[1010G]Economist阅读帖--showkid分帖

showkidUID: 2427308

PS:一楼用来做汇总。
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说明：

蓝色：好词和短语      红色：连词

绿色：好句型         紫色：笔记

橙色：例子           斜体+下划线：段落或文章核心句子或转折句

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1# launch pad （4.7）
原文链接：http://www.economist.com/business-finance/displaystory.cfm?story_id=15838530&source=features_box3

2# Obama’s Acceptance of Nobel Peace Prize in Oslo （part1）(4.10)

PS：本文为奥巴马诺奖演讲词。我是前些日子就开始听他这个演讲词了，今日发现将其作为一个精读材料相当不错！因为，其核心叙述的是非常复杂、矛盾但是非常常见的问题，即为：“战争与和平”。在仔细阅读其行文方式之后，我发现有很多可以借鉴的地方。下面，我将着重关注其行文的方式，也就是怎么样去对于一个极其复杂敏感的话题去立论的，我觉得这点是非常值得学习的！

3# Obama’s Acceptance of Nobel Peace Prize in Oslo （part2）(4.11)

showkidUID: 2427308

Launch pad

Apple’s iPad will help persuade consumers that a tablet is a must-have

Apr 4th 2010 | SAN FRANCISCO | From The Economist online

GIVEN all the hype ahead of the arrival of Apple’s new tablet computer, the debut on April 3rd of the iPad in America was perhaps inevitably going to feel like something of an anti-climax. (上来的第一句就表明的作者的态度。其间表达态度的句子很漂亮：用的是 was going to + feel like，再加上一个漂亮的修饰词 inevitably.委婉而又明确的表达了自己态度) There were long lines at the company’s stores before daybreak and, as the doors opened, would-be buyers were met withrapturous applause from Apple staff. (这个句子大框架上是一个由and连接的并列句。不过前后两个并列的短剧的句型也很好，一个是there be 一个是被动短句；加上一个插入语，和两个短句中很漂亮的词汇，组成了这个漂亮的句子。) But many reports suggested that by mid-morning the fervour had died down in most places. At the Apple store in San Francisco late on Saturday afternoon,(很漂亮的状语结构，包含了两个地点信息和一个时间信息，结构值得借鉴) it almost felt like any other shopping day—except, that is, for the small scrum that had formed around the table where iPads were being tested. The company later said it had sold over 300,000 on the first day, around the middle of the range of analysts' expectations. (用同位语给前面的30,000作补充，提供更加详尽的细节用以表明这个数字代表的具体含义，即：apple 公司认为第一天的营业情况跟各方预期是一致的。也就是支持了作者的态度。)

(段落总结：第一段是由5句话组成的，结构为：很长-长-短-很长-长。第一句表明态度。第二句可以认为是一个让步或者称为欲扬先抑。而后用一个but开头的短句开始引出了支撑作者态度的事实，用了两个句子来展开，一个是现象，一个是数据。除了句子和结构的漂亮之外，更抢眼的应该是第一段的结构吧。长短句布局上的对称和漂亮的行文：TS+让步+转折+细节。)

The devices on sale this week are WiFi-only iPads; (很精练很漂亮的主语结构，包含了主语核心名词+状态+时间)many people will be waiting for the mobile-wireless ones that are due to go on sale in late April. Moreover, customers were able to order iPads online from mid-March for home delivery beginning April 3rd, which meant they didn’t need to traipse to a store. And Apple agreed to let Best Buy, a big electronics retailer, offer iPads on the same day as its own stores, which siphoned off some traffic from Apple’s outlets. Your correspondent was able to pick up his own iPad from a Best Buy store mid-morning without even having to queue for it.

