GRE正文论证方法---新东方童玲老师课件分享

paziaUID: 2782936

由于级别限制只能粘贴上传，无附件，大家粘贴到Word 里面就可以 了这是2010年新东方童玲老师课件中的部分，若有转载请注明，感谢童玲老师O(∩_∩)O~



论证方法(reasons/examples) §
1. 引用权威(authority):即将自己的观点通过权威的引言表述出来。§
Confucius, a great thinker in ancient China, once said, “No parking here.”§
注意: 人名也可杜撰, 但要有一定的长度和可信度(如Nicolas, Wentworth, Alexander) §
注意: 引用公认的权威语言，但不是简单的重复，而需要对权威引言进行意义阐发以体现自己的perspective.
§
Travelling tends to magnify all human emotions. 旅行会扩展人类所有的情感. (Peter Hoeg)§
The world is a book, and those who do not travel read only a page. (St. Augustine) §
Travel, in the younger sort, is a part of education, in the elder, a part of experience. He that travels into a country, before he has some entrance into the language, goes to school, and not to travel. §
主题句: Traveling is fun. The physical world is laden with a host of such delights that we humans are compelled to experience firsthand—as tourists. §
扩展句: 在美国的大峡谷游玩或在澳洲的大堡礁潜水和在电视或网络上观看不是一回事; 在瑞士阿尔卑斯滑雪或在苏格兰高地呼吸新鲜空气一定要亲身去感受; 与中国公民握手或品尝亚马孙河边友好的土著人的烹调手艺都离不开旅行. §
Hiking the Grand Canyon in the United States or scuba diving around the Great Barrier Reef(大堡礁) in Australia is not the same as watching it on television or the Internet. Snow skiing in the Swiss Alps or breathing in the fresh air of the Scottish Highlands must be personally experienced to be enjoyed. §
Shaking hands with a local Chinese villager in his own home or tasting the cooking of a friendly tribesman along the Amazon River simply cannot be done without traveling. Technology only increases the knowledge that is easily available, it cannot dampen the enthusiasm in those that love to travel. §
结论句: The information technology age will likely drive more people to tourism through the sheer increase in information available to the average person. The more countries and regions that an individual can become familiar with, the greater the possibility that he or she will find a place that he or she would like to visit in person. §
1948年,梁思成在清华大学作了<<半个人的时代>>的演讲,针对文理分家的现象提出, 只懂技术(technology),不谙人文(humanity), 是空心人; 侈谈人文, 不晓科技, 是边缘人(fringe of the society). §
2. 类比法(analogy): 用已知的、熟悉的事物同未知的、不熟悉的事物加以比较，并用前者的情况解释后者。§
纵向类比：过去的事物同现在的、同一类事物的类比§
横向类比：同一时期、同一类事物之间的类比§
比喻类比：不同事物之间的类比.§
be similar to; be parallel to; like; as §
e.g. It is more important to allocate money for immediate, existing social problems than to spend it on long-term research that might help future generation. §
3. 常识或因果法(common sense or cause-effect): 将一个论断放入一个因果关系中或利用人们的普遍常识(价值观、动机等）进行论证。§
外在—内在§
现象—本质 §
e.g. The
video camera provides such an accurate and convincing record of contemporary life that it has become a more important form of documentation than written records. §
正：一份图像纪录通常比一份书面纪录更为准确和令人信服. 因为Video camera 是有完美记忆的客观证人. 所以他们能在法律程序中扮演一个重要证据的角色. 例如涉及抢劫, 警察渎职, 车辆违章的案件中. 飓风或海啸的书面描述就不能像一个图像纪录一样传递其即刻的爆发力和可怕的属性. §
A video record is usually more accurate and more convincing than a written record. Video surveillance cameras are objective witnesses with perfect memories. Thus, they can play a vital evidentiary role in legal proceedings—such as those involving robbery, police misconduct, motor vehicle violations. Indeed, when ever moving images are central to an event the video camera is superior to the written record. A written description of a hurricane or tsumani cannot convey its immediate power and awesome nature like a video camera. §
4. 例证法（example）：轶闻趣事、历史典故、甚至是本人的亲身经历，只要是典型、有代表性和说服力都是好的例子。 §
转播所有政府程序会引发负面的影响, 这方面的例子是美国对所指控的谋杀者, 前美全国联赛超级明星O.J. Simpson的审判. 审判全程直播, 成为媒体一大焦点, 在整个进程中吸引了全国的注意力. 电视镜头的存在以及密集的媒体报道效果致使这场审判史无前例, 严重影响到这次审判的正常进程. 参与者在镜头面前装腔作势, 根本不专注于手头应做的工作. 许多人认为, 很大程度上由于电视的缘故, 在这场特定的审判中, 正义并未得到申张. §
