【TPO阅读精读】S酱的阅读考点与题目分析

estopUID：2864494

minor idea就是最后一题direction里的，指的是不是文章主要要说的，虽然正确。
OG里面有个文章最后6个选项都是对的，让选3个。

S酱UID：2883188

33# estop

如果有具体例子就好啦～不然我想不出来啊呵呵～

野猫胡同UID：2453758

刚刚做了TPO7，最后一篇的文章总结题，为啥是356？3和5 都能确定。。6呢。。因为1和2 都没有提到，而文章标题又涉及6，，所以要选？。。

总觉得是个minor point。。><..

每篇文章总结图总要错一点~。

S酱UID：2883188

35# 野猫胡同

我又看了下tpo7最后那篇，最后一段一直在说6
which is the parent tongue of a language of a large number of Bantu languages still spoken throughout sub-Sahara Africa. 这句说现在batu语还有人在使用
Why and how these people spread out into central and southern Africa remains a mystery, 这句说不知道这些人怎么跑到非洲中部和南部的还是个迷

jjooyyUID：2704028

路过 表示敬仰~ 强人啊 那么多精度和分析
我都不知道我的阅读该怎么办。。。

S酱UID：2883188

37# jjooyy

好吧咱不知道咱听力怎么办…

estopUID：2864494

词汇题比较难推断，但是可能有些还是可以通过题目中的一些信息推断出来的。
TPO 10第二篇的第10题
Deliberation=Discussion
在第12题的正确选项里其实出现了几乎一样的句子。In addition to
○ To indicate that there are other types of influences on climate variability in addition to those previously discussed.

第11题，在13题插入题的时候正好是这里，Indeed, the contribution of volcanoes and solar activity would more likely have been to actually reduce the rate of warming slightly.
那么就不是因为不被认为，而是没有办法用来解释。

做到这篇正好注意到了，我在读几篇看看，我觉得这个不失为一个思路

estopUID：2864494

TPO 10第三篇第12题求解……
Unlike short-term financial cooperation between investors for a single commercial undertaking, joint-stock companies provided permanent funding of capital by drawing on the investments of merchants and other investors who purchased shares in the company.

难道不是说short-term和joint-stock不一样么
我本来也选2，后来觉得上面一段Short-term没体现出来。就继续往下看，纠结了很久，最后改成了1

第11题因为知道Innovation所以就做出来了。

芷遥UID：2879021

TPO10阅读的第一篇的14题答案应该是135吧。楼主怎么写成123了？
这题的解释我觉得
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=1142635&highlight=

四楼比较有道理~

tinasuiUID：2869449

牛叉，赞一个

S酱UID：2883188

TPO 5 第二遍

蓝色 写作可以用到的词
棕红 文章分析相关
红色 重要考点

＃01 MINERALS AND PLANTS

Research has shown that certain minerals are required by plants for normal growth and development. The soil is the source of these minerals, which are absorbed by the plant with the water from the soil. Even nitrogen, which is a gas in its elemental state, in normally absorbed from the soil as nitrate ions. Some soils are notoriously deficient in micro nutrients and are therefore unable to support most plant life. （主旨句出现>eg）So-called serpentine soils, for example, are deficient in calcium(举例子的一种写法）, and only plants able to tolerate low levels of this mineral can survive. In modern agriculture, mineral depletion of soils is a major concern, since harvesting crops interrupts the recycling of nutrients back to the soil.
第二段 提出主旨 植物营养是需要重点关注的问题


Mineral deficiencies can often be detected by specific symptoms such as chlorosis (loss of chlorophyll resulting in yellow or white leaf issue), necrosis (isolated dead patches), anthocyanin formation (development of deep red pigmentation of leaves or stem), stunted growth, and development of woody tissue in an herbaceous plant. Soils are most commonly deficient in（大多缺乏的写法） nitrogen and phosphorus. Nitrogen-deficient plants exhibit many of the symptoms just described（存在上诉症状）. Leaves develop chlorosis; stems are short and slender, and anthocyanin discoloration occurs on stems, petioles, and lower leaf surfaces. Phosphorus-deficient plants are often stunted, with leaves turning a characteristic dark green, often with the accumulation of anthocyanin. Typically, older leaves are affected first as the phosphorus is mobilized to young growing tissue. Iron deficiency is characterized by chlorosis between veins in young leaves.
第二段 植物营养缺失的症状

