris Lammers at Tilburg University, in the Netherlands, and Adam Galinsky at Northwestern University, in Illinois, have conducted a series of experiments which attempted to elicit states of powerfulness and powerlessness in the minds of volunteers. Having done so, as they report in

Psychological Science, they tested those volunteers’ moral pliability. Lord Acton, they found, was right.
In their first study, Dr Lammers and Dr Galinsky asked 61 university students to write about a moment in their past when they were in a position of high or low power. Previous research has established that this is an effective way to “prime” people into feeling as if they are currently in such a position. Each group (high power and low power) was then split into two further groups. Half were asked to rate, on a nine-point morality scale (with one being highly immoral and nine being highly moral), how objectionable it would be for other people to over-report travel expenses at work. The other half were asked to participate in a game of dice.

The dice players were told to roll two ten-sided dice (one for “tens” and one for “units”) in the privacy of an isolated cubicle, and report the results to a lab assistant. The number they rolled, which would be a value between one and 100 (two zeros), would determine the number of tickets that they would be given in a small lottery that was run at the end of the study.

In the case of the travel expenses—when the question hung on (事不关己的about)the behaviour of others—participants in the high-power group reckoned, on average, that over-reporting rated as a 5.8 on the nine-point scale. Low-power participants rated it 7.2. The powerful, in other words, claimed to favour the moral course. In the dice game, however, high-power participants reported, on average, that they had rolled 70 while low-power individuals reported an average 59. Though the low-power people were probably cheating a bit (the expected average score would be 50), the high-power volunteers were undoubtedly cheating—perhaps taking the term “high roller” rather too literally.(high roller指享有特权的赌博人，literally 指roll high number)
Taken together, these results do indeed suggest that power tends to corrupt and to promote a hypocritical tendency to hold other people to a higher standard than oneself. To test the point further, though, Dr Lammers and Dr Galinsky explicitly contrasted attitudes to self and other people when the morally questionable activity was the same in each case. Having once again primed two groups of participants to be either high-power or low-power, they then asked some members of each group how acceptable it would be for someone else to break the speed limit when late for an appointment and how acceptable it would be for the participant himself to do so. Others were asked similar questions about tax declarations.

Only the little people pay taxes…
In both cases participants used the same one-to-nine scale employed in the first experiment. The results showed that the powerful do, indeed, behave hypocritically. They felt that others speeding because they were late warranted (可代替deserve) a 6.3 on the scale whereas speeding themselves warranted a 7.6. Low-power individuals, by contrast, saw everyone as equal. They scored themselves as 7.2 and others at 7.3—a statistically insignificant difference. In the case of tax dodging, the results were even more striking. High-power individuals felt that when others broke tax laws this rated as a 6.6 on the morality scale, but that if they did so themselves this rated as a 7.6. In this case low-power individuals were actually easier on others and harsher on themselves, with values of 7.7 and 6.8 respectively.

These results, then, suggest that the powerful do indeed behave hypocritically, condemning the transgressions of others more than they condemn their own. Which comes as no great surprise, although it is always nice to have everyday observation confirmed by systematic analysis. But another everyday observation is that powerful people who have been caught out often show little sign of contrition. It is not just that they abuse the system; they also seem to feel entitled to abuse it. To investigate this point, Dr Lammers and Dr Galinsky devised a third set of experiments. These were designed to disentangle the concept of power from that of entitlement. To do this, the researchers changed the way they primed people.

