[1010G]Economist阅读帖--决战2010---by elevenkar

elevenkarUID: 2791267

第一次debate（5）
The opposition's closing remarks
David Sandalow
Let's talk about Google. Amar Bhidé questions government's role.
Google's founders can speak for themselves. In 1998, Sergey Brin and Larry Page published a paper that begins: "In this paper, we present Google, a prototype of a large-scale search engine…" At page 16, Brin and Page write that their research was "supported by the National Science Foundation", with funding "also provided by DARPA and NASA". All three are government agencies. The paper makes for fascinating reading, for reasons related and unrelated to this debate.
Prof. Bhidé invokes Isaac Newton and other great figures from history, asserting that none received government grants. Yes, an apple tree may have been sufficient infrastructure for scientific discovery in the 17th century. Today, a linear accelerator is needed in some fields. Satellites and supercomputers are needed in others. Government funding—beyond the "least" amount possible—makes advances in those fields much more likely.
Furthermore, no one is arguing that all innovation depends on government funding. Knowledge has certainly been created without government support. The motion asks, instead, whether "innovation works best when government does least". The answer is no, because government has unique capabilities and a full toolbox for helping spur the innovative process.
Prof. Bhidé's most interesting argument involves Minitel, the French government-owned monopoly that launched an online service in the early 1980s, before the World Wide Web. Minitel was a success at first, providing French customers with online services unavailable to Americans at the time. Then it floundered in the 1990s, in the face of competition from the internet.
However, Prof. Bhidé draws the wrong lesson from this tale. Minitel was a monopoly. Its story stands mainly for the proposition that monopolies, public or private, do not innovate well. For example AT&T, a private telephone monopoly in the United States, once required its customers to use rotary phones leased from the company. Customers had two options: white or black. Then starting in 1968, other companies were allowed to compete in this market. Not only did the types of phones available increase dramatically, but innovative devices such as modems emerged.
And who has an important role in breaking up monopolies, thereby unleashing innovation? The government. Let us hope the government doesn't do the "least" when it comes to trust-busting.
The economic case for innovation is overwhelming. Innovation plays a central role in productivity growth and wealth creation. How can government best promote it?
First, by protecting property rights. Intellectual property protection and a stable legal system are the bedrock on which much innovation rests. If we were committed to government doing only the "least", we would stop here.
But government can do much more. How else can government help?
Second, by investing in education. An educated citizenry is the fertile soil from which innovation grows. As Prof. Bhidé correctly argued in his opening statement, this means training young people not just in math, but also in how to think independently and work collaboratively. Providing this education is a classic government function, one for which there are outsized benefits from government spending.
Third, by investing in basic research. For many research tasks, the payout is too long, benefits too dispersed and the scale too large for the private sector. When government steps in, returns can be huge. In the 1980s, for example, the US Department of Energy supported research into recovering natural gas from shale formations. Few companies were interested. But that research led to innovations that are now transforming the natural gas sector in the United States and around the world.
Fourth, by ensuring that social returns are reflected in investment decisions. Public companies have fiduciary responsibilities to their shareholders. In most cases their primary mission is not to clean the air, prevent climate disruption or pursue other public objectives. Governments have a responsibility to promote the public interest, steering capital toward innovations with high social returns.  
Fifth, by protecting public safety, giving consumers the confidence to try innovative products. We expect our vehicles, food and pharmaceuticals to be safe and criticise government regulators if they fail to detect problems. This standard-setting role not only protects the public, it promotes innovation by giving consumers confidence in innovative products.
Sixth, by providing consumers with reliable information.
Seventh, by purchasing output from innovators, helping innovative products scale.

Eighth, by building infrastructure on which innovators depend (such as interstate highways and electric transmission grids). The list goes on.
Will government sometimes make mistakes? Of course. So does the private sector. Innovation is about taking risks. There may be times when government should do less, but there will never be a time when it should do the "least". Government has unique and powerful abilities to promote innovation. We should recognise and embrace them.
It has been almost 45 years since Bob Taylor first convinced his bosses at DARPA, a government agency, to invest in a new idea for computer communications. That led to the internet and, eventually, to The Economist online. It led to the clever managers of this site combining a classic debate format with 21st-century technologies and, in turn, to our discussion today. Many thanks to The Economist, to Prof. Bhidé and especially to all of you reading this dialogue.

Winner announcement
Mr Vijay V. Vaitheeswaran  
Dear readers, it has certainly been a thrilling ride this past week. Even by the standards of our heated online debates, our current one on the government's role in innovation has proved fiery. With every thrust and parry of the debaters swung the pendulum, and the outcome remained uncertain until the very last moment.
What is the reason for this? One might be that our intellectual heavyweights were equally matched. They both certainly proved aggressive combatants, drawing cleverly from academic theory, economic history and very fine-grained business cases to bolster their arguments. The better explanation, though, may be the one offered by our expert commentator John Kao (whom this newspaper declared to be "Mr Innovation" in a Face Value column a decade ago). Mr Kao pointed out the fundamental dilemma: "Government has an inevitable role in shaping innovation. At the same time, we would be right not to trust omniscient technocrats." Perhaps this wise observation explains the split vote.
Amar Bhidé did a fine job defending the motion, and David Sandalow argued well against the motion. In the end, the house was evenly divided over whether innovation works best when government does least. Congratulations to both debaters, and thanks to you, our readers, for participating in this vigorous battle of wits.
monopoly
n.垄断, 专卖垄断权, 专利权
tale
n.故事传言; 谣言
rotary
adj.旋转的, 转动的
intellectual property
n.知识产权
bedrock
n.牢固基础, 基本事实; 基本原则基岩
fiduciary
n.被信托者,受托人
v.基于信用的,信托的,受信托的
steer
vt. & vi.驾驶, 掌舵
pharmaceuticals
n.医药品
thrust
vt. & vi.猛推, 猛塞刺, 戳
parry
n.挡开, 避开, 闪避
vt.挡开, 避开, 闪开(打击、武器)
pendulum
n.摆, 钟摆摇摆不定的事态(或局面)
heavyweight
n.特别重的人或物要人, 重要的人物
combatant
adj.战斗的, 搏斗的
n.战斗员, 格斗者
bolster
n.长枕, 垫枕
vt.给予必要的支持, 鼓励
omniscient
adj.无所不知的

elevenkarUID: 2791267

呵呵，你说的我好害羞啊～
大家互相学习！
14# whiteout

elevenkarUID: 2791267

It was a magic moment. Management consultant Stephen Ferris was at the flip chart, summing up the brainstorming outburst, when he told the senior officials of Com Dev International Inc., "What you're saying is that you want to go out and beat Hughes." Beat Hughes.

