【TPO阅读精读】S酱的阅读考点与题目分析

S酱UID: 2883188

本人分析的tpo阅读各篇文章出题要点以及题目选项分析，有时候三篇里某篇太简单就会被我无视，挑较难的两篇分析
以下为已完成部分，欢迎大家来交流指教～如果有问题也可以跟帖留言，虽然咱不是牛人，但对做过的tpo1-14题目还挺熟悉～

有人问我做tpo阅读精读对考试有没有帮助～我觉得这问题很好～，如果你是大牛，我估计没用，因为牛人直接做对题就完事了～毕竟这是考试分数最重要
如果不是，下面两种人建议做精读：
1.和我一样非牛的（嗯6级没考到500并且没准备过gre的），那最好做做，分析自己错哪里；考完gre的一般直接碾压托福阅读不解释。
2.还有就是跟我一样不报班自学的同志～可以做做精读，因为从这里你可以体会出整个ets出题的思路，通过分析阅读文章，你可以了解听力大致是啥结构，所以做了阅读精读我听力笔记就知道记啥，即使听不懂也知道记什么。还有作文，你可以学习下ets眼中好文章的思路和结构，理解英语的逻辑与思维，英语的表达与论证方式，当然咱们写托福作文要求不这么高了…
嗯暂时就能想到这么多了～总之回想下以前学语文咋学的吧！现在英语也是一样的，通过精读好文章学习。我觉得这不一定立刻提高你的成绩，因为这和你自身水平有关，但是这个会长远角度提高你的英语水平～


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TPO14

Children and Advertising 儿童与广告
Young children are trusting of commercial advertisements in the media, and advertisers have sometimes been accused of taking advantage of this trusting outlook.儿童很信任广告于是奸商利用这种信任 The Independent Television Commission, regulator of television advertising in the United Kingdom, has criticized advertisers for "misleadingness'—creating a wrong impression either intentionally or unintentionally—in an effort to control advertisers' use of techniques that make it difficult for children to judge the true size, action, performance, or construction of a toy.考点

General concern about misleading tactics that advertisers employ is centered on the use of exaggeration. 常用手法：夸张 Consumer protection groups and parents believe that children are largely ill-equipped to recognize such techniques and that often exaggeration is used at the expense of product information. Claims such as "the best' or “better than" can be subjective and misleading; even adults may be unsure as to their meaning. They represent the advertiser's opinions about the qualities of their products or brand and, as a consequence, are difficult to verify考点：广告自卖自夸令人无法辨别广告内容真伪：. Advertisers sometimes offset or counterbalance an exaggerated claim with a disclaimer夸张的手段（用disclaimer来掩盖和抵消夸张手法）—a qualification or condition on the claim.考点 For example, the claim that breakfast cereal has a health benefit may be accompanied by the disclaimer "when part of a nutritionally balanced breakfast.' However, research has shown that children often have difficulty understanding disclaimers: children may interpret理解 the phrase 'when part of a nutritionally balanced breakfast" to mean that the cereal is required as a necessary part of a balanced breakfast. The author George Comstock suggested that less than a quarter of children between the ages of six and eight years old understood standard disclaimers used in many toy advertisements and that disclaimers are more readily comprehended when presented in both audio and visual formats考点：audio和visual formats共存更有力. Nevertheless尽管如此, disclaimers are mainly presented in audio format only考点：audio为主力.

Fantasy is one of the more common techniques in advertising that could possibly mislead a young audience想象是另一种手段来误导儿童. Child-oriented advertisements are more likely to include magic and fantasy than advertisements aimed at adults. In a content analysis of Canadian television, the author Stephen Kline observed that nearly all commercials for character toys featured fantasy play儿童广告比成人广告更爱使用fantasy，比如一个人发现所有玩具广告都有fantasy成分. Children have strong imaginations and the use of fantasy brings their ideas to life, but children may not be adept enough to 精于realize that what they are viewing is unreal.儿童总分不清虚拟和现实 Fantasy situations and settings are frequently used to attract children's attention, particularly in food advertising. Advertisements for breakfast cereals have, for many years, been found to be especially fond of fantasy techniques, with almost nine out of ten including such content. Generally, there is uncertainty as to whether very young children can distinguish between fantasy and reality in advertising考点：儿童能否分清虚拟和现实还不uncertain. Certainly, rational appeals in advertising aimed at children are limited, as most advertisements use emotional and indirect appeals to psychological states or associations.考点：儿童广告理性少，感性更多