(段落总结：这一段提供了更多的细节来解释ipad销售现状。首先，从产品层面解释，现在销售的ipad的功能种类单一，消费者在等功能更多的产品。而后进步一，从购买购买渠道层面，细节既是：网购和合作销售商。层次依然很清晰，由moreover分开，而后面一个层面由一个and分开。)

Several of the folk at that store with iPads under their arms seemed to be Apple aficionados already. Aimee Levine, a self-confessed “gadget girl” who already owns an iPhone and iPod music player, said one of the main reasons for buying an iPad was that she planned to take out electronic subscriptions to her favourite newspapers and magazines on it, and to do away with the printed ones. Jeremy Moore, another customer, said he was keen to get his hands on something that had the potential to reshape computing. “If it makes me feel like I’m in the future I’ll buy it.”

(段落总结：这一段是从“正面”来描述ipad销售的现状，更具体的说是从购买者角度来说。先是TS：购买者很大程度上本来就是apple迷，然后两个例子，这段的结构很简单，但是同样非常清晰。)

Apple will be hoping that when customers try the iPad it really does feel like a quantum leap in personal computing. Your correspondent has only had a few hours to play with the new device, but his initial impressions are that Apple’s gizmo will help to convince people everywhere that there is indeed a place for tablet computers in their future as a “third device” that sits between mobile phones and personal computers.

(段落总结：本段由一个短句和一个巨长的句子组成。主要意思是叙述Apple的意图。第二个句子本身又是一个欲扬先抑的结构，而后加上很多的修饰和从句填充，显得很充实，同时也很紧凑。)

Among other things, the new iPad boasts a beautiful touchscreen that portrays images in deep, rich colours; simple controls that make it very easy to navigate around the device; and a specially designed chip that means most programs run at lightning speeds. Games such as Flight Control and videos from YouTube ran smoothly, and the quality of the sound produced by the iPad’s speakers was impressive. Although the on-screen keyboard isn’t ideal for extended typing—which explains why Apple is offering a plug-in version—it was perfectly adequate for dashing off emails and Facebook posts.

(段落总结：这一段开始转述ipad具体的功能和特点：屏幕，运行速度，按键等。整段结构是平行的。)

Then there is the iBooks app, which lets users download texts from Apple’s iBookstore. These look amazing on screen and, together with the slick page-turning capabilities of the iPad, they suggest that the days of the single-purpose, black and white e-reader such as Amazon’s Kindle are numbered. Quite how long it takes for publishers to adapt to this new regime remains unclear, but both the New York Times and the Wall Street Journal had apps available on the day that the new device appeared.

(段落总结：这一段是详述ipad的iBook应用程序的特点。结构为：短句+长句+长句。短句是作为承接上下文的，后面的第一个长句是具体的描述其特点，并预期了其对相关方面的影响。最后的长句，算是一个让步吧，为了使自己的预期和叙述更加的合理。)

Much will depend not just on the iPad itself, but also on the way in which Apple develops a new “ecosystem” around it so that the company’s hardware is complemented by enough fancy software to make buying a package of both a compelling one. Many iPhone apps have already been revised to fit a bigger screen and others are being developed to take advantage of it. What seems certain, as we have reported, is that for good or ill, tablets will bring big disruption to the publishing business.

(段落总结：本段是由一个超长句和两个长句组成的。第一个句子写的很漂亮。大框架是由depend on 和 not only… but also 混合组成的。后半句中又用了一个so that 从句表明了 ecosystem的内涵和其作用。后面的一个长句，接着便说明了Apple的ipad当前应用程序的状况。接着引出了，最后的预期，也就是最后一个长句。最后一句的certain与depend on 形成对应，使得这一段的结构清晰漂亮。)

(总结：这是我第一次读eco的文章，惭愧。我这次阅读的主要目的是分析其文章的结构，不过这篇文章也许由于其具有一定的报道性质，并没有特别突出的中心，所以整个篇章结构上面凸显的并不明显。不过各个独立段的结构和行文还是非常精彩的！撇开漂亮的辞藻和多变的句型不谈，其段落的构架和逻辑的表现正是我们所需要学习的，甚至这一块的任务更加艰巨！)

showkidUID: 2427308

Obama’s Acceptance of Nobel Peace Prize in Oslo

I receive this honor with deep gratitude and great humility. It is an award that speaks to our highest aspirations -- that for all the cruelty and hardship of our world, we are not mere prisoners of fate. Our actions matter, and can bend history in the direction of justice.
(段落小结：开头很简洁、很漂亮。由1短+1长+1短构成。其中有不少好的短词值得学习。)