The two words galvanized the room. Hughes Aircraft Co. was Com Dev's largest supplier but it was also a stiff business competitor. Managers began to get up from their chairs and pace excitedly. Everyone was alive with ideas, throwing out suggestions on how that strategy could be implemented. The two words were now rich with detail, subtlety, and complexity.

But when it came time to roll out the mission to the wider staff of the Cambridge ON-based aerospace manufacturer, two words were not sufficient because the slogan disguised the complexity ahead. Employees were initially perplexed by how they fit into the strategy.

What could they do, in their tiny jobs, to beat Hughes?

That tension（紧张的局势） between complexity and simplicity pervades our lives. As the world becomes more and more complex--as we are bombarded with increasing information and technological demands--a corresponding drive（动力决心） for simplicity has emerged in our personal lives, work, politics, government, and the media. We live in an age of sound bites, from voice mail and E-mail to television advertising and news stories. Complex business and government issues--from workplace reorganization to the megacity--are throttled down to a catchy slogan, symbol, mission statement or stereotype in order to be communicated to, and be accepted by, an ill-informed-but-information-besieged citizenry. We succumb to fads and false messiahs, eroding our faith in our leaders（侵蚀我们自己对领导的信息） and our very system of government.
（这一段的观点是：世界变得复杂，把我们逼得想变得简单。各项围绕我们生活的食物由于要迎合这样的趋势而“简化”自己。但其实是我们屈服于一时的流行，侵蚀自己对政府和领导的信心）
Liss Jeffrey, executive director of the McLuhan Program in Culture and Technology at the University of Toronto, calls it the Dumb and Dumber era. Then, switching movies (how better to grapple with complexity than through the simplicity of movie themes?) she points to Forrest Gump as a fable for our complex times: a simple person who is at the centre of history and manages heroic achievements.

Sandy Cotton, who teaches leadership at the Queen's University business school, notes that the most successful American president of recent times was Ronald Reagan, a man who was in the early stages of Alzheimer's when he took office: "And what did he do? He told simple stories. Carter and Nixon were smart. Johnson was the ultimate political animal. They didn't do as well."（好例子 o(∩_∩)o…）
（其实没看懂最后几段的论证到底要说明什么。倒数第三段明明是在说简化带来的危害，而后两段又开始论证简化的好处）
flip chart
n.活动挂图,配套挂图
outburst
n.(蒸汽, 怒气等的)爆发, 突发
pace
n.步速; 计划进度一步, 步子溜蹄, 步法
vt.以步测量, 步测为…定步速
vt. & vi.踱步于, 走动
subtlety
n.细微, 精细, 巧妙, 灵巧, 诡诈细微的差别等
slogan
n.标语, 口号, 广告语
roll out
n.铺开; 碾平滔滔不绝地讲出来; 发出洪亮的声音起床滚了出来
perplexed
adj.困惑的; 糊涂的
pervade
vt.遍及; 弥漫
bombard
vt.炮击, 轰炸, 攻击; 连珠炮般地提问
sound bite
n.(新闻采访的)原声摘要播出
megacity
n.(人口超过100万的)大城市
throttle down
n.(把风门,油门关小以)减低速度;减缓(发展等)
catchy
adj.(曲调、歌曲)容易记住的
stereotype
n.老套, 模式化的见解, 有老一套固定想法的人
vt.把…模式化, 使成陈规
ill-informed
adj.消息不灵通的,所知不多的
besiege
v.包围,围绕,使烦恼
citizenry
n.公民成市民(集合称)
succumb to
n.屈服于
fad
n.流行的时尚、爱好、狂热等
switching
n.开关;转换;交换;配电;配电系统;整流
fable
n.寓言神话, 传说

又掉色了。。。为何每过一段时间就要发下病？？？

duijinxiaoziUID: 2585955

如果把倒数第2段的fable理解为“谎言”。
最后1段，举的例子：里根那个呆子，居然被认为最好。（嘲讽的语气）
那么，后3段，都是认为过度的simplicity，让人们丧失了思考，是不太好的。
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
支持下认真的MM。

elevenkarUID: 2791267

这跟上一帖其实是出自一篇文章， 但是是从不同的方面论证了主题。上一帖的部分写得很精彩，而这一部分学完后我觉得没什么过人之处啦～
Of course, all of that is simplistic. So is the notion that we live in an age of unparalleled complexity.（这就是下半部分的分论点，我们的生活过渡复杂化了。之后作者引证了一群教授的观点，分别从电脑的使用，电视的使用，手机短信的干扰等方面说明自己的观点。觉得文风过于闲散了，句与句之间的逻辑不是很紧密，学习其中的例子，但是写法不能这样。）

Donald Swainson, a Queen's University historian, notes that the structure of government and its finances are significantly more complex today than in the past. But he doubts government has ever faced a more complex challenge than mobilizing this country for two world wars: In the First World War, the Imperial Munitions Board under Joseph Flavelle controlled 600 munitions factories in Canada. "I don't think French-English relations are more complicated than they were after the hanging of Louis Riel. I don't think we have more complicated scandals than the Pacific Scandal [of 1873]," he adds.

Michael Bliss, a University of Toronto historian, is also wary of oversimplifying today's complexity. He is working on a biography of a workaholic neurosurgeon of the 1920s who needed four secretaries to keep up with him. "Life was simpler for all of us when we were eight. We have to guard against that feeling when looking at today," he says.

At the same time, society today is undeniably more complex, with more dimensions to life and an expanded cultural pluralism. Governments are confronted by far more interest groups. The debate on free trade in the 1980s wasn't much different from the debates of the past, but the legislation was far more complex because today's economy is much more complex. And Prof. Bliss feels that complexity in his own life. At the university, the tradition of the faculty taking afternoon tea together has disappeared: Everybody's too busy. "For me, as a professor of Canadian history, there is 20 times as much to read as when Donald Creighton taught Canadian history. It's staggering when you get up to lecture, as you know you can only skim the surface of all the material out there. But the lectures are still only 50 minutes," he says.

Almost everybody feels that tension. Too much beckons, clamoring to be read, understood, and responded to. And much of it is complex. Michael Cobden, a professor of journalism at the University of King's College in Halifax, felt bewildered when he watched recent television commercials for Corel Suite software, unable to fathom what they were. And unlike many people, Prof. Cobden stresses, he has a basic computer literacy, using E-mail and the World Wide Web. He points to the information on RRSPs and mutual funds as being similarly overwhelming in their complexity.

"It's intimidating. There's an immense amount of frustration, indignation, and fear in the public--a sense of being left on The Out," he says. "And you can only deal with that through anger or defiance: 'I refuse to learn about the computer or mutual funds.'"