The use of celebrities such as singers and movie stars is common in advertising. 第三种方法：celebrities The intention is for the positively perceived attributes of the celebrity to be transferred to the advertised product and for the two to become automatically linked in the audience's mind. In children's advertising, the celebrities are often animated figures from popular cartoons In the recent past, the role of celebrities in advertising to children has often been conflated（mix together different elements） with the concept of host selling.celebrities方法相关的host selling Host selling involves blending advertisements with regular programming in a way that makes it difficult to distinguish one from the other. Host selling occurs, for example, when a children's show about a cartoon lion contains an ad in which the same lion promotes a breakfast cereal. The psychologist Dale Kunkel showed that the practice of host selling reduced children's ability to distinguish between advertising and program material.host selling融合的很好，让儿童不知不觉就看见广告了 It was also found that older children responded more positively to products in host selling advertisements.大点的孩子更接受这种host selling广告

Regarding the appearance of celebrities in advertisements that do not involve host selling,不包含hostselling的celebrities the evidence is mixed. Researcher Charles Atkin found that children believe that the characters used to advertise breakfast cereals are knowledgeable about cereals, and children accept such characters as credible sources of nutritional information. This finding was even more marked for heavy viewers of television. In addition, children feel validated in their choice of a product when a celebrity endorses that product. A study of children in Hong Kong, however, found that the presence of celebrities in advertisements could negatively affect the children’s perceptions of a product if the children did not like the celebrity in question. 儿童不喜欢celebrtiy的话，也不喜欢这个产品


于是来帖咱悲剧的结果

1.2
2.1 起初在1和3中间犹豫，但最后觉得不是理解，而是知道真相
3.4 文中原话  They represent the advertiser's opinions about the qualities of their products or brand and, as a consequence, are difficult to verify.
4.1 我起初在想2是不是，比如文中一直说误导消费者，其实这句只是说麦片有营养，而1是文中儿童误解后的结果吧，之后我查了desirable发现是可取的意思，这才明白，我还是单词不过关，不过幸好觉得2更错点，所以选对了
5.3 选错为1了 选不正确选项 这个要看最后面disclaimers are mainly presented in audio format only. 因此3是错的
6.2
7.1 本段一直再说children分不清虚拟的和真实的
8.3 ets就是喜欢段尾出题！答案在最后一句 Certainly, rational appeals in advertising aimed at children are limited, as most advertisements use emotional and indirect appeals to psychological states or associations.
9.4 选错为3了 词汇题 从文中句子能推断这里是“方面，特点”的意思
10.1定位题 答案在 Host selling involves blending advertisements with regular programming in a way that makes it difficult to distinguish one from the other.
11.2
12.1 在3段第一句
13.1 4 6 答案 1 2 4（6 根据这句The author George Comstock suggested that less than a quarter of children between the ages of six and eight years old understood standard disclaimers used in many toy advertisements and that disclaimers are more readily comprehended when presented in both audio and visual formats，说明6是错的； 3明显错，没说都用在麦片啥的上；5明显错，大点孩子也不因为广告理性所以怎么样）2 中说celebrities不是那么必要，可以从第4段看出，但是没什么具体句子呢

－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－我是悲剧的分割线－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－


MAYA WATER PROBLEMS  用时19分 错误1

1.4 这个想说明玛雅天气比较变态
2.4 没说south不可预料，是整个p那个地方都不可预料
3.2 文中有原句子 The ancient Maya were presumably more experienced and did better
4.4 > 2了 词汇题，不认识paradoxically（自相矛盾）
5.3 指代题，直接找定位句 往前找
6.2 文中有说p到处存在一种能让雨水直接渗透下去的地质
7.3 文中说南方地势高因此水很难弄到
8.1 （2 错误，因为没说maya人能modify水；3中没说leaks in karst的问题；4中明显错因为文中没说玛雅人不善于存储水）
9.1 最后一句A shorter drought in which they exhausted their stored food supplies might already have gotten them in deep trouble, because growing crops required rain rather than reservoirs.贯彻ets每篇文章必有最后一句考点，
10.3 文中说万一干旱季节比预计长啥的
11.1 用光的意思
12.4
13.SOUTHERN 1 3 4      NORTHERN 5 7 觉得很简单都可以在文中找到


－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－我是悲剧的分割线－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－