A culture of entitlement
Half of 105 participants were asked to write about a past experience in which they had legitimately been given a role of high or low power. The others were asked to write about an experience of high or low power where they did not feel their power (or lack of it) was legitimate. All of the volunteers were then asked to rate how immoral it would be for someone to take an abandoned bicycle rather than report the bicycle to the police. They were also asked, if they were in real need of a bicycle, how likely they would be to take it themselves and not report it.
The “powerful” who had been primed to believe they were entitled to their power readily engaged in acts of moral hypocrisy. They assigned a value of 5.1 to others engaging in the theft of the bicycle while rating the action at 6.9 if they were to do it themselves. Among participants in all of the low-power states, morally hypocritical behaviour inverted itself, as it had in the case of tax fraud. “Legitimate” low-power individuals assigned others a score of 5.1 if they stole a bicycle and gave themselves a 4.3. Those primed to feel that their lack of power was illegitimate behaved similarly, assigning values of 4.7 and 4.4 respectively.
However, an intriguing characteristic emerged among participants in high-power states who felt they did not deserve their elevated positions. These people showed a similar tendency to that found in low-power individuals—to be harsh on themselves and less harsh on others—but the effect was considerably more dramatic. They felt that others warranted a lenient 6.0 on the morality scale when stealing a bike but assigned a highly immoral 3.9 if they took it themselves. Dr Lammers and Dr Galinsky call this reversal “hypercrisy”.

They argue, therefore, that people with power that they think is justified break rules not only because they can get away with it, but also because they feel at some intuitive level that they are entitled to take what they want. This sense of entitlement is crucial to understanding why people misbehave in high office. In its absence, abuses will be less likely. The word “privilege” translates as “private law”. If Dr Lammers and Dr Galinsky are right, the sense which some powerful people seem to have that different rules apply to them is not just a convenient smoke screen. They genuinely believe it.

What explains hypercrisy is less obvious. It is known, though, from experiments on other species that if those at the bottom of a dominance hierarchy show signs of getting uppity, those at the top react both quickly and aggressively. Hypercrisy might thus be a signal of submissiveness—one that is exaggerated in creatures that feel themselves to be in the wrong place in the hierarchy. By applying reverse privileges to themselves, they hope to escape punishment from the real dominants(deep insight). Perhaps the lesson, then, is that corruption and hypocrisy are the price that societies pay for being led by alpha males (and, in some cases, alpha females). The alternative, though cleaner, is leadership by wimps.(精彩的结尾)



今天事情有点多，到现在才完成eco，还好选到的是篇文献类的文章，看得很顺，总是background, method, result, discussion这一套。不过这文章很有意思，建议大家读读。I love psychology：）

七七夕夕UID: 2753801

eco analysis 3
corrupt  v  make (sb/sth) corrupt 使（某人或某事物）堕落, 腐化; 贿赂（某人或某事物）
despite perp.without being affected by (the factors mentioned)
condemn v. sth (as sth) say officially that (sth) is faulty or not fit for use
hypocrisy  n.practice of misrepresenting one's real character, opinions, etc, esp by pretending to be more virtuous than one really is; insincerity
subtle adj. able to see and describe fine and delicate differences; sensitive
dictum n.(a) saying; maxim
pliable adj. (of a person or a person's mind) easily influenced
objectionable adj.causing opposition or disapproval; unpleasant
dice n.small cube of wood, bone, plastic, etc that has a different number of spots on each side, from one to six, used in games of chance
reckon v.be of the opinion or consider that sb/sth is as specified
high roller n.A high roller, also referred to as a whale in the casino industry is a gambler who
wagers large amounts of money. High rollers often receive lavish "perks" from casino.
warrant v. be a warrant for (sth); justify or deserve
dodge v.avoid doing (sth) by cleverness or trickery
transgress v. go beyond (the limit of what is morally or legally acceptable)
smoke-screen n. action, explanation, etc designed to hide one's real intentions, activities, etc
uppish adj. self-assertive or arrogant
signal n. any event or action that causes some general activity  e.g.The President's arrival was the signal for an outburst of cheering.
wimp n.weak and timid person, esp a man

七七夕夕UID: 2753801

Bring on the new generation
It will take more than a new government to get Japan out of its fiscal black hole
Nov 13th 2009 | From The World in 2010 print edition
ByHenry Tricks, TOKYO

Japan is a top-down society. As in books, where the characters flow from top to bottom(不明白), so life is runvertically, with seniority often synonymouswith (相当于equals to) age. In politics,age is no disqualification for (not a restriction for)high office: the new cabinet is, on average, over 60. In business, theseniority system is entrenched. Even in the home, hierarchy starts young: there is an honorific forlittle brothers to address their bossy big sisters.