Inevitably, one company has even seized upon that discomfiture. First Canadian Funds, operated by the Bank of Montreal, is advertising its 24 mutual funds under the slogan: "It doesn't have to be complicated." A survey it conducted found that 38 per cent of Canadians feel that mutual-fund investing is more complicated than the usual standard for intolerable complexity in the modern world--programming a VCR. An additional 11 per cent complain that "it's a complete nightmare." Through 10 simple multiple-choice questions, the bank's Matchmaker service lines people up with the funds that have the correct attributes for each investor. In the last year, more than 100,000 people have used the service, investing $750 million.

Ms. Jeffrey of the McLuhan Program notes that the great communications advance of the 1990s, E-mail, reflects the drive for simplicity. E-Mail messages are supposed to be very short. If you write long messages, you feel guilty. And, she predicts, they will get shorter as Internet time in the future becomes metered.

She encounters people who are rebelling against the relentlessness of the information society by refusing to learn how to use an automatic-teller machine or a computer. Time has become our most precious commodity, she says, with people constantly claiming they can't find any free time, yet the statistics show they pass great gobs of their life watching television.

"TV time is vegging time. It's a response to the information overload," Ms. Jeffrey says. "You're not dealing with things: you're semicomatose." Or you're doing two things at the same time; watching television and reading a report from the office or helping the kids with homework.

EDS Canada president and CEO Sheelagh Whittaker, who will be speaking on Flourishing in Complexity as part of a Chatelaine Women of Influence luncheon series, finds that "The major difficulty today is that communications are so intrusive." She recall laying down recently after dinner and checking her voice mail to find 15 messages, 10 of which demanded an immediate response. Voice mail and E-mail, she feels, are actually highly personal and people who deal with you through them assume they have a right of access that will lead to an immediate response: "They are talking directly to you."

unparalleled
adj.无比的, 无双的, 空前的
be wary of
v.提防
workaholic
n.工作第一的人,专心工作的人
dimensions
n.规模;尺寸规格
pluralism
n.多元主义, 多元文化(尤指在教会中的)兼职, 兼任
clamour
n.喧哗声, 喧闹大声的要求或抗议
vi.喧哗; 吵闹大声地要求或抗议
beckon
vt. & vi.(用头或手的动作)示意, 召唤
bewilder
vt.使迷惑, 使难住
fathom
n.英寻
vt.理解…的真意, 搞懂, 弄清楚
computer literacy
n.计算机常识
defiance
n.违抗, 挑衅的态度; 蔑视
mutual fund
n.〈美〉共有基金(一种投资公司形式)
indignation
n.愤怒, 愤慨, 气愤
be left
v.被遗弃
discomfit
vt.使为难, 使狼狈, 使窘迫使挫折, 阻碍挫败, 阻挠
intrusive
adj.闯入的, 打扰的
relentless
adj.残酷的, 不留情的, 无怜悯心的

elevenkarUID: 2791267

debate 2
opening statement

The moderator's opening remarks

Is Germany a euro-saint or a euro-sinner? Amid the wreckage of the global financial crisis the German economy is looking pretty good. To be sure, last year's 5% plunge in GDP was even bigger than average among rich countries. But unemployment has not risen much and, though Germany turned on the fiscal taps to douse the crisis, its budget deficit looks less horrific than many. With world trade now picking up, Germany's twin virtues of competitiveness and a commitment to fiscal discipline look like a good formula for a sustainable economic recovery. If only Greece were as saintly, the euro would not be in such trouble today. So runs the case for Germany's economic canonisation.

Or you could say that the paragon is in fact a fraud. Germany's apparent success consists of piling up(堆积，积累) current-account surpluses that cannot last. They have come about largely because employers and the government have beaten down German wage-earners, making exports more competitive and suppressing imports. The consequence is offsetting current-account deficits for countries like Greece, Spain, Portugal and Italy, which are threatening to bring Europe's 11-year experiment with a single currency to a premature(比预期时间早的) and traumatic(创伤的) end. Far from doing its bit to(尽一份力) correct the imbalances, Germany proposes to worsen them by tightening fiscal policy, which will depress domestic demand and thus imports, making the strains within the euro group still worse. On this view Germany is accessorised not with a halo but with a pitchfork.(多好的句子啊~)

To argue this out The Economist has invited two economists who are as learned and thoughtful as they are pugilistic. Heiner Flassbeck, the motion's defender, is one of Germany's leading Keynesian economists. As a top official in the German finance ministry under Oskar Lafontaine, he pushed for a co-ordinated Europe-wide economic and fiscal policy. After Mr Lafontaine quit in 1999, Mr Flassbeck became chief economist of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development in Geneva. He is the author of “Gescheitert: Warum die Politik vor der Wirtschaft kapituliert”, which contends that politicians brought about economic disaster by surrendering to narrow commercial interests.

Michael Hüther, it is safe to say(不妨这样说), has a friendlier (friendly还有这样的比较级啊…) take on the influence of business. He is director of the business-financed Institut der deutschen Wirtschaft Köln, which provides much of the intellectual firepower for the advocacy of pro-market(查出一个”主供市场经济”的意思,觉得不好~) policies in Germany. Through articles, speeches and the torrent of research over which he presides, Mr Hüther is one of the leading explicators(诠释者) of Germany's astonishing resilience as a top exporter of manufactures and a champion of the German business model.

Their clash is not just about the wisdom of Germany's economic policies but about the fate of the single currency and, indeed, the evolution of the world economy as a whole. Relish it, learn from it and by all means take part in it

词汇：
Plunge(猛跌，骤降)
paragon(模范)
traumatic(创伤的)
presides(主持,主管)
canonisation.(正典,追封为圣者)
piling up(堆积，积累)
wage-earners(工薪阶层)
premature(比预期时间早的)
Geneva.（日内瓦[瑞士城市]
Amid the wreckage of
To be sure
picking up(“增加”的native表达)
twin virtues of
doing its bit to(尽一份力)
friendlier (friendly还有这样的比较级啊…)
intellectual firepower
the torrent of
explicators(诠释者)

Is Germany a euro-saint or a euro-sinner?
it is safe to say(不妨这样说)

Their clash is not just about the wisdom of Germany's economic policies but about the fate of the single currency and, indeed, the evolution of the world economy as a whole.

