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coxUID: 2730480

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     Argu题目
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TOPIC: ARGUMENT51 - The following appearedin a medical newsletter.

"Doctors have long suspected that secondaryinfections may keep some patients from healing quickly after severe musclestrain. This hypothesis has now been proved by preliminary results of a studyof two groups of patients. The first group of patients, all being treated formuscle injuries by Dr. Newland, a doctor who specializes in sports medicine,took antibiotics regularly throughout their treatment. Their recuperation timewas, on average, 40 percent quicker than typically expected. Patients in thesecond group, all being treated by Dr. Alton, a general physician, were givensugar pills, although the patients believed they were taking antibiotics. Theiraverage recuperation time was not significantly reduced. Therefore, allpatients who are diagnosed with muscle strain would be well advised to takeantibiotics as part of their treatment."
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     习作正文
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The author's conclusion is that antibioticsare efficient in treating patients diagnosed with muscle stain. This conclusionis based on two experiments: the first group of patients was treated by Dr.Newland(N) and was injected with antibiotics; while the second one was incharge of Dr. Alton(A) and was believed to have antibiotics in their treatmentbut actually not. The result of the two experiments came out that patients inthe first group gets better faster. The argument is flawed in several aspects.

Tobegin with, the author falsely assumes that two groups of patients aregenerally the same, so that the treatment they get can be accurately compared.Yet the author provides no evidence to substantiate this assumption. Commonsense informs me that patients in various ages and health conditions mayreceive different effect when being treated the same way. And since that theauthor fails to provide evidence that those patients are generally the same inage and health condition, it is entirely possible that the two groups cannotform a control, which will lead to the failure of the experiments.

Additionally, even assuming that
patients are the alike in general
conditions,
the author fails toprove that the treatment conducted by Dr N and A are equivalent except in theuse of antibiotics. Considering their different specializations, it is quitepossible that besides antibiotics, Dr. N also used some medicines or remediesthat finally contribute to the faster recovery of her patients, or equallyperhaps that Dr.A happened to conducted a special treatment for herpatients
that prolonged their recuperationand time. Beside, even the difference in the living environment , sanitarycondition, and eating habit may also result in the inaccurate result of theexperiment. Without ruling out these possible scenarios, the author cannotconvince me with the conclusion.

Another problem with this argument is that even though the twoexperiments can prove the rightness of the hypothesis that antibiotics areeffectual in
helping patients who arediagnosed with severe muscle stain, the author cannot apply this conclusion toall the patients who have muscle stain. Possibly that antibiotics areineffective or even dangerous to less severe patients; or perhaps althoughdiagnosed with muscle stain, some people are allergic to certain antibioticsand therefore cannot use them safely. Unless the author accounted for thesepossible events, the author's recommendation is unsound at all.

Asit stands, the argument is not well reasoned. To better support its conclusion,the author should also provide more substantial evidence to prove that thesetwo experiments are reliable. For example, the two groups of patients aregenerally the same in age and health condition, and the two doctors were usingthe same treatment other than antibiotics. Besides, the author should alsoconvince me that antibiotics are also helpful in treating less severe muscletrain patients.
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    Issue题目
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TOPIC: ISSUE17 - "There are two typesof laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has a responsibility toobey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey and resist unjustlaws."
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     习作正文
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Established laws are the basis of the orderof society. And I agree that just laws should be obeyed, while concerningunjust laws, people still have to obey them, but they can also use other waysto abolish them.
  People in every society should obey just laws. Laws are regulations madeby government or, in the past, ruling classes, to maintain the order of thesociety; only by obeying laws can people in society obtain freedom andsecurity. For example, one's private property is protected by laws, thus peoplewill not firstly think about getting money by robbing, kidnapping and stealing.This regulation assures the security of our property, and even lives, and theorder of our society.
   Asfor unjust laws, however, people still need to obey them. There does not exista  clear distinction about just andunjust laws. Some of the clauses in the code of law of Hammurabi in the ancientBabylon seem extremely unjust according to today's moral and ethical standards,yet this law was believed to be the greatest law of that time and people atthat time had to obey that. If people are encouraged to disobey and resist lawsthat they think are unjust, then all of laws are of no use any more. Differentpeople would  have different opinionsabout just and unjust, and therefore, they will use just laws to defendthemselves while violate unjust laws to pursue their illegal interests. This,at last, will render the whole society into pandemonium. Furthermore, theimplement of laws, both just and unjust, are secured by governmental forces,and thus people should think twice before violating unjust laws. In short, lawsare laws, no matter what they just or unjust, people have to maintain them , soas to the order of the society.
  Yet this does not mean that we have nothing to do when facing unjustlaws: there are legal ways to abolish them rather than blindly disobey andresist. People can make their voice heard by the government or Supreme Court,through demonstration or media, and let these power officials realize theunjustness of the law, thus bolish some clauses. While in some extremely cases,people could cohered to turn over the original government and establish a newone and make new laws by they will.
   Tosum up, in order to maintain the security and order of society, people shouldobey laws, no matter they just or unjust. Yet unjust ones can be abolishedthrough legal, or sometimes, extreme ways.
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