Much of the research on nutrient deficiencies is based on growing plants hydroponically, that is, in soilless liquid nutrient solutions.（科学家研究的方法） This technique allows researchers to create solutions that（提供了解决方法） selectively omit certain nutrients and then observe the resulting effects on the plants.（方法1） Hydroponics has applications beyond basic research, since it facilitates the growing of greenhouse vegetables during winter. （方法2）Acroponics, a technique in which plants are suspended and the roots misted with a nutrient solution, is another method for growing plants without soil.
第三段 科学家研究植物营养缺失的方法

While mineral deficiencies can limit the growth of plants, an overabundance 过量 of certain minerals can be toxic and can also limit growth.提出另一个问题：营养过剩 Saline soils, which have high concentrations of sodium chloride and other salts, limit plant growth, and research continues to focus on developing salt-tolerant varieties of agricultural crops. Research has focused on the toxic effects of heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, mercury, and aluminum; however, even copper and zinc, which are essential elements, can become toxic in high concentrations. Although most plants cannot survive in these soils, certain plants have the ability to tolerate high levels of these minerals.有的植物能够在微量元素超标情况下存活
第四段 承上启下，提出植物抗xx过量性

Scientists have known for some time that certain plants, called hyper accumulators承接上段，提出新名词, can concentrate minerals at levels a hundredfold or greater than normal. A survey of known hyper accumulators identified that 75 percent of them amassed nickel, cobalt, copper, zinc, manganese, lead, and cadmium are other minerals of choice. Hyper accumulators run the entire range of the plant world. 存在广泛 They may be herbs, shrubs, or trees. Many members of the mustard family, spurge family, legume family, and grass family are top hyper accumulators. Many are found in tropical and subtropical areas of the world, where accumulation of high concentrations of metals may afford some protection against plant-eating insects and microbial pathogens.一个存在与严酷环境下的优点或者是原因
第五段 具体介绍植物的hyper accumulators

Only recently have investigators considered using these plants to clean up soil and waste sites that have been contaminated by toxic levels of heavy metals 植物抗xx过量性的应用– an environmentally friendly approach known as phytoremediation. This scenario begins with the planting of hyper accumulating species in the target area, such as an abandoned mine or an irrigation pond contaminated by runoff. Toxic minerals would first be absorbed by roots but later relocated to the stem and leaves. A harvest of the shoots would remove the toxic compounds off site to be burned or composted to recover the metal for industrial uses. After several years of cultivation and harvest, the site would be restored at a cost much lower than the price of excavation and reburial, the standard practice for remediation of contaminated soils. For examples, in field trials, the plant alpine pennycress removed zinc and cadmium from soils near a zinc smelter, and Indian mustard, native to Pakistan and India, has been effective in reducing levels of selenium salts by 50 percent in contaminated soils.
第六段 介绍植物的hyper accumulators在环保中的应用

1、2 很明显文中找
2、2单词题 exhibit＝show
3、4>2 定位题，Phosphorus-deficient plants are often stunted, with leaves turning a characteristic dark green 不是和缺铁和镊（排除chlorosis）这题有点难是因为要回去在一堆生词里找定位，我知道咋做但是不知为啥脑子一下转错弯了，进行了2重定位，其实只第一个定位就是答案啦～
formation (development of deep red pigmentation of leaves or stem)
4、2 和3题是一样方法 chlorosis－loss of chlorophyll resulting in yellow or white leaf issue
5、3 单词题 facilitates＝makes easier
6、1 This technique allows researchers to create solutions
7、4 单词题 suspended＝hung
8、4 定位题 其实就是句子替换 Hyper accumulators run the entire range of the plant world.
9、3>1 单词题 afford＝offer
10、3 句子替换
11、4 推断题＋细节题，这题稍微难点因为脑子要拐弯， 这句可以推断出 After several years of cultivation and harvest, the site would be restored at a cost much lower，这里在说许多年，然后屯地也比xxx便宜，就说明这个生物降解过程需要一些时间，说明土地需要屯很久，于是就是选项4
12、2 这个就是前面句子找
13、1 这句看着像是一个条件，看看发现和1后面句子有关，那句是一个例子
14、1 2 3  4在说一个不知道是啥的细节，一看就错；5没说 6 没说