Relish it, learn from it and by all means take part in it(这人的文笔真是好啊!)

elevenkarUID: 2791267

觉得做economist上的commentary对观点的形成和事例的针对性积累的效用没有北美来的迅速～
可能主要还是自己水平不够，看economist很吃力。所以为了迅速提高自己的写作水平，决定要认真的读读北美。当然会坚持看economist，只是当作泛读材料，如果碰到合适的，还是会精读作commentary的。 今天开始我要保证每天做两篇北美的commentary，大家监督！

130(1+1类)
"How children are socialized today determines the destiny of society. （1）Unfortunately, we have not yet learned how to raise children who can help bring about a better society." （2）
以上题目中是两句平行的观点，并不是1——》2的类型，在破题时，建议写作方式是：分别针对每句发表观点。
本文结构：
开头
对两个论断都不完全同意
正文
1 对第一个论断的同意
2对第一个论断的不同意。从三个例子说明了三方面的不同意
3对第二个论断的不同意。用多个排比例子证明多方面的不同意
结尾
总结各方原因，重申自己的观点

I find the speaker's dual claim to be specious on both counts. The claim that society's destiny hinges on how children are socialized, while appealing in some respects, is an over-statement at best. And the claim that
we have not yet learned how to raise children who can better society is poorly supported by empirical evidence.
：
Consider first the speaker's assertion that society's destiny depends on how children are socialized. I concede that（之后全是在说有多么的支持作者的观点） unless a child is allowed sufficient opportunities for healthy interaction with peers, that child is likely to grow into an ineffectual, perhaps even an anti-social, adult. To witness healthy socialization in action, one need look no further than the school playground, where children learn to negotiate, cooperate, and assert themselves in a respectful manner, and where they learn about the harmful results of bullying and other anti-social behavior. These lessons help children grow up to be good citizens and effective leaders, as well as tolerant and respectful members of society.

However, socialization is only one factor influencing the extent to which an individual will ultimately contribute to a better society. And in my observation it is not the most important one.（之后便开始说自己为何并不完全同意作者的观点了）
Consider certain prominent leaders who have contributed profoundly to a better society. Mahatma Gandhi's contributions sprang primarily from the courage of his inner convictions, in spite of his proper socialization among genteel Indian society and, as a law student, among British society. Martin Luther King's contribution was primarily the result of his strong religious upbringing, which had more to do with parental influence than with socialization. An even more remarkable modern example was Theodore Roosevelt, whose social and physical development were both stunted by life-threatening physical infirmities during his childhood. In spite of his isolation, odd manner and aloofness throughout his early life, Roosevelt ascended to a social-activist presidency by means of his will to overcome physical infirmities, his voracious appetite for knowledge, and his raw intellect. （我觉得这个例子用的最好，因为这里很明显的阐明罗斯福确实是没有socialized的，类似的例子还有哥白尼，梵高。但是以上用到的都是政界的例子，我觉得不够有说服度。但是他的三个排比下来的例子分别说到了：先天智能，父母影响，个人努力等条件对成为对社会有贡献的人的影响。逻辑还是很严密的。）

Consider next the speaker's claim that we have not yet learned how to raise children who can better society. If we define
a "better" society as
one characterized by greater tolerance of differing viewpoints and people who are different from ourselves, greater respect for individual rights, and greater cooperation across cultural and national boundaries, then the children of the most recent half-century are creating a better society（这一句其实是自己定义作者提到的论点中的关键词，然后通过对自己的定义的阐释而推翻作者的观点） The most recent quarter-century has seen an increasing sensitivity in our society toward ensuring public health by policing the food and drug industries and by protecting our natural environment.（从公共卫生方面论证） We're becoming more sensitive to, and respectful of, the rights of women, various ethnic and racial groups, homosexuals and mentally- and physically-challenged individuals. （从社会的一些时政热点方面论证）The re-emergence of political third parties with decidedly libertarian ideals demonstrates an increasing concern for individual freedoms. And there is ample evidence of increasing international cooperation.（政治方面）
The former Soviet Union and the U.S. have worked collaboratively in space research and exploration since the 1970s; peace-keeping missions are now largely multi-national efforts; and nations are now tackling public health problems collaboratively through joint research programs. In short, the speaker's second claim flies in the face of the empirical evidence, as I see it.
In sum, when it comes to whether a child grows up to contribute to a better society, the key determinant is not socialization but rather some other factor--such as a seminal childhood event, parental influence, raw intelligence, or personal conviction. And, while reasonable people with differing political and social viewpoints might disagree about what makes for a "better" society, in my observation our society is steadily evolving into a more civilized, respectful, and tolerant one. In the final analysis, then, I fundamentally disagree with both aspects of the speaker's dual claim. （此处是对之前的正文段中提到的的所有例证的总结）

。

总体评述：本文行文流畅，逻辑清晰，虽然词汇运用并不是很难，但是说理例证给人感觉精准到位。

好词好句：
+empirical
#adj.以观察或实验为依据的empirical evidence
+assertion
#n.有力的声言或陈词; 坚持强硬陈词; 断言
+ineffectual
#adj.效果不佳的, 无效果的, 不起作用的
+sprang
#n.spring的过去式
+inner conviction
#n.内心确信
+stunt
#n.惊人的表演, 特技, 绝技(广告中)引人注目的花招
#vt.阻碍…发育[生长], 抑制, 妨碍
+ascend to
#n.升至;追溯(到…时间)
+voracious voracious appetite for knowledge
#adj.贪吃的, 狼吞虎咽的贪婪的, 贪得无厌的
+seminal
#adj.种子的, 精液的
对以后发展有巨大影响的seminal childhood event
+fly in the face of
#n.悍然不顾; 公然违抗
+ample evidence
#n.充分证据
+dual
#adj.两部分的, 二体的, 二重的
+hinge on
#n.取决于…, 以…为转移
genteel
Adj 文雅的
有礼貌的
上流社会的
+infirmity
#n.虚弱,衰弱,缺点
+aloofness
#n.超然态度
+reemergence
#n.再度出现
+decidedly
#adv.确实无疑地; 显然坚决地; 果断地
+libertarian
#n.(思想或行动等的)自由论者
+peacekeeping
#adj.维护和平的;执行(或监督)停火协定的
+determinant
#adj.决定物的; 决定因素的
#n.决定物; 决定因素
To witness healthy socialization in action, one need look no further than the school playground, where children learn to negotiate, cooperate, and assert themselves in a respectful manner, and where they learn about the harmful results of bullying and other anti-social behavior.
为了见证健康的社会化操作，人们最应该注意的就是学校的操场，在这里孩子们学者协商、合作并且以恭敬的态度维护自身，同时这里也是他们学会那些像羞辱和反社会行为的是有有害影响的地方

elevenkarUID: 2791267

Issue 214—
"Society should identify those children who have special talents and abilities（1） and begin training them at an early age（2）（前提条件） so that they can eventually excel in their areas of ability（3）. Otherwise, these talents are likely to remain undeveloped."（4）（结果）
（注意其实3和4是一个事物的两个方面）

我的想法：
我的主题段思路：针对（1）造成的（3）进行正面同意一段 ，（1）+（3）反驳一段
针对（2）造成的（3）一段 （2）造成的（4）反驳一段
粗提纲：
第一段：
我同意社会去帮助孩子们找到自己的天赋所在。但是如果说要趁早培养孩子，只有这样他们才能杰出，否则他们的天赋就无法得到发挥，我不敢苟同

