难句41——60

renardUID: 136787

41. But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces
between living and nonliving matter requires knowledge of which molecules
control the bonding of cells to each other-an area that we have not yet
explored thoroughly. （4）
但是, 要想沿着原生和非原生物质之间的界面获取生理特性的必要匹配, 需要某种知识,
即什么样的分子控制着细胞彼此间的结合--而对这一领域, 我们尚未进行充分的探索。

42. Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of
law-notwithstanding, of course, a considerable and inevitable number of
coincidences with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and
positive enactments are concerned-that its study is indispensable in order
to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena. （5）
伊斯兰法是一种如此不同于所有其它法律形式的现象--毋庸置疑, 尽管就其主要内容和
有积极意义的法规而言, 与其它法律形式中的这种或那种形式存在着相当数量的且不可
避免的巧合相似之处--以致于对它进行研究便显得不可或缺, 以便充分理解有可能存在
的法律现象的全部范围。
43. （Both Jewish law and canon law are more uniform than Islamic law.）Thoug
h historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the
sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora （the dispersion of
Jewish people after the conquest of Israel）,  the spirit of the legal
matter in later parts of the Old Testament is very close to that of the
Talmud,  one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora. （5
）
尽管从历史角度来看, 在古代以色列作为独立主权国家的犹太教法与大流散时期（Diasp
ora, 即以色列被征服后古代犹太人被巴比伦人逐出故土）的犹太教法之间存在着一个明
晰可辨的断裂, 然则, 《旧约全书》（Old Testament）后半部分中法律内容的精神与《
犹太教法典》（Talmud）极为一脉相承, 而所谓的《犹太教法典》, 是指大流散时期犹
太教法的主要典籍辑录之一。
44. Islam, on the other hand, represented a radical breakaway from the Arab
paganism that preceded it; Islamic law is the result of an examination,
from a religious angle, (examination)of legal subject matter that was far
from uniform, comprising as it did the various components of the laws of
pre-Islamic Arabia and numerous legal elements taken over from the non-Arab
peoples of the conquered territories. （4）
另一方面, 伊斯兰教则代表着与此前存在的阿拉伯异教（Arab paganism）的一种根本上
的决裂; 伊斯兰法是从宗教的角度, 对各种杂乱无章、绝无共同点的法律内容进行考察
所致的结果, 而这些法律内容实际上是由前伊斯兰阿拉伯国家（Pre-Islamic Arabia）
法律的不尽相同的组成部分以及由从被征服的土地上非阿拉伯民族借鉴过来的无数法律
因素所构成。 (as it did )实际上是一句插入语。
45. One such novel idea is that (idea) of inserting into the chromosomes of
plants discrete genes that are not a part of the plants' natural
constitution: specifically, the idea of inserting into nonleguminous plants
the genes, if they can be identified and isolated, that fit the leguminous
plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Hence, (there is ) the
intensified research on legumes. （5） 此句最好能够熟读, 更好的是背诵下来。（
复杂修饰+插入+省略+倒装）
这其中的一个新颖思想就是, 在植物的染色体（chromosome）内注入并非是该植物自然
构造一个部分的那些不相关联的因基：具体而言, 这一思想是, 在非豆科植物内注入这
样一些基因, 倘若这些基因可被辨识出来并被分离开来, 而这些基因业已使豆科植物宜
于充当那些具备固氮作用的细菌的寄主。由此, 对豆科植物的研究日趋深入。
46. It is one of nature's great ironies that the availability of nitrogen
in the soil frequently sets an upper limit on plant growth even though the
plants' leaves are bathed in a sea of nitrogen gas.（3+）下述情形真可谓是自然
界的一个莫大讽刺：土壤中所能获得的氮肥量往往对植物的生长构成了一个上限, 虽然
植物的叶子被沐浴在一片氮气的海洋中。
47. Unless they succeed, the yield gains of the Green Revolution will be
largely lost even if the genes in legumes that equip those plants to enter
into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers are identified and isolated, and even
if the transfer of those gene complexes, once they are found, becomes
possible. （4）
除非他们能取得成功, 不然的话, 绿色革命的产量收益将在很大程度上损失殆尽, 即使
豆科植物中使这些植物有条件进入到与固氮细菌共生关系的基因可被辨识出来和分离开
来的话, 且即使这些基因综合体（gene complex）, 一旦被发现之后, 其移植得以成为
可能的话。
48. Its subject（to use Maynard Mack's categories）is "life-as-spectacle,"
for readers,   diverted by its various incidents, observe its hero Odysseus
primarily from without; the tragic Iliad, however, presents
"life-as-experience"：readers are asked to identify with the mind of
Achilles, whose motivations render him a not particularly likable hero. （5）