PASTORALISM IN ANCIENT INNER EURASIA  用时20分 错误4


1. 2 这个很明显是标志的意思
2. 2  根据文中 It is the use of horses for transportation and warfare that explains why Inner Eurasian pastoralism proved the most mobile and the most militaristic of all major fors of pastoralism.
3. 4 选错为3了 词汇题 虽然知道profound 是深远的影响，但因为对far－reaching（深远的）理解有误以为是差太远的意思－ －冏，其实选了direct觉得也不那么贴切，看来2个都不确定的时候还是应该选看起来最对的，是我疏忽了
4. 1这个也挺明显的，对比题的选项就要2者都提到
5. 4 一直在说移动性比较好，2选项说吃的多文中并没提到
6. 4 选错为2了 举例题 So, it is no accident that with the appearance of pastoralist societies there appear large areas that share similar cultural, ecological, and even linguistic features. 后面的语言问题是支持这句话的，是这句话的展开论述，而这句话则是对本段第一句的说明。选项2 我原本以为这个语言问题说明了p对大陆有很大的影响，在于他们侵略了整个大陆顺便带去了他们的文化
7. 2 reliable和convincing都差不多于是选noticeable，而且没有证据说明xxx是可信的，而是令人惊异的感觉
8. 1 选错为4了 词汇题 exploit 开发 功绩 纯属单词不认识＝＝
9. 2 从第二句话可以看出，他们因为总要移动所以带不了很多东西
10. 3 选错为2了 选不正确选项 这题充分说明了ets的腹黑！！
【Inequalities of wealth and rank certainly exist, and have probably existed in most pastoralist societies, but except in periods of military conquest(紫色这一句都是插入语）, they（这个指代，指代的是inequalities，不是periods of military） are normally too slight to generate the stable, hereditary hierarchies that are usually implied by the use of the term class.

这句话相当于 Inequalities of wealth and rank certainly exist, and have probably existed in most pastoralist societies, but they are normally too slight to generate the stable, hereditary hierarchies that are usually implied by the use of the term class，except in periods of military conquest.
这句话的大意是：不平等的确存在于大部分的p社会中，但是他们一般不足以行成稳固的，建立在阶级基础上的世袭制，但是除了在军事期间以外。也就是说军事期间是最稳固的】
11. 4 本段最后一句话，ets很喜欢在最后一句出题
12. 1 这题是第四段，模考pps版本里有这题
13. 1 3 4 （2错误，因为说他们有丝绸贸易；这个文中没说，5错误，不是现在的学者认为这样；6错误，没说他们有精神追求什么的）


总结：
1、常错的还是单词题和细节题，单词是我很苦恼的地方，这次阅读3错了3个单词题都是大致认识的，结果还是错，哎…期待大家来指点我
2、其他要注意的是还是要仔细看文章，有一些细节要更加注意，尤其是副词这种也要留意。还有一段的最后一句也总是考点所在所以不要马虎大意。
3、还有如果找定位句的话，有的时候也不要太关注细节而丧失对整体的把握…

ps：最后1篇还是有的难度，所以有点受打击- -自己实力太不稳定了，唉啥时候能3篇总共错仨呢…第一次用模考版本还是挺不习惯

S酱UID: 2883188

Tpo6

#1 POWERING THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

In Britain one of the most dramatic changes of the Industrial Revolution was the harnessing of power. 主题句子 Until the reign of George Ⅲ(1760-1820)，available sources of power for work and travel had not increased since the Middle Ages. There were three sources of power：animal or human muscles；the wind, operating on sail or windmill; and running water .Only the last of these was suited at all to the continuous operating of machines, and although waterpower abounded in Lancashire and Scotland and ran grain mills as well as textile mills, it had one great disadvantage：streams flowed where nature intended them to and water-driven factories had to be located on their banks whether or not the location was desirable for other reasons. 以上主要说有三种能源，水能是最持久能源，但受地点局限Furthermore even the most reliable waterpower varied with the seasons and disappeared in a drought．The new age of machinery, in short, could not have been born without a new source of both movable and constant power.水能也不是一直持久的

第一段通过举出蒸汽机发明前的几种驱动方式的缺点来引出后文，需要一直新的持久能源

The source had long been known but not exploited. 承上启下，说明有一个能源，下面开始具体阐述 Early in the century, a pump had come into use in which expanding steam raised a piston in a cylinder, and atmospheric pressure brought it down again when the steam condensed inside the cylinder to form a vacuum（真空）．This “atmospheric engine,” invented by Thomas Savery and vastly improved by his partner Thomas Newcomen, embodied（体现） revolutionary principles, but it was so slow and wasteful of fuel that it could not be employed outside the coal mines for which it had been designed. 以上为早期蒸汽引擎的缺点，之后说新改进的蒸汽机优点In the 1760s, James Watt perfected a separate condenser for the steam, so that the cylinder did not have to be cooled at every stroke; 优点一：先是不用每次都冷却then he devised a way to make the piston turn a wheel and thus convert reciprocating (back and forth) motion into rotary motion. He thereby transformed an inefficient pump of limited use into a steam engine of a thousand uses. 优点二：再是把一种用处的引擎变成一千种用途The final step came when steam was introduced into the cylinder to drive the piston backward as well as forward thereby increasing the speed of the engine and cutting its fuel consumption. 优点三： 让cylinder新运动提高速度和减少炭消耗