第二段具有先天天赋并被很早开始培养，确实对最终的excel有一定能够的帮助。由此法而获得成功的案例非常多，两个常理的排比案例
如朗朗.但必须指出他成功的原因：天时地利人和

第三段
我们必须同时考虑到用什么方法来识别孩子们的特殊才能呢？培训费用由谁来支付呢还有杰出的人总是少数，并非每个人都有特殊才能，如果霸王硬上弓，可能对孩子的身心都不好。

第四段
但是由于孩子自身与社会影响等各方面的因素，社会对他们天赋的发掘和尽早培养不一定会带来成功。“揠苗助长”
失败的案例，宁博
中科大少年班的例子
。原因：社会的特殊对待带来的不利影响：1当人从孩子长大后，各方面成熟，可能会发现自己原来的天赋并不一定是自己真正的“天赋” 2 孩子还在成长期间，特殊对待给予他们作为精英的暗示不利 3
第五段
没有在年少时就受到训练的人的成功的案例

第六段：在纷繁复杂的当今社会，应该如何教育孩子才能让他们拥有一个更加美好的人生一直都存在着巨大的争议。是否应该趁早培养培养孩子而让他们发挥天赋和个人因素存在着巨大的关系，我们不能一言以蔽之。

I agree that we should attempt to identify and cultivate our children's talents. However, in my view the statement goes too far, by suggesting that selected children receive special attention.
（这里其实是将文章的主基调定义在同意（1）将带来好处，而对（2）存在异议）If followed to the letter, this suggestion carries certain social, psychological, and human-rights implications that might turn out to be more harmful than beneficial not just to children but to the entire society.

At first blush the statement appears compelling. Although I am not a student of developmental psychology, my understanding is that unless certain innate talents are nurtured and cultivated during early childhood those talents can remain forever dormant; and both the child and the society stand to lose as a result. After all, how can a child who is musically gifted ever see those gifts come to fruition without access to a musical instrument? Or, how can a child who has a gift for linguistics ever learn a foreign language without at least some exposure to it? Thus I agree with the statement insofar as any society that values its own future well-being must be attentive to its children's talents.

Beyond this concession, however, I disagree with the statement because it seems to recommend that certain children receive special attention at the expense of other children--a recommendation that I find troubling in three respects. First, this policy would require that a society of parents make choices that they surely will never agree upon to begin with---for example, how and on what basis each child's talents should be determined, and what sorts of talents are most worth society's time, attention, and resources. While society's parents would never reach a reasonable consensus on these issues, it would be irresponsible to leave these choices to a handful of legislators and bureaucrats.
After all, they are unlikely to have the best interests of our children in mind, and their choices would be tainted by their own quirky, biased, and otherwise
wrongheaded notions of what constitutes worthwhile talent. Thus the unanswerable question becomes: Who is to make these choices to begin with?

Secondly, a public policy whereby some children receive preferential treatment carries dangerous sociological implications. The sort of selectivity that the statement recommends might tend to split society into two factions: talented elitists and all others. In my view any democratic society should abhor a policy that breeds or exacerbates socioeconomic disparities.

Thirdly, in suggesting that it is in society's best interest to identify especially talented children, the statement assumes that talented children are the ones who are most likely to contribute greatly to the society as adults（这句话说的好）. I find this assumption somewhat dubious, for I see no reason why a talented child, having received the benefit of special attention, might nevertheless be unmotivated to ply those talents in useful ways as an adult. In fact, in my observation many talented people who misuse their talents--in ways that harm the very society that helped nurture those talents.

Finally, the statement ignores the psychological damage that a preferential policy might inflict on all children.
While children selected for special treatment grow to deem themselves superior, those left out feel that they a worth less as a result. I think any astute child psychologist would warn that both types of cases portend psychological trouble later in life. In my view we should favor policies that affirm the self-worth of every child, regardless of his or her talents---or lack thereof. Otherwise, we will quickly devolve into a society of people who cheapen their own humanity.
In the final analysis, when we help our children identify and develop their talents we are all better off. But if we help only some children to develop only some talents, I fear that on balance we will all be worse off.
（本文着重在写special training对社会，对children的伤害，而不一定能够导致成功上）
certain
adj.无疑, 肯定某, 某些
dormant
adj.潜伏的, 蛰服的, 休眠的
stand to lose
n.一定失利
come to fruition
n.成熟
fruition
n.
结果实
完成, 实现
insofar as
#n.至于，就...
insofar
adv.
[通常和 as 连用]到这个程度[范围]; 在...情况下; 在...范围内; 只要...
Insofar as I can say now, I shall come.
目前我只能说我将会来。
I shall do what I can insofar as I am able.
在力所能及的情况下我将尽力而为。
Insofar as possible, our examples will be drawn from Chinese.
在可能范围内, 例证均引自汉语。
attentive
adj.对某人[物]注意的; 留心的; 警惕的
bureaucrat
#n.官僚, 官僚主义者, 官僚作风的人
taint
n.变质或污染的迹象丑陋或腐败的迹象
vt.使变质; 使污染败坏; 玷污; 损害(某人的)名誉
quirky
kwə:ki
#adj.诡诈的,离奇的
wrongheaded
#adj.判断错误的,固执的,坚持错误的
whereby
adv.靠那个; 凭那个; 借以

preferential treatment
#n.优惠待遇
faction
#n.组织中的小派别; 派系
abhor
#vt.憎恶, 厌恶, 讨厌
exacerbate ɪgˈzæsəˌbeɪt
vt.使恶化; 使加重
disparity
n.不同, 不等; 不一致; 悬殊
dubious dju:bjəs
#adj.半信半疑的, 可疑的不可靠的, 冒风险的
ply
plai
n.(毛线、绳等的)股(夹板的)层片
vt. & vi.使用(工具)固定往来经营生意经常供应(食物、饮料), 不断提出(质问), 经常提供(消息等)
misuse
n.用错, 滥用
vt.使用…不当; 把…派作不正当的用途虐待; 滥用
very
adj.正是的极端的
adv.很, 非常, 十分, 极十足, 完全
inflict on
n.(将…)强加于…
astute
adj.机敏的, 精明的
portend
vt.预示, 预兆给…以警告, 预告
devolve
vt. & vi.移交, 转移
cheapen
#vt.减价降低(自己[某事物])的身价; 贬低
be worse off
#n.比以前更穷〔不愉快、不健康〕
better off
n.比较富裕

elevenkarUID: 2791267

Issue 173
"Originality does not mean thinking something that was never thought before; it means putting old ideas together in new ways."