总的来说这题不难，只是专有名词有点多，于是需要多记住一下生词回去定位就行了；小时候听过童话故事讲水葫芦如何治理污染的故事，讲水葫芦把特定的元素吸收掉，最后把水葫芦给循环再利用于是那些元素都被回收了…于是对内容理解还稍微有点帮助…

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＃02 The origin of pacific island people


The greater Pacific region, traditionally called Oceania, consists of three cultural areas: Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. Melanesia, in the southwest Pacific, contains the large islands of New Guinea, the Solomons, Vanuatu, and New Caledonia. Micronesia, the area north of Melanesia, consists primarily of small scattered islands. Polynesia is the central Pacific area in the great triangle defined by Hawaii, Easter Island, and New Zealand. （考点）Before the arrival of Europeans, the islands in the two largest cultural areas, Polynesia and Micronesia, together contained a population estimated at 700,000.
本段在说从前有个xxx，xxx有个xxx岛

Speculation on the origin of these Pacific islanders began as soon as outsiders encountered them, in the absence of solid linguistic, archaeological, and biological data, many fanciful and mutually exclusive theories were devised（考点）. （说关于这里人的起源有多种说法）Pacific islanders are variously thought to have come from North America, South America, Egypt, Israel, and India, as well as Southeast Asia. Many older theories implicitly deprecated the navigational abilities and overall cultural creativity of the Pacific islanders. （开始举出多种理论的例子）For example, British anthropologists G. Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry assumed that only （第一种理论，埃及人占领）Egyptians would have been skilled enough to navigate and colonize the Pacific. They inferred that the Egyptians even crossed the Pacific to found the great civilizations of the New World (North and South America). （例子2）In 1947 Norwegian adventurer Thor Heyerdahl drifted on a balsa-log raft westward with the winds and currents across the Pacific from South America to prove his theory that （第二种理论，土著美洲人）Pacific islanders were Native Americans (also called American Indians). Later Heyerdahl suggested that the Pacific（第三种理论，外来移民－后面举出3种） was peopled by three migrations: by Native Americans from the Pacific Northwest of North America drifting to Hawaii, by Peruvians drifting to Easter Island, and by Melanesians. In 1969 he crossed the Atlantic in an Egyptian style reed boat to prove Egyptian influences in the Americas. Contrary to these theorists, the overwhelming evidence of physical anthropology, linguistics, and archaeology（证据） shows that the Pacific islanders came from Southeast Asia and were skilled enough as navigators to sail against the prevailing winds and currents.（主旨句终于来了！提出不同理论－东南亚移民）
本段在讨论岛上人民是哪里来的－说了一堆炮灰方案后提出本文论点：东南亚人民从海上过来的

The basic cultural requirements for the successful colonization of the Pacific islands include the appropriate boat-building, sailing, and navigation skills to get to the islands in the first place, domesticated plants and gardening skills suited to often marginal conditions, and a varied inventory of fishing implements and techniques（前面都在说移民的基础）. It is now generally believed that these prerequisites originated with peoples speaking Austronesian languages (a group of several hundred related languages) and began to emerge in Southeast Asia by about 5000 B. C.E. The culture of that time, based on archaeology and linguistic reconstruction, is assumed to have had a broad inventory of cultivated plants including taro, yarns, banana, sugarcane, breadfruit, coconut, sago, and rice. Just as important, the culture also possessed the basic foundation for an effective maritime adaptation, including outrigger canoes and a variety of fishing techniques that could be effective for overseas voyaging.
本段在讨论移民的必要条件－一个是种地技术好，另一个是海上生存能力强