第二段主讲引擎的发明和改进，对比了早期的和改进后的～考点在于都改进了啥

Watt's steam engine soon showed what it could do. It liberated industry from dependence on running water.对于工业有了很大贡献 The engine eliminated water in the mines by driving efficient pumps, which made possible deeper and deeper mining. 采矿吸水The ready availability of coal inspired William Murdoch during the 1790s to develop the first new form of nighttime illumination to be discovered in a millennium and a half.对于城市夜间照明有了很大贡献 Coal gas rivaled smoky oil lamps and flickering candles, and early in the new century, well-to-do Londoners grew accustomed to gaslit houses and even streets.
Iron manufacturers which had starved for fuel while depending on charcoal also benefited from ever-increasing supplies of coal对于钢铁冶炼有了很大贡献; blast furnaces with steam- powered bellows turned out more iron and steel for the new machinery. 钢铁多了促进了机械制造业Steam became the motive force of the Industrial Revolution as coal and iron ore（矿） were the raw materials．

第三段主讲引擎的发明和改进的贡献－提高了煤炭开采量，促进了钢铁冶炼，促进了工业制造业

By 1800 more than a thousand steam engines were in use in the British Isles, and Britain retained a virtual monopoly（垄断） on steam engine production until the 1830s． 直到1830英国一直垄断蒸汽引擎生产 Steam power did not merely spin cotton and roll iron; early in the new century it also multiplied ten times over the amount of paper that a single worker could produce in a day. At the same time, operators of the first printing presses run by steam rather than by hand found it possible to produce a thousand pages in an hour rather than thirty. 以上为蒸汽引擎对工业的贡献，比人力效率高很多倍Steam also promised to eliminate a transportation problem not fully solved by either canal boats of turnpikes. Boats could carry heavy weights, but canals could not cross hilly terrain; turnpikes could cross the hills, but the roadbeds could not stand up under great weights. 蒸汽引擎为交通工具的发展提供新可能These problems needed still another solution, and the ingredients for it lay close at hand. In some industrial regions, heavily laden wagons，with flanged wheels，were being hauled by horses along metal rails; and the stationary steam engine was puffing in the factory and mine．Another generation passed before Inventors succeeded in combining these ingredients by putting the engine on wheels and the wheels on the rails, so as to provide a machine to take the place of the horse. Thus the railroad age sprang from what had already happened in the eighteenth century.还没等人们想起来把轮子和引擎捏一块儿，火车就先跑出来了 ＝。＝

第四段主讲引擎进一步的贡献－工业大批量生产和交通


1、4 其他三个选项都是细节错误比如1和3强调地点，2里面undesirable places错了，属于一竿子打翻一船的错误
2、2 这个看1段最后一句和2段第一句
3、1 词汇  exploited=utilized
4、3 词汇  vastly=greatly
5、2 这个定位句在后面那句；1和4都是对的，但是不是引擎慢的原因；3就是在说原理
6、1 这个还是原理，一直没变过
7、1 定位往前找，没有就找第一句；第一句和选项1意思差不多的
9、3 词汇
10、4 词汇 retained＝maintained
11、3 这个后面写的another generation可以看出火车的时间晚于工厂
12、2 引擎和马车
13、1>3 插入句是前一句的一个例子
14、2 4 7  1明显错；3中major错了，应该是only；4细节错误，steam pump和flexible；6不是new way只是改进，还是那个煤油灯


－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－悲剧的分割线－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－

#2 WILLIAM SMITH

1、3 单词题
2、3 选不对的，关于所描诉人物的题，书是自己买的
3、4 >2 细节推断题 选的时候就犹豫2了，但是4文中exposed rock strata有点偷换概念了，是smith自己干的不是人家让的，这题第一句was at its height是关键
4、3 文中找
5、1 单词题 果然背单词有用！
6、2 替换题 就分析句子吧，这题不难的
7、4 举例问为啥题，1和2太细节，3regional错
8、1 举例问为啥题，While rock between two consistent strata might in one place be shale and in another sandstone 其实就1是这句改写
9、4 单词题
10、4 单词题
11、2 4 > 3 双选题 1明显错；4其实和这文章没大关系；
12、2 最后一句话题 举例问为啥题，这段在说化石能起到判断作用，就2是
13、3 插入题 插入句即是原因又是结果
14、2 3 6