我的提纲：
1 我认为作者笼统的概述所有的创新都不是原创性而是把旧观点的重排与结合存在很大的弊端。其实创新是原创与继承的结合。
2 确实，创新包含了总结前人的经验。如：爱因斯坦 波粒二项性 总结了牛顿和××的观点。二胡的高把位演奏方法的出现。
3但是走大家从来没有走过的路也很重要。
4 重申观点

本文正文段结构
（分领域分析法）
（1）"Originality" is actually variation or synthesis of existing ideas finding its greatest support in linguistics and in law.
（2） in the arts，"new" ideas embrace, apply, or synthesize what came earlier.
（3）In natural sciences some new ideas are original while others put established ideas together in new ways.

Does "originality" mean putting together old ideas in new ways, as the speaker
contends, rather than conjuring up truly new ideas? Although I agree that in various realms of human endeavor, such as linguistics, law, and even the arts, so-called "new" or "original" ideas rarely are. However, when it comes to the physical sciences originality more often entails chartering completely new intellectual territory. 第一段把文章的基调设定为：不同的领域有不同的情况。可以清楚的知道作者使用分领域讨论法。

The notion that so-called "originality" is actually variation or synthesis of existing ideas finds its greatest support in linguistics and in law. 从法律和语言学的角度来看，创新多来自于兼容并包Regarding the former, in spite of the many words in the modern English language that are unique to Western culture, modern English is derived from, and builds upon, a variety of linguistic traditions--and ultimately from the ancient Greek and Latin languages. Were we to insist on rejecting tradition in favor of purely modern language we would have essentially nothing to say. The same holds true for all other modern languages. As for law, consider the legal system in the United States, which is deeply rooted in traditional English common-law principles of equity and justice. The system in the U.S. requires that new, so-called "modern" laws be consistent with and indeed build upon--those traditional principles.

Even in the arts--where one might think that true originality must surely reside--so-called "new" ideas almost always embrace, apply, or synthesize what came earlier.
甚至在文艺方面，创新也多来自于继承。For example, most "modern" visual designs, forms, and elements are based on certain well-established aesthetic ideals--such as symmetry, balance, and harmony. Admittedly, modern art works often eschew these principles in favor of true originality. Yet, in my view the appeal of such works lies primarily in their novelty and brashness. Once the ephemeral novelty or shock dissipates, these works quickly lose their appeal because they violate finely established artistic ideals. An even better example from the arts is modern rock-and-roll music, which upon first listening might seem to bear no resemblance
to classical music traditions. Yet, both genres rely on the same 12-note scale, the same notions of what harmonies are pleasing to the ear, the same forms, the same rhythmic meters, and even many of the same melodies.

When it comes to the natural sciences, however, some new ideas are truly original while others put established ideas together in new ways.在自然科学方面，真正的原创和继承相辅相成。 One striking example of truly original scientific advances involves what we know about the age and evolution of the Earth. In earlier centuries the official Church of England called for a literal interpretation of the Bible, according to which the Earth's age is determined to be about 6,000 years. If Western thinkers had simply put these established ideas together in new ways the fields of structural and historical geology might never have advanced further. A more recent example involves Einstein's theory of relativity. Einstein theorized, and scientists have since proven empirically, that the pace of time, and possibly the direction of time as well, are relative to the observer's motion through space. This truth ran so contrary to our subjective, linear experience, and to previous notions about time and space, that I think Einstein's theory can properly be characterized as truly original. However, in other instances great advances in science are made by putting together current theories or other ideas in new ways. For example, only by building on certain well-established laws of physics were engineers able to develop silicon-based semiconductor technology. And, only by struggling to reconcile the quantum and relativity theories have physicists now posited a new so-called "string" theory, which puts together the two preexisting theories in a completely new way.

To sum up, for the most part originality does not reject existing ideas but rather embraces, applies, or synthesizes what came before重申主旨. In fact, in our modern languages, our new laws, and even our new art, existing ideas are reflected, not shunned. But, when it comes to science, whether the speaker's claim is true must be determined on a case-by-case basis, with each new theory or innovation.

symmetry
#n.对称(性); 匀称, 整齐
novelty
#n.新颖; 新奇性新奇的人[事物]新颖小巧而价廉的物品
brashness
ephemeral
#adj.极短的，短暂的, 瞬息的
dissipate
#vt.浪费
#vt. & vi.驱散; 消失
resemblance
#n.相似, 形似
theorize
#vt. & vi.创建理论, 建立学说; 推理
semiconductor technology
#n.半导体工艺
reconcile
#vt.使和好; 和解使一致, 使和谐
quantum
#n.量, 定量
posit
#vt.假定, 设想, 假设
synthesize
#vt.综合, 使合成人工合成
&ˈsinθisaiz
shun
#vt.避开, 回避, 避免
conjure up
#n.用魔法召(鬼); 凭幻想(或用魔法)做出
root in
#v.来源于

elevenkarUID: 2791267

这一篇后面的注释太长，一个帖子发不下，分成了两个帖子。
Issue 181
"The way students and scholars interpret the materials they work within their academic fields is more a matter of personality than of training. Different interpretations come about when people with different personalities look at exactly the same objects, facts, data, or events and see different things."

我的提纲：
1作者认为材料评判个性因素多于教育因素，并且对事物的不同看法主要原因来自于个性。我认为这种看法不全面，应该说是是综合的影响，而相比之下，教育似乎影响更强。
2 很显然，在个性作为品行的定义下，人们对同一件事物的阐述有所不同。例如很通俗的对一杯水乐观者和悲观者不同看法的例子。另外一个人评判事物所具有的客观也受到个性的影响
3教育对人们阐述材料的影响有多方面：
（1）
文化背景可以影响到人们的思维方式。例如中美学生对某事件的看法。对于论文抄袭的看法
（2）
学术背景影响思维角度。不同专业的学生看待同一事物的例子
（3）
受教育程度影响思维方式和思维角度
4 另外必须提到教育会影响个性塑造，而个性也会影响对所受教育的接受与选择。但我认为，教育对个性的塑造更大一些。
5 所以是综合的影响，总结一下我的观点。

本文结构
1 strongly disagree that personality is the key to how a student or scholar interprets the material with which he or she works

2 Defining personality as individual temperament, disposition and general mood, and outlook. And admit that whether an individual tends to be an optimist or a pessimist might have some beating on interpretation.