One example of the possible negative effects of televising all governmental proceedings was the trial in the United States of accused murderer and former National Football League superstar O. J. Simpson. The trial was televised and became a huge media spectacle, captivating the nation’s attention during the entire trial. §
The presence of television cameras and the effect of the intense media coverage led to a trial like no other, and adversely affected the natural progression of the trial. The participants played to the camera rather than focusing on the task at hand. Largely because of television, many people would argue that justice was not served during this particular trial. §
e.g. 课本41页第194题§
Recurring themes are discernible in the annals of history(历史总在重演). There was such a farmer in the State of Song. When he found that the crops thrived in the neighboring field, he wanted to help his own crops to grow faster and stronger. §
Instead of doing the field management including fertilization and irrigation, he plucked up all the crops a bit. Returning home, he said to his family proudly, “I
am exhausted today, but I helped every crop grow taller.” His son heard about this and immediately ran out to the field, hoping to find out what measures had been taken by his father. Unfortunately，he only saw the leaves of the crops began to wither. §
结论句: From ancient times to the present, there have been many people similar to the farmer in the story. Being too anxious to help an event to develop often results in the contrary to our intent, or even doing harm to society and ourselves. §
5. 数据统计法（statistics）：提供数据，以资论证。数据的引用或杜撰通常不能太绝对太精确, 即绝对值不能太夸张, 可以通过相对值的变化来进行论证. §
Estimated occurrences of domestic violence range from 960,000 incidents of violence against a current or former spouse, boyfriend, or girlfriend per year to three million women who are physically abused by their husband or boyfriend per year. Nearly one-third of American women(31%) report being physically abused by a husband or boyfriend at some point in their lives, according to a 1998 Commonwealth Fund survey. In 2001, women accounted for 85% of the victims of intimate partner violence(588,490 total) and men accounted for approximately 15% of the victims(103,220 total). §
6. 定义法：界定一个概念的关键内涵，或者认定某个事物符合某个定义，从而得出结论。§
e.g. The reputation of anyone who is subjected to media scrutiny will eventuallybe diminished。§
任何一个受到媒体关注的人，其名声终将受损。 §
反：原题陈述涵盖面过于宽泛. anyone定义模糊。§
分论点1: 诚然, 名流政客由于其身份的特殊性, 易受媒体的关注与攻击. 如果是普通人如新生婴儿, 情况会如何? 或是一个过去完全不为人知的人呢？what about new-born babies? And what about people whose past is entirely unknown? §
分论点2: 如果是关于英雄人物的正面报道, 其结果会如何? Is the media coverage of the heroic death of a firefighter in the line of duty ever going to diminish that person’s reputation?§
分论点3：如果某人早就声名狼藉，结果会怎样呢？ §
一个人的名声受媒体毁损的可能性,与其所拥有的臭名昭著的程度及其行为的令人厌恶程度成正比.§
The likelihood of a diminished reputation from the media rises proportionally with the level of notoriety that an individual possesses and the outrageousness of that person’s behavior. §
反: 对于这样一个笼统的陈述而言, 它的另一个问题是没有清晰界定媒体关注的意图(intention),具体程度(define the particular level of media scrutiny)和时间长短. §
7. 反证法（reduction to absurdity）：假设一个观点是正确的，然而却推导出荒谬的结论。 §
反：贬低了物种的重要性, 并忽略了地球上所有物种在我们环境中所共同构建的各种错综复杂的平衡关系.§
minimize the importance of a species§
ignore the intricate balances that all species on earth contribute to in our environment §
如果采取这种绝对的观点, 即挽救某一物种需要付出巨大努力, 则人类让这一物种趋于自然灭绝应该说不无其合理性. 那么试想一下: 美丽的孔雀可用于欣赏, 除此之外还能有别的用途吗?伤人性命的老虎狮子, 我们又该如何处置呢?在美国, 鳄鱼攻击过人类, 我们为何还要努力去保护它们呢?答案是不证自明的, 那就是, 这些物种的消失会减少物种的多样性. 而人类不能作为孤立的物种生存在这个星球上, 某一物种今日的灭绝可能会导致将来无法想象的负面效果, 人类或许无权决定任一物种的相对重要性.

drm-33UID: 2759202

thx