纠正中国人之“断句”“串句”顽疾

annkeUID: 2605122

在作文互改时被一位童鞋一语点醒：很多时候我都在写串句。
之后，我在给别人修改时发现，果然大家都在迷迷糊糊地写串句。这是从上面那位童鞋给我“解释教案”。有病治病，无病强身吧~~      


      第十六课  断句和串句
(Sentence Fragment and Run-on Sentence)

    一、断  句

    断句又称不完全句。它是指句子中主语或谓语部分残缺的不完整句子，或仅是不成句子的某些词的组合。有以下几种情况：

    1． 缺少主语或谓语
误：The teacher noticed that in the classroom were absent.
（从句中缺主语）
正：The teacher noticed that in the class some of the students were absent.
误：The reason for his absence being that he had to send his mother to the hospital.
(主句中缺谓语，being是现在分词，不能作谓语)
正：The reason for his absence was that he had to send his mother to the hospital.

    2.本身不是句子，仅是一些词的组合
误：Many people who were taking morning exercise in the park.
(many people 是有定语从句修饰的一个名词)
正：There were many people who were taking morning exercise in the park.
正：Many people were taking morning exercise in the park.
误：In the study where I kept all my books.
(in the study仅是带有定语从句的一个介词短语)
正：I kept all my books in the study.

    3．本身只是某种从句，没有主句部分，不能构成完整句子
误：Because I had heard that I wanted to hear and did not intend to be bored any longer.
（全部句子只有一个带有宾语从句的原因状语从句，没有主句）
正：I left the auditorium because I had heard all that I want to hear and did not intend to be bored any longer.
误：Although he had been well recommended by his former employers.
(全句只是一个让步状语从句，没有主句)
正：He did not get the job although he had been well recommended by his former employers.

    4．在主从复合句中，前一句与后一句或句中前一部分与后一部分之间，未使用连接词连接而却用句号隔开，因而使其中一句成为断句。
误：They had all left. (As we were late.)
（括弧部分为原因状语从句，不能单独成句）
正：As we were late, they had all left.
误：(Before I returned home from our vacation.) I went to visit a relative in Wuxi.
（括弧部分是时间状语从句，不能单独成句）
正：Before I returned home from our vacation, I went to visit a relative in Wuxi.
误：Apart from ability, an employee should have some other personality traits. (Such as a good sense of humor, sensibility to other's needs and skill in social relations.)
（括弧部分只是一个介词短语，不能单独成句）
正：Apart from ability, an employee should have some other personality traits, such as a good sense of humor, sensibility to other's needs and skill in social relations.
    注意：such as, for example这两个词组附属于主句时，决不能大写成句。

    上面列举断句的种种情况，都应该避免。但在某些情况下，特别是在口语中，这些断句形式的使用却是正确的。如口语中常用的简单回答“Yes”或“No”，实际上是省略了问句内容的省略句。其他口语中常用的用语还有：
The sooner, the better        越快越好
Anything but that        根本不是，一点也不是
Same as before         和以前一样，照旧
Not so!                不是这么回事！
Ticket, please.        请出示票子

    此外在广告、报纸标题等文件中也常出现这种断句形式，它们都可以被看成是省略了某些成分的省略句，所以是正确的，可接受的。如：
Buy Lux shampoo! Right now!       
请购力士香波，欲购从速！
Buy for now               
有现货，请速购
Sino-French trade links developing well        中法贸易关系发展良好
The global Economic Slump       
全球经济萧条
Talks Fruitless               
会谈无结果

    尽管如此，在正式文章材料和作文中应该写规范的句子，必须避免断句形式的句子

    二、串  句

    串句与断句或不完全句不同，它是指两个或多个独立句子之间没有标点符号隔开，或使用逗号隔开，而不用连接词连接，造成逻辑意义上不连贯，读了令人费解。常见有两种情况：

    1． 句子间无标点符号隔开，也无连接词连接，整个句子是一长串的词组组合。如：
He graduated from the university in 1995 then he took a job with an insurance company.
We must try our best to improve our writing it will be useful for our future work.

    2. 两个独立意义的句子之间应用句号，但却用逗号隔开。
    Cloudy days tend to make us gloomy, Sunny days make us cheerful.
    Twilight had fallen, it was dark under the old tree near the house.
    改正这类串句的办法有四，仍以上述例句为例说明如下：

    1） 如两个句子在逻辑上是并列关系，可前一句后使用逗号，再加有关的并列连接词（包括and, but, for, yet, or, nor等）连接后一句。如：
He graduated from the university in 1995, and then he took a job with an insurance company.
We must try our best to improve our writing, for it will be useful for our future work.
Cloudy days tend to make us gloomy, but sunny days makes us cheerful.
Twilight had fallen, and it was dark under the old tree near the house.

    2）如两个句子在意义上联系密切，也可用分号隔开，而不接连词。如：
He graduated from then university in 1995; then he took a job with an insurance company.
We must try our best to improve our writing; it will be useful for our future work.
Cloudy days tend to make us gloomy; Sunny days make us cheerful.
Twilight had fallen; it was dark under the old tree near the house.