And yet I would be remiss if I did not acknowledge the considerable controversy that your generous decision has generated. In part, this is because I am at the beginning, and not the end, of my labors on the world stage. Compared to some of the giants of history who’ve received this prize -- Schweitzer and King; Marshall and Mandela -- my accomplishments are slight. And then there are the men and women around the world who have been jailed and beaten in the pursuit of justice; those who toil in humanitarian organizations to relieve suffering; the unrecognized millions whose quiet acts of courage and compassion inspire even the most hardened cynics. I cannot argue with those who find these men and women -- some known, some obscure to all but those they help -- to be far more deserving of this honor than I.
(段落小结：第一步即为让步，原因在于这个讲话要说的问题很敏感，不过这是一个对于非核心问题的让步。接着就是用具体的细节扩充让步的内容。非常漂亮的排比。本段最后一句作为一个小总结，写的也非常漂亮。 情感基调：负)

But perhaps the most profound issue surrounding my receipt of this prize is the fact that I am the Commander-in-Chief of the military of a nation in the midst of two wars. One of these wars is winding down. The other is a conflict that America did not seek; one in which we are joined by 42 other countries -- including Norway -- in an effort to defend ourselves and all nations from further attacks.
(段落小结：一个but，深入一步，开始触及核心问题：“战争”。初看第一句起是在让步，实则本段的落脚点(最后一句)是宣称其战争的正义性：defend…from further attacks. 情感基调：正)

Still, we are at war, and I’m responsible for the deployment of thousands of young Americans to battle in a distant land. Some will kill, and some will be killed. And so I come here with an acute sense of the costs of armed conflict -- filled with difficult questions about the relationship between war and peace, and our effort to replace one with the other.
(段落小结：一个still开头，再次让步。承认现状，并且提出核心问题：relationship between war and peace。 情感基调：负)

Now these questions are not new. War, in one form or another, appeared with the first man. At the dawn of history, its morality was not questioned; it was simply a fact, like drought or disease -- the manner in which tribes and then civilizations sought power and settled their differences.
(段落小结：以一个now开头，很自然的链接了上下文。接着上一段提出的问题开始展开论述，以时间的顺序(历史的角度)开始。 情感基调：中)

And over time, as codes of law sought to control violence within groups, so did philosophers and clerics and statesmen seek to regulate the destructive power of war. The concept of a “just war” emerged, suggesting that war is justified only when certain conditions were met: if it is waged as a last resort or in self-defense; if the force used is proportional; and if, whenever possible, civilians are spared from violence.
(段落小结：以and开头，与上一段并列关系，继续按照时间的顺序将战争的问题展开，并且引出了“just war”的概念，为后文的立论做铺陈。 情感基调：正)

Of course, we know that for most of history, this concept of “just war” was rarely observed. The capacity of human beings to think up new ways to kill one another proved inexhaustible, as did our capacity to exempt from mercy those who look different or pray to a different God. Wars between armies gave way to wars between nations -- total wars in which the distinction between combatant and civilian became blurred. In the span of 30 years, such carnage would twice engulf this continent. And while it’s hard to conceive of a cause more just than the defeat of the Third Reich and the Axis powers, World War II was a conflict in which the total number of civilians who died exceeded the number of soldiers who perished.
(段落小结：以of course 开头，再次一个让步，承认引出的正义战争的脆弱的一面，以退为进，堵上别人抨击的一面。 情感基调：负)