#3 INFANTILE AMNESIA 婴儿健忘症

What do you remember about your life before you were three? Few people can remember anything that happened to them in their early years. Adults' memories of the next few years also tend to be scanty. Most people remember only a few events-usually ones that were meaningful and distinctive，such as being hospitalized or a sibling’s birth.
第一段：人们总是会忘事，都是废话

How might this inability to recall early experiences be explained? The sheer passage of time does not account for it（1.指出时间并非关键问题－举例成人可以记得很久之前的事情）; adults have excellent recognition of pictures of people who attended high school with them 35 years earlier. Another seemingly plausible explanation-that infants do not form enduring memories at this point in development-also is incorrect（2.儿童没有持续的记忆能力的说法是错误的－3岁儿童开始记得2岁时候的事情）. Children two and a half to three years old remember experiences that occurred in their first year, and eleven month olds remember some events a year later. （xx抑制记忆也不能解释这种情况）Nor does the hypothesis that infantile amnesia reflects repression- or holding back- of sexually charged episodes explain the phenomenon．While such repression may occur，people cannot remember ordinary events from the infant and toddler periods either．（但是婴儿时期没有什么记忆的事件是存在的－引出下面一段）
第二段：举了几种让婴儿健忘的可能性说法并一一否决，考点在于这些点都是啥以及本段和下段啥关系

Three other explanations seem more promising. （三种更有可能的解释）One involves physiological changes relevant to memory（第一种，身体发育－大脑中有一个区域管这个的）. Maturation of the frontal lobes of the brain continues throughout early childhood, and this part of the brain may be critical for remembering particular episodes in ways that can be retrieved later.（婴儿自己亲身看见或者干的事情更能记住） Demonstrations of infants’ and toddlers' long-term memory have involved their repeating motor activities that they had seen or done earlier，such as reaching in the dark for objects, putting a bottle in a doll’s mouth, or pulling apart two pieces of a toy. The brain’s level of physiological maturation may support these types of memories，but not ones requiring explicit（详尽的;
明确的） verbal descriptions. （这种动作可以被记录在脑子中那个区域里面，但是这个对语言能力要求不高）
第三段：阐述了三种更可信的理论之一

A second explanation involves the influence of the social world on children’s language use．（第二种，语言应用－听故事的作用）Hearing and telling stories about events may help children store information in ways that will endure into later childhood and adulthood．Through hearing stories with a clear beginning，middle, and ending children may learn to extract the gist of events in ways that they will be able to describe many years later. （听故事让儿童学会今后怎么去组织类似的东西，举例是家长在孩子3岁时候总是和他们讲之前发生了啥）Consistent with this view parents and children increasingly engage in discussions of past events when children are about three years old. However, hearing such stories is not sufficient for younger children to form enduring memories. Telling such stories to two year olds does not seem to produce long-lasting verbalizable memories.（但是，太小的孩子听故事并不能增加其记忆力）
第四段：阐述了三种更可信的理论之二

A third likely explanation for infantile amnesia involves incompatibilities between the ways in which infants encode information and the ways in which older children and adults retrieve it.（信息输入和信息的再提取） Whether people can remember an event depends critically on the fit between the way in which they earlier encoded the information and the way in which they later attempt to retrieve it. The better able the person is to reconstruct the perspective from which the material was encoded, the more likely that recall will be successful.
第五段：阐述了三种更可信的理论之三

This view is supported by a variety of factors that can create mismatches between very young children's encoding and older children's and adults' retrieval efforts. The world looks very different to a person whose head is only two or three feet above the ground than to one whose head is five or six feet above it, （儿童看到的世界和大人不同）0lder children and adults often try to retrieve the names of things they saw, but infants would not have encoded the information verbally（大人可以通过记忆名字也就是关键词来记忆，但是婴儿没词汇）．General knowledge of categories of events such as a birthday party or a visit to the doctor's office helps older individuals encode their experiences（对事物的分类有利于记忆）, but again, infants and toddlers are unlikely to encode many experiences within such knowledge structures．（婴儿没语言功能所以不能建立好的分类，说明语言和记忆的关系很密切）
第六段：理论之三的举例和进一步说明