描述日本社会长者为大的背景

How galling then, for those down the pecking order, that the numbers of people at the top are risingso fast. In 2010, there will be as many middle-aged people of 45 andover in Japan as there will be people under 45. That not only means morepeople to bow to. It means more layers to fight through beforepromotion, and more pensioners tosupport (by 2010 4m baby-boomerswill have retired since 2007—roughly the number of inhabitants of Yokohama,Japan’s second-largest city).

长者为大不好的原因一——人口老龄化，青年社会压力大

This retiring bebi bumu generation has reasons tofeel proud of its achievements. Over its lifetime, industrialisation has transformed Japan and the elderly haveaccumulated savings that many can liveoff comfortably. But do they merit all the deference they receive? In 2010there will be several alarmingstatistics that suggest not.

长者为大不好的原因二——长者不值得完全为大

For one, the economy, the world’s second-largest since the1960s, has lurched so treacherously(表面平静，实则下降得厉害) thatit will fall behind China’s in size in 2010 (see article).That will make it even more difficult to persuade the world that Japan matters (be important).

长者不值得完全为大的原因－－长者带给经济的后果

The legacy ofnot one but two lost decades has saddledJapan’s future generations with a debt whose relative size is unprecedented in the OECD. Thatorganisation reckons gross borrowings will exceed 200% of GDP in 2010. Theborrowing may be underpinned by high savings, but it has not brought securityfor Japan’s growing number of jobless and poor people. After a collapse in theeconomy in 2009, the fiscal deficit is expected by the OECD to rise to nearly10% in 2010. Yet social spending remains low and, the more people age, the moreit is likely to increase. Sooner or later the Japanese will realise that acountry growing old so rapidly cannot liveso absurdly beyond its means.

长者不值得完全为大的原因－－长者带给社会的后果

That is why the government of Yukio Hatoyama, which swept to power in 2009, ending morethan half a century of almost unbrokenrule by the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), has a devilishly (very) hard task in its first year in office. It waselected because the Japanese were sick of the LDP’s crony capitalism, in which government, bureaucrats (derogative) andfavoured industries carved up the spoils of the budget. But as it seeksto rebalance the economy, by redirectingprivileges away from the export and construction industries towards domestic firms, it will need tobreak some labour-market and wage rigidities. It risks temporarily pushing(causing) unemployment higher.

这些后果带给政府的压力

That would be unpalatableunless there were a stronger welfare system and retraining subsidies. Butthe money for that must compete with government promises of support forfamilies to encourage them to have more children, and pension support for theold. It is not clear whether, in its 2010 budget, the government will be ableto cut enough waste to pay for suchlargesse.

这些后果带给政府的压力

What Japan needs is tax reform so that revenues rise. Butthat is a non-starter in 2010. The highlight of the political calendaris an upper-house election in the summer in which Mr Hatoyama’s DemocraticParty of Japan hopes for a majorityso that it can pass legislation in both houses without coalition partners. Toachieve that, the danger is that the new government will err on the side of timidity (宁可失之胆小)andsquander its political capital.

政府的对策是不对策

If the government cannot right the ship( 跟前面的lurched treacherously呼应), can business? Its flair for innovation and design is legendary (in 2010 Nissanwill bring the all-electric Leaf to the streets of Japan and America, and itwill warn pedestrians of its approach with a futuristic sound reminiscent of the flying cars in“Blade Runner”). There may even be a chance for fresh thinking in the monolithic Keidanren(日本经济团体联合会) business chamber(议院),after the election of a new leader in June.

