阅读作业by JOHN 附件里有图片！

johnmclainUID: 2676153

Applied arts and fine arts
应用艺术和创造艺术
中心思想：介绍这两种艺术的不同之处
第一段主题：Since the laws of physics, not some arbitrary decision, have determined the general form of applied-art objects, they follow basic patterns, so much so that functional forms can vary only within certain limits. 实用性的要求，和物理定律决定了应用艺术品只能是某些形式的。
第二段主题：Fine-art objects are not constrained by the laws of physics in the same way that applied-art objects are. Because their primary purpose is not functional, they are only limited in terms of the materials used to make them. 由于没有功能上的需要，创造艺术品受限于材料性能。
第三段主题：Practitioners of the fine arts work to overcome the limitations of their materials, whereas those engaged in the applied arts work in concert with their materials. 创造艺术家挑战材料的极限。而实用艺术家仅仅是合理的利用材料。

The origin of cetaceans
海洋哺乳动物的起源
中心思想：介绍一些有代表性的，完全进化为cetaceans之前的动物的特征。
第一段主题：Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans. 通过化石来研究过渡期的动物。
第二段、第三段主题：the oldest fossil whale, Pakicetus的特点。52M years ago

第四段：Basilosaurus的特点。40M years ago

第五段：Ambulocetus natans的特点 49M years ago


Desert Formation
沙漠的形成
中心思想：沙漠是怎样形成的。
第一段：简介沙漠化。
第二段：Desertification is accomplished primarily through the loss of stabilizing natural vegetation and the subsequent accelerated erosion of the soil by wind and water. 沙漠化的一般原因。
第三段：How a cycle of progressive surface deterioration is established.
第四段：气候变暖加速了土地的沙漠化。
第五段：Desertification in most areas results primarily from human activities rather than natural processes.
第六段：Introducing four activities that accelerate desertification.
第七段：人类居住区对沙漠化的影响。
第八段：人类对植物的砍伐也加速了沙漠化。
第九段：介绍过度灌溉造成的沙漠化。
第十段：说明沙漠化是一个容易发生，却很难治理的过程。

ximeng123UID: 2838922

强顶！

johnmclainUID: 2676153

2# ximeng123
谢谢！