    3）把两个独立句中的一句改成从句，成为主从复合句。如：
After he graduated from the university in 1995, he took a job with an insurance company.
We must try our best to improve our writing because it will be useful for our future work.
Cloudy days tend to make us gloomy while sunny days make us cheerful.
When twilight had fallen it, it was dark under the old tree near the house.

    4)把两句看成是分别独立的句子，两句都使用句号。但此种形式仅在表示强调时使用。
He graduated from the university in 1995. Then he took a job with an insurance company.
We must try our best to improve our writing. It will be useful for our future work.
Twilight had fallen. It was dark under the old tree near the house.

    此外在使用连接词时，要注意连接副词therefore, however, morever, furthermore和nevertheless等与并列连词and, but, so, for, or等不同，它们不能直接连接句子，而应采取以下两种形式的任何一种。
  1) 以连接副词大写开始，重新另起一句；
  2) 前句末用分号，后句为连接词小写加逗号，从而把后一句连接起来。

试比较下列例句三种不同的表达方式：
He failed the English test, but we decided to give him another chance to prove himself.
（使用并列连接词，直接连接两句）
He failed the English test. However, we have decided to give him another chance to prove himself.
（使用连接副词，大写，重新另起一句）
He failed the English test; however, we have decided to give him another chance to prove himself.
（使用连接副词，小写，前一句末用分号）

    请再看下一例的三种不同表达方式：

He works eight hours during the day, yet he studies another three hours every evening.
He works eight hours during the day. Furthermore, he studies another three hours every evening.
He works eight hours during the day; furthermore, he studies another three hours every evening.


               练  习  题

Ⅰ、根据断句的不同情况加以改正或补充，写出正确句子
  1. The recent accident, which was not his fault.
  2. The result being that he failed in the exam.
  3. We, delighted by her performance.
  4. Xiao Tang, who was in my freshman class.
  5. These books worth one dollar each.
  6. The little boy running across the street.
  7. The book my sister bought for me last week.
  8. To be able to organize ideas logically and to express them clearly in his composition.
  9. Selling newspapers on the crowded streets.

  10. The first thing we should do.
  11. Employees with large families to support.
  12. Upon the first year at law school
  13. To learn accounting from experts.
  14. When we recognized the guest.
  15. If you own an automobile which constantly needs repairs.
  16. If the waste from the factory is allowed to flow into the lake.
  17. Although the question you asked is not difficult.
  18. After you complete your term paper, which is due on Friday.
  19. Because real friendship cannot be bought with money.
  20. We like living in Kunming. Because we have good weather all year round there.
  21. By comparison, nuclear power has some distinct advantages. Such as it is clean and cheap.
  22. Many electric appliances are used in modern life. For example are the telephone, the radio and the TV.
  23. I think this film is poor. Even though so many people enjoy it.
  24. We must protect our environment. Since the earth is the only place human beings can live in.
  25. The committee did not grant his request. Although it seemed reasonable.

Ⅱ、根据串句的改正方法改正下列各句

  1．His study seemed empty there were only a chair a desk a bookcase and a number of books.
  2．Some criminals were arrested yesterday one of them was a blind man.
  3．The workers walked out of the workshop a meeting had been called to discuss a possible strike.
  4．The manager adopted several new procedures some are impractical.
  5．She wore huge dark glasses no one recognized her.
  6．The current was swift he could not swim to the opposite shore.
  7．It was the peak hour the dining hall was crowded.
  8．Some people like to take trips to south in winter, They want to escape the cold and snow at home.
  9．The holiday pleased the children, They welcomed the chance to play in the snow.
  10. I cleaned the room, She prepared the meal.
  11. Workers should be careful of safely in production, Trouble will result if they are careless.
  12. The noise of the machine bothered him, He gives me a lot of coaching.（用连接副词however）
  13. Mr Wang urges me to study hard, he gives me a lot of coaching. (用连接副词moreover)
  14. He was the only candidate, He was elected. (用连接副词therefore)
  15. I was well aware of my own inadequacy, I boldly accepted the assignment. (用连接副词nevertheless)

StefanaUID: 2143510

连接词确实是写作中非常需要值得注意的地方，谢谢分享。

海王泪UID: 2673613

Run-on Sentence几乎是每本写作教材都会提到的问题～～
赞LZ～谢谢分享！

江雪UID: 2790520

对语法结构有正确认识、仔细阅读母语者写的英文、在写作中多加注意，不是太难解决的问题。SAT的语法题对避免“串句”有帮助…

hyacinthUID: 2184492

SAT的语法题对避免“串句”有帮助…
江雪 发表于 2010-5-13 00:59

yep yep yep...!

never heard of run-on sentence before I took the SAT~~

-------------

awesome thread...

Chinese schools seldom cover this kind of grammar...

江雪UID: 2790520

yep yep yep...!

never heard of run-on sentence before I took the SAT~~

-------------

awesome thread...

Chinese schools seldom cover this kind of grammar...
hyacinth 发表于 2010-5-13 01:12

:handshake

weaselUID: 2739489

多谢分享，很值得注意！

chinese_idiotUID: 2854284

其实这是很多中国学生会出问题的地方啊
我ielts7分 这个问题至今还没解决。。
哈哈 没办法啊
老师从没系统地教过英语写作 都是依葫芦画瓢自己照着写的