求助于经济解决这些后果

But business, too, is often a slow-moving gerontocracy, hidebound by a reluctance to letcreative individuals make quick decisions. It ought to pile into China and South Korea in 2010, given the decline of the Americanconsumer market. But it is likely that the government will make the greater inroads. Mr Hatoyama has reached out to bothcountries, and on the 100th anniversary of Japan’s occupation ofKorea in 1910 there is even an invitation for Emperor Akihito to visit Seoul.

但经济也同时受长者为大的困扰

What Japan really needs in 2010 is the sort of once-in-a-generation change in businessmanagement that came to politics in 2009; that is, the realisation that thosewho make mistakes, however senior, can be kicked out and replaced by fresh thinkers.It is too much to hope it will happen ina year.(在一年内发生的希望不大) But it had better start soon.

总结真正要解决的是长者为大的社会风气

本文虽然涉及了政治，经济各个方面，但是主体是围绕日本社会的长者为大的社会风气，要论述的观点是这种社会风气需要改。从长者为大加上社会老年化带给现在社会的影响说起，但并没有完全的否定长者为大，而是讨论了长者是不是值得为大，从长者带给经济和社会的后果两方面说明不值得，然后再说政府和经济体对这样后果的对策有效的可能性，最后总结根源在于要改变长者为大的社会风气。

本文逻辑性，客观性强。一个事件有不好的结果，并没有直接就提出论点否定，而是深入讨论，这个事件值不值得。如果事件值得再加上不好的结果，可能就是平衡观点，如果事件不值得再加上不好的结果，而且解决这个结果的过程也会受到该事件的影响，那么否定这个事件的证据就最充分不过了。

七七夕夕UID: 2753801

eco analysis 4
bring on  v.help (a learner, etc) to develop or improve
seniority n.being senior in age, rank, etc
honorific  n, adj (expression) indicating respect for the person being addressed, esp in Oriental languages
bossy adj (-ier, -iest) (derog 贬) fond of giving people orders; domineering
treacherous  adj. dangerous, esp when seeming to be safe
legacy n.thing passed to sb by predecessors or from earlier events, etc
underpin v. support (a wall, etc) from below with masonry
a/the `pecking order:system of grading that exists in a group of people, so that some are more important, powerful, etc than others
bow to sth: submit to sth; accept sth
e.g bow to the inevitable 顺从命运; 听天由命
Baby Boom Generation :is a term which portrays the cohorts born during the middle part of the 20th Century.
Live off:Use money earned  e.g.They find it hard to LIVE OFF the money they make.
saddle sb with sth: give sb an unwelcome responsibility, task, etc
means:money; wealth; resources ，
to live beyond one's means 指花销大于收入、入不敷出。
sweep v. e.g.The party swept the country, ie won the election by a large majority. 该党在全国的选举中大获全胜.
carve sth up : divide sth into parts or slices
spoils  n.profits, benefits, etc gained from political power
unpatable  adj.unpleasant or unacceptable to the mind
non-starter n.thing or person that has no chance of success
majority n. be in the/a majority form the greater part/the larger number
err on the side of sth: show too much of a (usu good) quality
e.g. It's better to err on the side of tolerance (ie be too tolerant rather than too severe) when dealing with young offenders.
right v. return itself/sth to a proper, correct or upright position
flair for sth: natural ability to do sth well
lengendary adj. very well known; famous
futuristic adj. looking suitable for the future or extremely modern; not traditional
reminiscent of sb/sth: reminding one of or suggesting sb/sth
monolithic adj. single, massive and unchangeable
hidebound adj. not willing to consider new ideas, methods, etc; too conventional and narrow-minded
make inroads into/on sth :gradually use up or consume more and more of sth; lessen the amount of sth available
had better 用于提出建议或请求时，并不是一个很客气委婉的表达，它暗示对方有义务去做某事，因此通常用于长辈对晚辈或上级对下级等，而不宜反过来用