In the wake of such destruction, and with the advent of the nuclear age, it became clear to victor and vanquished alike that the world needed institutions to prevent another world war. And so, a quarter century after the United States Senate rejected the League of Nations -- an idea for which Woodrow Wilson received this prize -- America led the world in constructing an architecture to keep the peace: a Marshall Plan and a United Nations, mechanisms to govern the waging of war, treaties to protect human rights, prevent genocide, restrict the most dangerous weapons.
(段落小结：依然是依据时间的顺序叙述，不过更进一步了，提到了战争问题在近代的发展。并且趁此开始提及到美国在近代为此做出的贡献，可以看作是一个隐含的转折。一个由上段负的感情基调到正的感情基调的一个转折。 情感基调：正)

In many ways, these efforts succeeded. Yes, terrible wars have been fought, and atrocities committed. But there has been no Third World War. The Cold War ended with jubilant crowds dismantling a wall. Commerce has stitched much of the world together. Billions have been lifted from poverty. The ideals of liberty and self-determination, equality and the rule of law have haltingly advanced. We are the heirs of the fortitude and foresight of generations past, and it is a legacy for which my own country is rightfully proud.
(段落小结：承接上段的叙述，顺势开始列举美国对于近代和平作出的具体贡献。其间，还包含了一个小小的让步，不过依然是为了后面更加强有力的支撑美国的功绩而存在的。 情感基调：正)

(文章小结：这是文章开头9段，除去作为演讲开头的第一段，其缜密流畅、层层递进、步步为营的行文让人为之叹服。且看，第二段一上来便是一个让步，从一个并不是很核心的地方回应了广泛的反对声，这个让步不容不痒。相反，其间提到的历史名人和千千万万个普通的为和平而战的人们的例子，使得人们开始接受他。接着第三段，便顺势从一个侧面浅浅的触及到战争问题，便马上转折，使得本段落脚到美国战争的正义性。当这个时候，人们打算开始反驳的时候，他又一个让步，承认了现状，并且提出了问题，让反对的人们平静下来。接着的一段，引领了下面的极端内容：开始按照时间的顺序论述战争的发展。先是纯粹的站在第三者的角度，论述战争的产生，而后自然引出“正义之战”的定义(其为作者主要的立论点，也是两个矛盾体的融合点)，而后又是让步，其为以退为进。接着渐渐地开始感情偏正，开始递进，开始提及直到列举其国家在近代战争与和平问题上给人类做出的贡献。感情基调正负交错，一次次的让步，却其实是层层递进的深入和为自己后面的理论铺路。后文的论述，我相信同样的精彩！)

showkidUID: 2427308

Obama’s Acceptance of Nobel Peace Prize in Oslo （part2）

And yet, a decade into a new century, this old architecture is buckling under the weight of new threats. The world may no longer shudder at the prospect of war between two nuclear superpowers, but proliferation may increase the risk of catastrophe. Terrorism has long been a tactic, but modern technology allows a few small men with outsized rage to murder innocents on a horrific scale.
(段落小结：在上面论述了美国所带来的和平的近代之后，又一个转折。开始提及了本文所真正要讨论的问题：现在的和平情况。一个TS开头综述原有的构架正在受到威胁。而后又是两个句型极其相似的句子：让步+but+强调内容。)

Moreover, wars between nations have increasingly given way to wars within nations. The resurgence of ethnic or sectarian conflicts; the growth of secessionist movements, insurgencies, and failed states -- all these things(一连串的名词短语作主语，很漂亮~) have increasingly trapped civilians in unending chaos. In today’s wars, many more civilians are killed than soldiers; the seeds of future conflict are sown, economies are wrecked, civil societies torn asunder, refugees amassed, children scarred. (并列的短语结构，用以描述场景、现状，很值得学习)
(段落小结：更进一步说现在的和平状况：民族之间的冲突。)

I do not bring with me today a definitive solution to the problems of war. What I do know is that meeting these challenges will require the same vision, hard work, and persistence of those men and women who acted so boldly decades ago. And it will require us to think in new ways about the notions of just war and the imperatives of a just peace.
(段落小结：首先让步，而后又转折，即：” I do not…What I do … ” 引出后面自己主张的出发点：just war & just peace)