其主题〔若借鉴梅纳德。迈克（Maynard Mack）的两个分类范畴的话〕是"人生作为外部
景象", 因为读者的注意力被作品那形形色色的事件所分散, 主要是从外部来观察其主人
公奥德修斯（Odyssus）的; 然而, 富于悲剧色彩的《伊利亚特》所表现的则是"人生作
为内心体验"：读者被要求与阿基琉斯（Achilles）的心灵产生共鸣, 而其行为动机却致
使他变作一个并非特别惹人喜爱的主人公。 （从分号后的语句推理出前面的意思）
注：hero:主人公; without:外部; likable:有吸引力的
49. Most striking among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish
is eye placement： before maturity one eye migrates, so that in an adult
flatfish both eyes are on the same side of the head. （3+）
在一条成年比目鱼身上显著存在的诸多不对称（asymmetry）特征中, 最为吸人注目的是
眼睛的摆位：在成年之前, 一只眼睛发生移动, 因此在成年比目鱼身上, 两只眼睛均位
于头部的同一侧面。
50. A critique of Handlin's interpretation of why legal slavery did not
appear until the 1660's suggests that assumptions about the relation
between slavery and racial prejudice should be reexamined , and that
explanations for the different treatment of Black slaves in North and South
America should be expanded .（4）
一个对于H的关于为何法律上的奴隶制没有在17世纪60年代以前出现的原因所作解释的批
评显示, 关于奴隶制和种族偏见之间的关系的假说应当重新检查, 而且显示出, 对于在
北美和南美之间的对黑怒的不同处理的解释应当被扩展。
51. The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established
fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands, islands believed to
result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle, are composed of
material fundamentally different from that of the mid-ocean ridge system,
whose source, most geologists contend, is the upper mantle. （5 -）
对于地幔分层论点来说, 最好的证据乃这样一个确认的事实, 即在那些海洋岛屿--这些
岛屿据信是源于由下层地幔升上来的地幔柱状溶岩流（mantle plume）--上发现的火山
岩石, 是由与海洋中部山脊系统的物质根本不同的物质构成的, 而这一海洋中部山脊系
统的成因, 大多数地质学家论辩道, 为上部地幔。
52. Some geologists, however, on the basis of observations concerning
mantle xenoliths, argue that the mantle is not layered, but that
heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in "incompatible elements"（elements
tending toward liquid rather than solid state）percolating upward and
transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly, according to the
vagaries of the fluids' pathways. （4+）
但是, 某些地质学家, 以对地幔捕虏岩体（xenolith）所作的观察为依据, 指出地幔并
非是分层排列的, 相反, 地幔的异质性是由那些富含"不相容成分"的流质构成的, 这些
成分趋向于流体而非固体的状态, 自下而上渗透扩散, 并依照这些流质流向的任意性,
不规则地将上部地幔的某些部分予以改变。
53. Fallo is proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908,
abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration of Saint-Beuve's
blindness to the real nature of great writing , found the essay giving rise
to personal memories and fictional developments ,and allowed these to take
over it a steadily developing novel. （5 -）
F认为, P在1908年试图开始写一部小说, 又为了写一部批判S-B的 伟大作品的真正本质
的视而不见的长篇的证明而放弃了这部小说, 其后又发现这一论文又勾起了其个人记忆
及小说情节的萌生, 使得后者取而代之形成了一部稳定展开的小说。
54. The very richness and complexity of the meaningful relationships that
kept presenting and rearranging themselves on all levels, from abstract
intelligence to profound dreamy feelings, made it difficult for Proust to
set them out coherently. （5）
各种有意义的联系在所有的层次上, 自抽象的理性至深刻的梦幻般的情感, 层出不穷并
不断重新组合排列; 正是这些有意义的联系的丰富性和复杂性, 致使普鲁斯特难于将它
们错落有致地安排好。
55. But those of who hoped, with Kolb, that Kolb's newly published complete
edition of Proust's correspondence for 1909 would document the process in
greater detail are disappointed. (4)
但是我们当中的那些希望（也算上K本人）K新出版的P1909年书信的全集能够更加详细的
记录下这一过程的人都大失所望。
56. Now we must also examine the culture as we Mexican Americans have
experienced it, passing from a sovereign people to compatriots with newly
arriving settlers to, finally, a conquered people - a charter minority on
our own land. （5 -）
现在我们必须也按照我们墨西哥裔的美国人的经历来审视这个文化, 我们的经历是从一
个主权的民族变成了新来的定居者的同胞, 在最终沦落成为一个被征服的民族--在我们
自己的土地上的契约的少数民族。
57. It is possible to make specific complementary DNA's（cDNA's）that can
serve as molecular probes to seek out the messenger RNA's（mRNA's）of the
peptide hormones. If brain cells are making the hormones, the cells will
contain these Mrna'S. If the products the brain cells make resemble the
hormones but are not identical to them, then the cDNA's should still bind
to these mRNA's, but should not bind as tightly as they would to mRNA's for
the true hormones. （4）
科学家可以制造出特异的（specific）互补DNA's（cDNA's）, 以此作为分子探子（mole
cular probe）, 探觅出肽激素的信使RNA's（mRNA's）。如果大脑正在制造着肽激素,
则细胞就会含有这些信使RNA's.假若细胞所制造的产品类似于肽激素但并非与这些肽激
素全然相同, 那么, 互补cDNA's应仍然和这些信使mDNA's粘结的程度。
58. The molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cDNA probes
should also be much faster than the immunological method because it can
take years of tedious purifications to isolate peptide hormones and then
develop antiserums to them. （4）
采用cDNA探子来测定肽激素的这一分子生物学方法同时也应该比免疫学的方法速度来得
快, 因为对于免疫的方法来说, 需耗费好几年枯燥的提纯进程, 方能将肽素分离了出来,
然后再培养出针对它们的抗血清。
59. Nevertheless, researchers of the Pleistocene epoch have developed all
sorts of more or less fanciful model schemes of how they would have
arranged the Ice Age had they been in charge of events.（3+）
然而, 研究P时代的研究者发展除了各种各样的或多或少有些奇怪思想的模型系统, 用来
显示如果由他们来决定地质事件的话他们将会如何安排冰川纪。
60. This succession was based primarily on a series of deposits and events
not directly related to glacial and interglacial periods, rather than on
the more usual modern method of studying biological remains found in
interglacial beds themselves interstratified within glacial deposits. （4）
这一序列演替（succession）所依据的, 主要是一系列与冰川期和间冰期并不直接相关
的地质沉积物和地质事件, 而不是依据更为普遍的现代方法, 去研究间冰层（interglac
ial bed）中所发现的生物残留物, 而这些间冰层本身又在冰川沉积物发生间层化（inte
rstatified）。

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