七七夕夕UID: 2753801

Search me
A battle looms over tracking consumers’ online habits
Nov 13th 2009 | From The World in 2010 print edition
By Martin Giles SAN FRANCISCO

Alamy_Anna Barribal_TFL

The issue has been simmering for quite some time. But in 2010 the debate over how advertisers, web companies and others monitor individuals’ use of the internet will reach boiling-point. Politicians in America will debate legislation that would give consumers more knowledge of the information being collected about them online—and more control over how it is subsequently used. Advertisers and web companies will push back, arguing that they can be trusted to police themselves.

提示战争即将拉开

At least three trends will ensure that online privacy commands plenty of attention in the coming year. The first is the rise of so-called “behavioural targeting”, in which websites gather detailed data about the surfing habits of users and crunch(可代替process) this information to help determine which adverts to show surfers. Although this approach is still less widely used than, say, contextual targeting, which automatically links adverts to search terms on services such as Yahoo! and Google, it will become more popular as firms try to squeeze greater returns from their advertising costs in a tough economy.



战争即将拉开的原因一

Another trend driving privacy concerns is the spectacular ( 可代替striking，dramatical)growth of online social networks, such as Facebook. These networks capture a large amount of personal information about users and are seeking to leverage(exploit) these data to generate revenue. Canada’s privacy watchdog has already taken Facebook to task for shortcomings in the way(to prevent from ) it handles user data. More regulatory scrutiny (close watch) is likely in 2010.

战争即将拉开的原因二

The proliferation of web-enabled mobile phones such as Apple’s iPhone is also ringing alarm bells among privacy champions. An explosion of demand for these devices—Apple has already sold 30m iPhones around the world—has opened up the prospect of advertisers tracking users’ movements and serving them ads based on their whereabouts(location). For now, most advertisers and phone networks are wary of exploiting data in this way. But firms will still seek to profit from information gleaned(collected) from third-party applications that sit on top of smart-phones’ operating systems. Together with new apps for social-networking services, these create another way of tracking consumers’ digital habits.( 举例的方式不一定要限于先说理再论据，可一起说，如这段的表达)

战争即将拉开的原因三

Much of the information is used in ways that are beneficial to those who provide it. But it is often unclear to web surfers exactly what data are being gathered about them and how this is being used. Critics point out that users are frequently forced to provide data when visiting sites, rather than being allowed to choose not to.



总结原因

In a bid to(for) calm such concerns, industry groups representing advertisers in America will implement a series of principles in 2010 that govern how their members collect data online. Among other things(in addition), websites will have to display an icon that takes users to a page which describes the data being gathered about them and gives them an opportunity to opt out from the process. Surfers will also have to provide consent before sensitive data such as financial-account numbers can be collected. Mike Zaneis of the Internet Advertising Bureau, one of the groups promoting the principles, reckons they could be rolled out(publicize) in the first quarter of 2010, assuming work on the technical standards that are needed to implement them proceeds smoothly.

公司的对策

The politics of privacy
Advertisers are no doubt hoping their initiative will placate politicians, who are becoming increasingly concerned about the lack of transparency around online monitoring. That concern has already translated itself into proposed legislation in America. A bill that tackles online privacy issues is being championed by Rick Boucher, the chairman of the House of Representatives’ Energy and Commerce internet sub-committee.
Nor is all this entirely an American concern. Although European countries generally already have in place(established) stronger controls, there is a feeling that more may need to be done in the European Union too. An EU body called the Article 29 Working Party, including representatives from national data-protection watchdogs, is holding a public consultation(conference) on the issue, due to end on December 31st 2009. This could result in recommendations for more new rules. One way or another(anyway), 2010 is going to be a year in which those who scrutinise consumers online will be subject to intense scrutiny themselves.

政府的对策

文章逻辑比较简单，但是用语比较生动，可借鉴哈哈～[/clolor]