（让步一）Contrary to the arguments of some that much of the pacific was settled by Polynesians accidentally marooned after being lost and adrift（快看ets文章是如何让步的！可以学习写到作文里面！）, it seems reasonable that this feat was accomplished by deliberate colonization expeditions that set out fully stocked with food and domesticated plants and animals. （有组织有计划的移民）Detailed studies of the winds and currents using computer simulations suggest that drifting canoes would have been a most unlikely means of colonizing the Pacific（推翻前面让步，说从风向洋流分析这是不利因素）. These expeditions were likely driven by population growth and political dynamics（主要原因：人口鸭梨和政治驱动） on the home islands, as well as the challenge and excitement of exploring unknown waters（原因：还有他们有想当海贼王的霸气＝ ＝大雾）. Because all Polynesians, Micronesians, and many Melanesians speak Austronesian languages and grow crops derived from Southeast Asia, all these peoples most certainly derived from that region and not the New World or elsewhere（从语言和庄稼来看那些人都起源于东南亚）. （让步二）The undisputed pre-Columbian presence in Oceania of the sweet potato, which is a New World domesticate, has sometimes been used to support Heyerdahl’s “American Indians in the Pacific” theories. However, this is one plant out of a long list of Southeast Asian domesticates（因为新大陆的人种出了马铃薯这种东南亚人没有的东东）. As Patrick Kirch, an American anthropologist, points out, rather than being brought by rafting South Americans, sweet potatoes might just have easily been brought back by returning Polynesian navigators who could have reached the west coast of South America.（但是也有可能不是东南亚人自己发现的，而是Polynesian路过的时候传过去的）

1. 4 位置正好倒了
2. 1 mutually exclusive就是互不相容的意思
3. 1 单词 overwhelming＝powerful
4. 2 也可用排除法，文中例子是划船来证明
5. 3 也可用排除法～埃及人移民的那句话British anthropologists G. Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry assumed that only Egyptians would have been skilled enough to navigate and colonize the Pacific还有本段最后一句可以推断出
6. 2 implement＝tool 单词题
7. 1 除了语言第一句都讲明
8. 4 本段主旨
9. 4
10. 3 undisputed＝unexpected 单词
11. 2 文中说了
12. 3 特例
13. 1>4
14. 1 2 3（其实3和5都有一个词不确定，那就是3的Austronesian和5的fishing economy，但是对比来看fishing economy更没提到）
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＃03 Cambrian Explosion

The geologic timescale is marked by significant geologic and biological events, including the origin of Earth about 4.6 billion years ago, the origin of life about 3.5 billion years ago, the origin of eukaryotic life-forms (living things that have cells with true nuclei) about 1.5 billion years ago, and the origin of animals about 0.6 billion years ago. The last event marks the beginning of the Cambrian period. Animals originated relatively late in the history of Earth – in only the last 10 percent of Earth’s history. During a geologically brief 100-million-year period, all modern animal groups (along with other animals that are now extinct) evolved. This rapid origin and diversification of animals is often referred to as “the Cambrian explosion.”
阐述背景

Scientists have asked important questions about this explosion for more than a century.（考点）Why did it occur so late in the history of Earth? The origin of multicellular forms of life seems a relatively simple step compared to the origin of life itself. Why does the fossil record not document the series of evolutionary changes during the evolution of animals? Why did animal life evolve so quickly? Paleontologists continue to search the fossil record for answers to these questions.
提出疑问 引出下文

One interpretation regarding the absence of fossils during this important 100-million-year period is that early animals were soft bodied and simply did not fossilize. Fossilization of soft-bodied animals is less likely than fossilization of hard-bodied animals, but it does occur. Conditions that promote fossilization of soft-bodied animals include very rapid covering by sediments that create an environment that discourages decomposition. In fact, fossil beds containing soft-bodied animals have been known for many years. 引出下文