These three explanations of infantile amnesia are not mutually exclusive：indeed, they support each other. Physiological immaturity may be part of why infants and toddlers do not form extremely enduring memories, even when they hear stories that promote such remembering in preschoolers. Hearing the stories may lead preschoolers to encode aspects of events that allow them to form memories they can access as adults．Conversely，improved encoding of what they hear may help them better understand and remember stories and thus make the stories more useful for remembering future events. Thus, all three explanations-- physiological maturation hearing and producing stories about past events，and improved encoding of key aspects of events--seem likely to be involved in overcoming Infantile amnesia．

1、3 问整个一段的例子对下文的作用
2、2 单词题
3、4> 3 单词题 occurrence＝ phenomenon 事件
4、4
5、1> 2（这个2不能直接在文中找到，要理解 Demonstrations of infants’ and toddlers' long-term memory have involved their repeating motor activities that they had seen or done earlier）
6、4
7、1 单词题
8、4 单词题 perspective＝viewpoint
9、1 指代题
10、 2 细节题
11、1 句子替换题
12、3 段落关系题
13、4 句子插入题
14、1>6 2 3>4

S酱UID: 2883188

TPO 7

#1 The Geologic History of the Mediterranean

In 1970 geologists Kenneth J. Hsu and William B.F. Ryan were collecting research data while aboard the oceanographic research vessel Glomar Challenger. An objective of this particular cruise was to investigate the floor of the Mediterranean and to resolve questions about its geologic history. One question was related to evidence that the invertebrate fauna (animals without spines) of the Mediterranean had changed abruptly about 6 million years ago. Most of the older organisms were nearly wiped out灭绝, although a few hardy species survived. A few managed to migrate into the Atlantic. Somewhat later, the migrants returned, bringing new species with them. Why did the near extinction and migrations occur?
第一段：地中海再过去6百万年间变化很大，生物要么死绝要么搬走，后来搬回来又带了新生物，问为啥如此折腾
Another task for the Glomar Challenger’s scientists was to try to determine the origin of the domelike masses buried deep beneath the Mediterranean seafloor. These structures had been detected years earlier by echo-sounding instruments, but they had never been penetrated in the course of drilling. Were they salt domes such as are common along the United States Gulf Coast, and if so, why should there have been so much solid crystalline salt晶体盐 beneath the floor of the Mediterranean?
第二段：第二项任务是寻找地中海海床掩埋物的起源

With question such as these clearly before them, the scientists aboard the Glomar Challenger processed to the Mediterranean to search for the answers. On August 23, 1970, they recovered a sample. The sample consisted of pebbles of gypsum and fragments of volcanic rock. Not a single pebble was found that might have indicated that the pebbles came from the nearby continent. In the days following, samples of solid gypsum were repeatedly brought on deck as drilling operations penetrated the seafloor. Furthermore, the gypsum 石膏was found to possess peculiarities特征 of composition and structure that suggested it had formed on desert flats. 1：石膏的起源说明这里曾经是沙漠Sediment above and below the gypsum layer contained tiny marine fossils, indicating open-ocean conditions.2：化石的发现源说明这里曾经是海 As they drilled into the central and deepest part of the Mediterranean basin, the scientists took solid, shiny, crystalline salt from the core barrel终于发现了晶体盐了. Interbedded with the salt were thin layers of what appeared to be windblown silt3:风化的痕迹.
第三段：描述科学发现，提出3推论

The time had come to formulate a hypothesis. The investigators theorized that about 20 million years ago, the Mediterranean was a broad seaway linked to the Atlantic by two narrow straits.最初是和大西洋相接 Crustal movements closed the straits, and the landlocked Mediterranean began to evaporate.地壳运动导致和海洋连接被阻塞，水分开始蒸发Increasing salinity caused by the evaporation resulted in the extermination of scores of invertebrate species. 水蒸发盐度高于是生物灭绝Only a few organisms especially tolerant of very salty conditions remained. As evaporation continued, the remaining brine (salt water) became so dense that the calcium sulfate of the hard layer was precipitated. In the central deeper part of the basin, the last of the brine evaporated to precipitate more soluble sodium chloride (salt).沉淀出盐了 Later, under the weight of overlying sediments, this salt flowed plastically upward to form salt domes. Before this happened, however, the Mediterranean was a vast desert 3,000 meters deep. Then, about 5.5 million years ago came the deluge. As a result of crustal adjustments and faulting, the Strait of Gibraltar, where the Mediterranean now connects to the Atlantic, opened, and water cascaded spectacularly back into the Mediterranean. Turbulent waters tore into the hardened salt flats, broke them up, and ground them into the pebbles observed in the first sample taken by the Challenger. 解释3段中第一个发现As the basin was refilled, normal marine organisms returned. Soon layer of oceanic ooze began to accumulate above the old hard layer.海泥在那些结晶体上面开始沉积
第四三段：3段中的发现的形成原因，得出2段和1段的问题答案
The salt and gypsum, the faunal changes, and the unusual gravel provided abundant evidence that the Mediterranean was once a desert.证明地中海原来是沙漠