We must begin by acknowledging the hard truth: We will not eradicate violent conflict in our lifetimes. There will be times when nations -- acting individually or in concert -- will find the use of force not only necessary but morally justified.
(段落小结：接着上面的论述，提出了一个现实：We will not eradicate violent conflict in our lifetimes.进而引出了自己真正的主张：find the use of force not only necessary but morally justified. 至此，才真正的道出了其主张的核心出发点！)

I make this statement mindful of what Martin Luther King Jr. said in this same ceremony years ago: “Violence never brings permanent peace. It solves no social problem: it merely creates new and more complicated ones.” As someone who stands here as a direct consequence of Dr. King’s life work, I am living testimony to the moral force of non-violence. I know there’s nothing weak -- nothing passive -- nothing naïve -- in the creed and lives of Gandhi and King.
(段落小结：提出出发点后，马上让步，从自己出发点最大的弱点出发，开始为自己做补充。)

But as a head of state sworn to protect and defend my nation, I cannot be guided by their examples alone. I face the world as it is, and cannot stand idle in the face of threats to the American people. For make no mistake: Evil does exist in the world. A non-violent movement could not have halted Hitler’s armies. Negotiations cannot convince al Qaeda’s leaders to lay down their arms. To say that force may sometimes be necessary is not a call to cynicism -- it is a recognition of history; the imperfections of man and the limits of reason.
(段落小结：让步之后，又是转折。开始为自己的立场做辩驳，并用基地组织和希特勒的例子来支撑。)

I raise this point, I begin with this point because in many countries there is a deep ambivalence about military action today, no matter what the cause. And at times, this is joined by a reflexive suspicion of America, the world’s sole military superpower.
(段落小结：本段可悲看为一个小小的总结，提示前文的叙述的出发点和背景。由于这里的提到的背景是被动的，即：美国现在的种种军事行动受到很大的非议。所以亦可被看为让步。)

But the world must remember that it was not simply international institutions -- not just treaties and declarations -- that brought stability to a post-World War II world. Whatever mistakes we have made, the plain fact is this: The United States of America has helped underwrite global security for more than six decades with the blood of our citizens and the strength of our arms. The service and sacrifice of our men and women in uniform has promoted peace and prosperity from Germany to Korea, and enabled democracy to take hold in places like the Balkans. We have borne this burden not because we seek to impose our will. We have done so out of enlightened self-interest -- because we seek a better future for our children and grandchildren, and we believe that their lives will be better if others’ children and grandchildren can live in freedom and prosperity.
(段落小结：让步之后又是马上的转折！开始强调，美国的贡献和其主张正义的本性。并且同时用具体的军事行动来强调美国之前战争的正义性和必要性)

So yes, the instruments of war do have a role to play in preserving the peace. And yet this truth must coexist with another -- that no matter how justified, war promises human tragedy. The soldier’s courage and sacrifice is full of glory, expressing devotion to country, to cause, to comrades in arms. But war itself is never glorious, and we must never trumpet it as such.
(段落小结：承接上段提到的种种正义之战的美好的结果，又一次重申了自己的观点：the instruments of war do have a role to play in preserving the peace.同样，在每次重申自己的观点之后，为了保证自己观点的客观和全面性，总是会让步。)

So part of our challenge is reconciling these two seemingly inreconcilable truths -- that war is sometimes necessary, and war at some level is an expression of human folly. Concretely, we must direct our effort to the task that President Kennedy called for long ago. “Let us focus,” he said, “on a more practical, more attainable peace, based not on a sudden revolution in human nature but on a gradual evolution in human institutions.” A gradual evolution of human institutions.
(段落小结：接着，先是总结出了当前要处理的主要问题。而后，以自己上文中娓娓道来的出发点和基本观点，并且以名言应用的形式开始提出了较为明确的目。为后文引出自己的具体措施，做好了完美的铺陈。)