The Ediacara fossil formation, which contains the oldest known animal fossils, consists exclusively of soft-bodied forms（考点）
. Although named after a site in Australia, the Ediacara formation is worldwide in distribution and dates to Precambrian times（考点）
. This 700-million-year-old formation gives few clues to the origins of modern animals, however, because paleontologists believe it represents an evolutionary experiment that failed. It contains no ancestors of modern animal groups.第一个化石地带700million年前的完全没现代生物化石迹象

A slightly younger fossil formation containing animal remains is the Tommotian formation, named after a locale in Russia. It dates to the very early Cambrian period, and it also contains only soft-bodied forms. At one time, the animals present in these fossil beds were assigned to various modern animal groups, but most paleontologists now agree that all Tommotian fossils representunique body forms that arose in the early Cambrian period and disappeared before the end of the period, leaving no descendants in modern animal groups.第二个化石地带比700million晚点的也没现代生物化石，虽然也发现了点但是后来被认为都不是

A third fossil formation containing both soft-bodied and hard-bodied animals provides evidence of the result of the Cambrian explosion. This fossil formation, called the Burgess Shale, is in Yoho National Park in the Canadian Rocky Mountains of British Columbia. （考点）Shortly after the Cambrian explosion, mud slides rapidly buried thousands of marine animals under conditions that favored fossilization. These fossil beds provide evidence of about 32 modern animal groups, plus about 20 other animal body forms that are so different from any modern animals that they cannot be assigned to any one of the modern groups. These unassignable animals include a large swimming predator called Anomalocaris and a soft-bodied animal called Wiwaxia, which ate detritus or algae. （考点）The Burgess Shale formation also has fossils of many extinct representatives of modern animal groups. For example, a well-known Burgess Shale animal called Sidneyia is a representative of a previously unknown group of arthropods (a category of animals that includes insects, spiders, mites, and crabs).第三个化石地带比在cambrian同时代终于发现了现代生物祖先的化石

Fossil formations like the Burgess Shale show that evolution cannot always be thought of as a slow progression（考点）（结论主旨句 进化也许不一定很漫长）. The Cambrian explosion involved rapid evolutionary diversification, followed by the extinction of many unique animals. Why was this evolution so rapid? No one really knows. Many zoologists believe that it was because so many ecological niches were available with virtually no competition from existing species.（考点）Will zoologists ever know the evolutionary sequences in the Cambrian explosion? Perhaps another ancient fossil bed of soft-bodied animals from 600-million-year-old seas is awaiting discovery.提出设想，600milion的化石期待被发现


1. 2 significiant=important 词汇题
2. 3 relatively＝comparatively 词汇题
3. 1 还是词汇
4. 2 本段主旨 其他都很错
5. 2> 1 1没提到～里面说 The origin of multicellular forms of life seems a relatively simple，看第一段知道origin比较慢了，那么multi就快一点点其实就是说mutiple也慢～～不过我认为2其实没直接被问到，是从animal比较快速的登上历史舞台的推论
step compared to the origin of life itself.
6. 2 第二段一堆问题，第三段第一句就是回答之一
7. 3 promote＝encourage 词汇题
8. 3 这玩意全世界都有 exclusively of 全部都是
9. 2 改写就是考翻译差不多……之前人们认为那啥的化石能和现代动物对应上的，现在专家都认为其实这些动物都在cam这个时代末尾灭绝掉了
10. 4 这种定位往前找就行了，文中没什么特别直接看选项找有example的直接选
11. 3 考翻译一样，文中定位句在例子前面
12. 2 主题句
13. 2 后面那句正好是插入句的解释
14. 1 2 6； 1一看就是对的，2前半句对应第一个化石的发现，后半句对应第三个化石的发现，3 4 5很错

cecyleyueyueUID：2753319

好认真仔细的!向你学习!!加油!!!!

estopUID：2864494

Early theories 对应的就是原文的 Old theories.
看第十三题，就是让填入Later theories也是一个 Clue

S酱UID：2883188

43# estop
thx～～哈哈～～我重新读了文章才完全懂～
话说我一直没舍得动tpo15-17，怕没攻克单词之前做又白做了～～

S酱UID：2883188

TPO4

＃1 Cave Art in Europe

The earliest discovered traces of art are beads and carvings, and then paintings, from sites dating back to the Upper Paleolithic period. We might expect that early artistic efforts would be crude, but the cave paintings of Spain and southern France show a marked degree of skill. So do the naturalistic paintings on slabs of stone excavated in southern Africa. Some of those slabs appear to have been painted as much as 28,000 years ago, which suggests that painting in Africa is as old as painting in Europe. But painting may be even older than that. The early Australians may have painted on the walls of rock shelters and cliff faces at least 30,000 years ago, and maybe as much as 60,000 years ago.