---------------------------------------------打酱油的分割线---------------------------------------

＃2 Ancient Rome and Greece

There is a quality of cohesiveness about the Roman world that applied neither to Greece nor perhaps to any other civilization, ancient or modern. Like the stone of Roman wall, which were held together both by the regularity of the design and by that peculiarly powerful Roman cement, so the various parts of the Roman realm were bonded into a massive, monolithic entity by physical, organizational, and psychological controls. The physical bonds included the network of military garrisons, which were stationed in every province, and the network of stone-built roads that linked the provinces with Rome. The organizational bonds were based on the common principles of law and administration and on the universal army of officials who enforced common standards of conduct. The psychological controls were built on fear and punishment—on the absolute certainty that anyone or anything that threatened the authority of Rome would be utterly destroyed.

The source of Roman obsession with unity and cohesion may well have lain in the pattern of Rome’s early development. Whereas Greece had grown from scores of scattered cities, Rome grew from one single organism. While the Greek world had expanded along the Mediterranean seas lanes, the Roman world was assembled by territorial conquest. Of course, the contrast is not quite so stark: in Alexander the Great the Greeks had found the greatest territorial conqueror of all time; and the Romans, once they moved outside Italy, did not fail to learn the lessons of sea power. Yet the essential difference is undeniable. The Key to the Greek world lay in its high-powered ships; the key to Roman power lay in its marching legions. The Greeks were wedded to（执着于） the sea; the Romans, to the land. The Greek was a sailor at heart; the Roman, a landsman.
第二段：罗马与希腊在军事上的对比

Certainly, in trying to explain the Roman phenomenon, one would have to place great emphasis on this almost instinct for the territorial imperative. Roman priorities lay in the organization, exploitation, and defense of their territory. In all probability it was the fertile plain of Latium, where the Latins who founded Rome originated, that created the habits and skills of landed settlement, landed property, landed economy, landed administration, and a land-based society. From this arose the Roman genius for military organization and orderly government. In turn, a deep attachment to the land, and to the stability which rural life engenders, fostered the Roman virtues: gravitas, a sense of responsibility, peitas, a sense of devotion to family and country, and iustitia, a sense of the natural order.
第三段：罗马精神

Modern attitudes to Roman civilization range from the infinitely impressed to the thorough disgusted. As always, there are the power worshippers, especially among historians, who are predisposed to admire whatever is strong, who feel more attracted to the might of Rome than to the subtlety of Greece有历史学家相比精致的希腊更喜欢强势的罗马. At the same time, there is a solid body of opinion that dislikes Rome. For many, Rome is at best the imitator and the continuator of Greece on a larger scale. Greek civilization had quality;希腊重质量 Rome, mere quantity罗马重数量. Greece was the inventor希腊重创新
; Rome, the research and development division罗马研究和发展割裂开了. Such indeed was the opinion of some of the more intellectual Romans.” had the Greeks held novelty in such disdain as we,” asked Horace in his epistle, “what work of ancient date would now exist?”有罗马人对自己都看不过去了，说如果希腊人和我们一样没创新精神，现在就啥都没有了
第四段：罗马与希腊在精神层面的对比

Rome’s debt to Greece was enormous.罗马受益于希腊 The Romans adopted Greek religion and moral philosophy. 继承了宗教和哲学In literature, Greek writers were consciously used as models by their Latin successors.
继承了语言It was absolutely accepted that an educated Roman should be fluent in Greek. In speculative philosophy and the sciences, the Romans made virtually no advance on early achievements.但是某些哲学和科学没有建树

第五段：罗马与希腊关系－罗马继承希腊文明

Yet it would be wrong to suggest that Rome was somehow a junior partner in Greco-Roman civilization. The Roman genius was projected into new spheres—especially into those of law, military organization, administration, and engineering. 有所建树之处
Moreover, the tensions that arose within the Roman state produced literary and artistic sensibilities of the highest order. It was no accident that many leading Roman soldiers and statesmen were writers of high caliber.
第六段：罗马更上一层楼之处