3~6In sharp contrast, one's educational background and training can serve as a strong influence on how one interprets historical events involving human affairs, statistical data, and especially art
（1）
human affairs
（2）
statistical data
（3）
art

7 reaffirm statement
文章正文：

I strongly disagree that personality is the key to how a student or scholar interprets the material with which he or she works. Whether those materials be facts, events, data, or observations, in my view the key factor in their interpretation is a person's training and educational background.
文章的主基调是完全不同意

Assuming that by personality the speaker embraces such personal attributes as individual temperament, disposition and general mood, and outlook,（作者对personality的定义）it seems to me that personality has little bearing on how students and scholars interpret the materials with which they work.（作者摆出认为个性对学术阐述的影响是很小的的观点） Admittedly, whether an individual tends to be an optimist or a pessimist might have some beating on interpretation.（作者的第一次让步，指出虽然影响小，但也还是有影响的，比如悲观和乐观） For instance, an archeology student with a generally sanguine outlook toward life might respond to a lengthy yet unsuccessful search for certain artifacts as discovery and progress--insofar as certain possibilities have been eliminated, bringing us closer to affirmative discoveries. In contrast, an archeology student with a generally pessimistic outlook might conclude that the same effort was in vain and that nothing has been learned or otherwise gained.

Yet it strikes me that these reactions are emotional ones that have nothing to do with intellectual interpretation. In sharp contrast, one's educational background and training can serve as a strong influence on how one interprets historical events involving human affairs, statistical data, and especially art.（
作者提出首次自己支持的观点：教育背景决定了人们阐述一件事情的方式）

With respect to human affairs, consider the centuries-old imperialist policies of Great Britain. A student of political science might interpret British imperialism as a manifestation of that nation's desire for political power and domination over others. A student of economics might see it as a strategy to gain control over economic resources and distribution channels for goods. A sociology or anthropology student might see it as an assimilation of culture. And, a student of theology or religion might interpret the same phenomenon as an attempt, well intentioned or otherwise, to proselytize and to impose certain beliefs, rituals, and customs on others.

Educational training and background also affects how students and scholars interpret seemingly objective statistical data.
（教育背景决定了人们对客观数据的阐述）It is crucial here to distinguish between numbers themselves, which are not subject to varying interpretations, from what the numbers signify--that is, what conclusions, prescriptions, or lessons we might come away with. Consider, for example, a hypothetical increase in the rate of juvenile crime in a particular city. Although the percent change itself might be subject to only one reasonable meaning, what the change signifies is open to various interpretations. A sociologist might interpret this data as an indication of deteriorating family unit or community. A student of public policy or government might see this statistic as an indication that current legislation fails to implement public policy as effectively as it could. And a student of law or criminal justice might interpret the same statistic as a sign of overburdened courts or juvenile detention facilities.

Finally, when it comes to how students and scholars interpret art, training and educational background plays an especially significant role. （教育背景决定了阐述主观性很强的艺术的角度）After all, while facts and figures are to some extent objective, the meaning Of art is an inherently subjective, and highly personal, matter. A business student might interpret a series of art works as attempts by the artist to produce viable products for sale in the marketplace. However, a theology student might eschew such a cold and cynical interpretation, seeing instead an expression of praise, a celebration of life, a plea for grace, or a struggle to come to terms with mortality. Even art students and scholars can interpret the same art differently, depending on their training. A student of art history might see a particular work as the product of certain artistic influences, while a student of art theory, composition, and technique might view the same work as an attempt to combine colorful visual impact, or as an experiment with certain brush-stroke techniques.

To sum up, I concede that as students and scholars our working "materials"--facts, data, objects, and events--are open to subjective interpretation in terms of what they teach us. However, what our materials teach us is a function of what we've already learned, and has little if anything to do with our personal basket of emotions and moods called "personality."

elevenkarUID: 2791267

1 material n. adj. 1 材料, 原料 2 衣料 3 素材, 资料 1 物质的; 身体的; 肉体的 2 重要的, 重大的 2 a matter of   大约, 左右

The book sold for a matter of five dollars.

这本书售价过去是五美元左右。

This job will only take a matter of minutes.

	这件事只要几分钟就会做好
3temperament noun

a person's or animal's nature, especially as it permanently affects their behaviour

气质；性情，性格，禀赋

she had an artistic temperament.

她有艺术气质。

■[mass noun]the tendency to behave angrily or emotionally

急躁脾气；容易兴奋（或激动）的性格；易变的性情

he had begun to show signs of temperament.

他开始显露出急躁的脾气。

4 bear on

靠在…上, 压在…上

Don't bear hard on the pencil, it will break.

别使劲压铅笔, 不然会断。

对…产生影响; 与…有关

Education bears directly on life.

教育对生活有直接的影响。

5 sanguine
adj.
充满希望的;乐观的
He seemed quite sanguine about his chances of success.
他看上去对成功的可能性十分乐观。
面色红润的

6 lengthy adj.

过长的, 漫长的

冗长而乏味的, 罗唆的(演说、文章等)

[口]个子高的

lengthily adv.

7 insofar adv.

[通常和 as 连用]到这个程度[范围]; 在...情况下; 在...范围内; 只要...

Insofar as I can say now, I shall come.

目前我只能说我将会来。

I shall do what I can insofar as I am able.

在力所能及的情况下我将尽力而为。

Insofar as possible, our examples will be drawn from Chinese.

	在可能范围内, 例证均引自汉语。 8 be eliminated 被淘汰
9 affirmative

adjective agreeing with or consenting to a statement or request

同意的，赞成的肯定的与 negative 和 interrogative 相对

an affirmative answer.

赞同的回答。

affirmative sentences. 肯定句

offering support, help, or encouragement

提供支持的，提供帮助的，鼓励性的

the family is usually a source of encouragement from which affirmative influences come.

家庭通常是鼓励的源泉，能给予家庭成员积极的影响。

noun a statement of agreement with or consent to an assertion or request

同意，赞成肯定词

he accepted her reply as an affirmative.

他把她给出的回答视作她同意。

his answer veered towards the affirmative.

他的回答转向同意。

in the affirmative 接受，同意，表示赞成

he answered the question in the affirmative.

他肯定地回答了问题。

10 serve as

充当, 担任

We found that birch bark could serve as paper.

	我们发现桦树皮可以作纸用。
11with respect to

关于, (至于)谈到

With respect to your other proposals, I am not yet able to tell you our decision.

	谈到你的其他建议, 我现在还无法把我们的决定告诉你。
12 imperialist

of, relating to, supporting, or practising imperialism

帝国主义的；拥护帝制的，实行帝制的

an imperialist regime.