The researchers Peter Ucko and Andree Rosenfeld identified three principal locations of paintings in the caves of western Europe: (1) in obviously inhabited rock shelters and cave entrances; (2) in galleries immediately off the inhabited areas of caves; and (3) in the inner reaches of caves, whose difficulty of access has been interpreted by some as a sign that magical-religious activities were performed there.

The subjects of the paintings are mostly animals. The paintings rest on bare walls, with no backdrops or environmental trappings(细节出题). Perhaps, like many contemporary peoples, Upper Paleolithic men and women believed that the （原因1）drawing of a human image could cause death or injury, and if that were indeed their belief, it might explain why human figures are rarely depicted in cave art.（原因2） Another explanation for the focus on animals might be that these people sought to improve their luck at hunting. （举例）This theory is suggested by evidence of chips in the painted figures, perhaps made by spears thrown at the drawings. But if improving their hunting luck was the chief motivation for the paintings, it is difficult to explain why only a few show signs of having been speared. Perhaps the paintings were inspired by the need to
（原因3）increase the supply of animals. （举例）Cave art seems to have reached a peak toward the end of the Upper Paleolithic period, when the herds of game were decreasing.

The particular symbolic significance of the cave paintings in southwestern France is more explicitly revealed, perhaps, by the results of a study conducted by researchers Patricia Rice and Ann Paterson. The data they present suggest that the
（推论1）animals portrayed in the cave paintings were mostly the ones that the painters preferred for meat and for materials such as hides.（举例） For example, wild cattle (bovines) and horses are portrayed more often than we would expect by chance, probably because they were larger and heavier (meatier) than other animals in the environment. In addition,（推论2）the paintings mostly portray animals that the painters may have feared the most because of their size, speed, natural weapons such as tusks and horns, and the unpredictability of their behavior.（举例）That is, mammoths, bovines, and horses are portrayed more often than deer and reindeer. Thus, the paintings are consistent with the idea that the art is related to the importance of hunting in the economy of Upper Paleolithic people. Consistent with this idea, according to the investigators, is the fact that the art of the cultural period that followed the Upper Paleolithic also seems to reflect how people got their food. But in that period, when getting food no longer depended on hunting large game animals (because they were becoming extinct), the art ceased to focus on portrayals of animals.

Upper Paleolithic art was not confined to 不仅仅 cave paintings. Many shafts of spears and similar objects were decorated with figures of animals. The anthropologist Alexander Marshack has an interesting interpretation of some of the engravings made during the Upper Paleolithic. He believes that as far back as 30.000 B.C., hunters may have used a system of notation, engraved on bone and stone, to mark phases of the Moon. If this is true, it would mean that Upper Paleolithic people were capable of complex thought and were consciously aware of their environment. In addition to other artworks, figurines representing the human female in exaggerated form have also been found at Upper Paleolithic sites. It has been suggested that these figurines were an ideal type or an expression of a desire for fertility.

1. 1 marked-considerable
2. 2 文中说了
3. 1 principal－major
4. 4
5. 2>4 trappings－Decoration 这个应该联系下上下文 trapping有符号的意思
6. 3 这个3只比1多一个假设 但是原文插入表示假设了
7. 4 定位向前
8. 2 定位向前
9. 3 没提到
10. 1 文中说了
11. 3 文中说了
12. 2 和1有点混淆，不过定位就近么
13. 3 前面提出了疑问，于是插入句是承上启下之作用
14. 4>1 5 6 4里面估计是 these animals are typically found多余了～