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发表于 2010-5-25 17:50:33
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本帖最后由 lty900301 于 2010-5-25 17:51 编辑
明天的作文是Issue_48,所以今天先来学习一下历史类的材料。。
1.伟人历史观
The Great man theory is a theory held by some that aims to explain history by the impact of great men, or heroes: highly influential individuals, either from personal charisma, genius intellects, or great political impact.
For example,a scholarly follower of the Great Man Theory would be likely to study the Second World War by focusing on the big personalities of the conflict- Sir Winston Churchill, Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Joseph Stalin, Hideki Tojo, etc.- and view all of the historical events as being tied directly to their own individual decisions and orders.
2.黑格尔观点:历史由伟人写就
After Hegel, who insisted on the role of "great men" in history, with his famous statement about Napoleon, "I saw the Spirit on his horse", Thomas Carlyle argued that history was the biography of a few central individuals, heroes, such as Oliver Cromwell or Frederick the Great, writing that "The history of the world is but the biography of great men." His heroes were political and military figures, the founders or topplers of states. His history of great men, of geniuses good and evil, sought to organize change in the advent of greatness.
Explicit defenses of Carlyle's position have been rare in the late 20th centry. Most philosophers of history contend that the motive forces in history can best be described only with a wilder lens than the one he used for his portraits. A.C. Danto, for example, wrote of the importance of the individual in history, but extented his definition to containing individuals,defined as "individuals we may provisionally characterize as containing individual human beings amongst their parts. Example of social individuals might be social classes, national groups, religious organizations, large-scale events, large-scale social movements,etc.".
The Great Man approach to history was most popular with professional historians in the 19th century; a popular work of this school is the Encyclopedia Britannica Eleventh Edition(1911) which contains lengthy and detailed biographies about the great men of history.
3.领袖气质的特质
Though very difficult or even impossible to define accurately (due to a lack of widely accepted criteria in regard to the trait), charisma is often used to describe an elusive, even indefinable personality trait that often includes the seemingly "supernatural" or uncanny ability to lead, charm, persuade, inspire, and/or influence people. It refers especially to a quality in certain people who easily draw the attention and admiration (or even hatred if the application of such charisma is perceived to be negative) of others due to a "magnetic" quality of personality and/or apperance. Related terms and phrases include: grace, exuberance, equanimity, mystique, positive energy, join de vivre , extreme charm, personal magnetism, personal appeal, "electricity", and allure, among many others. Usually many of these specific qualities must be represent within a single individual for the person to be considered highly charismatic by the public and their peers.
Despite the strong emotions they so often induce in others, charismatic individuals generally project unusual calmness, confidence, assertiveness, dominance, authenticity, and focus, and almost always posses superb communication and/or oratorical skills. Although the etymology of the word ("divine gift") might suggest that charisma can't be acquired, and despite, it is believed that charisma can be taught and/or learned. Others disagree with this assertion and maintain that it is an inborn trait, or acquired through growing up, and that it cannot be learned, taught, or "gained" at will.
4.领袖任务的三大特点
Charisma has also been studied as a set of behaviors/traits; for example, a modern psychological approach posits that charisma is basically aggregative, a conglomeration of distinct personality traits that meld well in certain individuals to form the broad quality known as charisma or "personal magnetism".
Theatrically, charisma can sometimes be "performed" on-stage and in films, and is encapsulated in both verbal and non-verbal communication.
Professor Richard Wiseman says that a charismatic person has three attributes:
(1)They feel emotions themselves quite strongly;
(2)They induce them in others;
(3)And they are impervious to the influences of other charismatic people. |
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