帝国主义政体。

(chiefly derogatory)a person who supports or practises imperialism

13 manifestation
noun
an event, action, or object that clearly shows or embodies something, especially a theory or an abstract idea
显示，表明；证明（尤指理论或抽象概念）
the first obvious manifestations of global warming.
全球变暖的明显初始迹象。
the manifestation of anxiety over disease.
对疾病的忧虑表现。
a symptom or sign of an ailment
症状，症候
a characteristic manifestation of Wilson's disease.
威尔逊氏病的典型症状。
a version or incarnation of something or someone
体现；化身
the butterfly was one of the many manifestations of the Goddess.
蝴蝶是女神的众多化身之一。

14 theology

神学;宗教研究 宗教理论,宗教体系

15 proselytize

(亦作 -ise) the programme did have a tremendous evangelical effect, proselytizing many. 该计划确实有巨大的传教效果，使许多人改变了宗教信仰。 [no obj.]proselytizing for converts. 为争取皈依者而活动。 [asnoun proselytizing]no amount of proselytizing was going to change their minds. 不论怎么努力劝说都不可能改变他们的主意。 ■advocate or promote (a belief or course of action) （信仰，行动）提倡，提议 Davis wanted to share his concept and proselytize his ideas. 戴维斯想分享他的观念，劝别人同意他的想法。 16 ritual (宗教等的)仪式 例行公事, 老规矩 adj.作为仪式的一部分的

17 signify
(-ies, -ied)
[with obj.]be an indication of 指示；表示；表明
this decision signified a fundamental change in their priorities.
这项决定表明他们的重点发生了根本的变化。
be a symbol of; have as meaning
作为…的符号；有…的意思
the church used this image to signify the Holy Trinity.
教堂用这一图案作为圣三一的象征。
(of a person) indicate or declare (a feeling or intention)
（人）表明（情感，意图）
signify your agreement by signing the letter below.
在下面这封信中署名，表明你同意。
[no obj.][with negative]be of importance
具有重要性；要紧
the locked door doesn't necessarily signify.
门锁不锁，无关紧要。

18 inherent
adjective
existing in something as a permanent, essential, or characteristic attribute
内在的，固有的，本性的
any form of mountaineering has its inherent dangers.
任何形式的登山都有其固有的危险。
the symbolism inherent in all folk tales.
所有民间故事内在的象征主义。
派生 inherence noun inherently adverb

19 eschew

[with obj.]deliberately avoid using; abstain from

避免使用，避开，回避

he appealed to the crowd to eschew violence.

他呼吁民众不要使用暴力。 20 cynical adj. 愤世嫉俗的, 冷嘲热讽的; 玩世不恭的 a cynical remark 风凉话 21come to terms with 与…达成协议 He can come to terms with being poor. 他能够忍受贫穷。 It has taken him a long time to come to terms with his disability. 他用了很长时间才学会如何来对待自己的残疾。 22in terms of 就…而言, 从…方面说来 He referred to your work in terms of high praise. 他对你的工作大加赞扬。 He thought of everything in terms of money. 他是从钱的角度来看每一件事。 23detention [diˈtenʃən] 拘留, 扣押, 监禁 阻止; 阻留; (非法)占有 (罚学生的)课后留校 detention barracks [camp] (俘虏的)临时收容所 a house of detention 拘留所 a detention home 青少年罪犯的拘留所 24hypothetical adj. 是假设的: This is a purely hypothetical situation. 这纯粹是一种假设的情景。 entirely, purely, totally 纯属假设 25 brush stroke 笔触;绘画的技巧

elevenkarUID: 2791267

Issue 50"In order to improve the quality of instruction at the college and university level, all faculty should be required to spend time working outside the academic world in professions relevant to the courses they teach."

Whether college faculty should also work outside academia, in professional work related to their academic fields, depends primarily on the specific academic area. With respect to fields in which outside work is appropriate, I strongly agree with the statement; students and faculty all stand to gain in a variety of respects when a professor complements academic duties with real-world experience.
As a threshold matter, the statement requires qualification in two respects. First, in certain academic areas there is no profession to speak of outside academia. This is especially true in the humanities; after all, what work outside academia is there for professors of literature or philosophy? Secondly, the statement fails to consider that in certain other academic areas a professor's academic duties typically involve practical work of the sort that occurs outside academia. This is especially true in the fine and performing arts, where faculty actively engage in the craft by demonstrating techniques and styles for their students.
Aside from these two qualifications, I strongly agree that it is worthwhile for college faculty to work outside academia in professional positions related to their field. There are three dear benefits of doing so.
First, in my experience as a student, faculty who are actively engaged in their fields come to class with fresh insights and a contagious excitement about the subject at hand. Moreover, they bring to their students practical, real-world examples of the principles and theories discussed in textbooks, thereby sparking interest, and even motivating some students to pursue the field as a career.
Secondly, by keeping abreast of the changing demands of work as a professional, professors can help students who are serious about pursuing a career in that field to make more informed career decisions. The professor with field experience is better able to impart useful, up-to-date information about what work in the field entails, and even about the current job market. After all, college career-planning staffs are neither equipped nor sufficiently experienced to provide such specific advice to students.
A third benefit has to do with faculty research and publication in their areas of specialty. Experience in the field can help a professor ferret out cutting-edge and controversial issues--which might be appropriate subjects for research and publication. Moreover, practical experience can boost a professor's credibility as an expert in the field. For example, each year a certain sociology professor at my college combined teaching with undercover work investigating various cults. Not only did the students benefit from the many interesting stories this professor had to tell about his experiences, the professor's publications about cults catapulted him to international prominence as an expert on the subject, and justifiably so.
In sum, aside from certain academic areas in which outside work is either unavailable or unnecessary, students and faculty alike stand everything to gain when faculty enrich their careers by interspersing field work with academic work.

complement

n.1 补充, 互为补充的东西
2 需要的或允许的数额
3 补足语
vt.补足, 补充

+academia
#n.学术界,学术环境
+with
#prep.(表示关系)和…在一起(表示状态)具有, 带有(表示方式)用, 以, 藉(表示对象)对…, 关于(表示伴随)与此同时, 随着(表示让步)虽然, 尽管(表示原因)由于, 因为(表示态度)支持, 赞同(表示态度)跟(…对抗)
+with respect to
#n.关于, (至于)谈到
+contagious
kənˈteidʒəs
#adj.(病)有传染性的(人)患传染病的有感染力的
+keep abreast of
#n.(使)保持与…并列; 了解…的最新情况
+entail
#vt.使…成为必要, 需要限定继承
+ferret
#n.雪貂, 白鼬(经常性的)搜索者
#vi.搜寻, 翻找用雪貂猎鼠
+cutting edge
#n.(刀片的)刃口,刀刃;剪刃;切削刃
+cult
#n.迷信狂热的崇拜
+catapult
#n.(小孩玩的)弹弓石弩, 弩炮
#vt.用弩炮发射
+prominence
#n.声望, 杰出突出; 重要; 要事
+and so
#adv.因此
+intersperse

elevenkarUID: 2791267

因为太长了，一篇文章都要分两到三次发 。所以以后都传附件了。

2010-5-14（1）

elevenkarUID: 2791267

2010-5-14 (2)

whiteoutUID: 2699068

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