S酱UID: 2883188

8，22作业 TPO 13


＃1 Types of Social Groups :)社会分类 用时25分 错误：7  

Life places us in a complex web of relationships with other people. （很精彩的开头句）Our humanness arises out of these relationships in the course of social interaction. Moreover, our humanness must be sustained through social interaction—and fairly constantly so. When an association continues long enough for two people to become linked together by a relatively stable set of expectations, it is called a relationship.考点
第一段主要说啥是relationship

People are bound within relationships by two types of bonds: expressive ties and instrumental ties. Expressive ties are social links formed when we emotionally invest ourselves in and commit ourselves to other people. Through association with people who are meaningful to us, we achieve a sense of security, love, acceptance, companionship, and personal worth. Instrumental ties are social links formed when we cooperate with other people to achieve some goal. Occasionally（或者）, this may mean working with instead of against competitors. More often, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without endowing考点 the relationship with any larger significance.
第二段主要说有2种relationship－expressive 和 instrumental

Sociologists have built on the distinction between expressive and instrumental ties to distinguish between two types of groups: primary and secondary. A primary group involves two or more people who enjoy a direct, intimate, cohesive relationship with one another. Expressive ties predominate in primary groups（expressive）; we view the people as ends in themselves and valuable in their own right. A secondary group entails需要 two or more people who are involved in an impersonal relationship and have come together for a specific, （ instrumental）practical purpose. Instrumental ties predominate in secondary groups; we perceive people as means to ends rather than as ends in their own right. Sometimes primary group relationships evolve out of 考点secondary group relationships（有时候第一组由第二组演化而来）. This happens in many work settings. People on the job often develop close relationships with coworkers as they come to share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfactions.（表示那种情况存在因为人们会在一起分享好玩的事情）
第三段主要说把2种relationship的人分为primary groups 和 sencondary groups，并说明了它们之间的关系


A number of conditions enhance the likelihood that primary groups will arise. （试验的结论：primary组会胜出，也就是expressive的组）First, group size is important. （情况1:人数）We find it difficult to get to know people personally when they are milling about and dispersed in large groups. In small groups we have a better chance to initiate contact and establish rapport(和谐融洽) with them. Second, face-to-face contact allows us to size up others. Seeing and talking with one another in close physical proximity makes possible a subtle exchange of ideas and feelings. And third, the probability that we will develop primary group bonds increases as we have frequent and continuous contact.
Our ties with people often deepen as we interact with them across time and gradually evolve interlocking（连锁的） habits and interests.（这段的论述句子非常好～可以用于作文）

Primary groups are fundamental to us and to society. （ 引出本篇观点：－ 第一种组那种是我们对自己和对社会都是最基本的要素）First, primary groups are critical to the socialization process. （理由1：社会化的主体）Within them, infants and children are introduced to the ways of their society. （例证：只有这样小孩子才能渐渐社会化）Such groups are the breeding grounds in which we acquire the norms and values that equip us for social life. Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger society because they transmit, mediate, and interpret a society's cultural patterns and provide the sense of oneness so critical for social solidarity.

Second, primary groups are fundamental because they provide the settings in which we meet most of our personal needs. （理由2：适合大多数人对我们的要求）Within them, we experience companionship, love, security, and an overall sense of well-being. Not surprisingly, sociologists find that the strength of a group's primary ties has implications for the group's functioning. For example, the stronger the primary group ties of a sports team playing together, the better their record is.（例证：队员感情好的队伍实力强）

Third, primary groups are fundamental because they serve as powerful instruments for social control（理由3：能够更好的维护社会稳定）. Their members command and dispense提供 many of the rewards that are so vital to us and that make our lives seem worthwhile. Should the use of rewards fail, members can frequently win by rejecting or threatening to ostracize those who deviate from the primary group's norms. （举例：把不听话的人关小黑屋）For instance, some social groups employ shunning (a person can remain in the community, but others are forbidden to interact with the person) as a device to bring into line individuals whose behavior goes beyond that allowed by the particular group. Even more important, primary groups define social reality for us by structuring our experiences. By providing us with definitions of situations, they elicit引导 from our behavior that conforms to group-devised meanings. （理由4：对照他人的行为修正自我）Primary groups, then, serve both as carriers of social norms（社会规范） and as enforcers of them.

本篇结构：定义一个x 》 论述x的2种情况x1和x2 》 用x1和x2做试验 》得出结论x1好 》好的理由 》支持理由的观点4个


今天做的很凄惨，我的词汇题悲剧的全灭了！！看来我还得背单词切～

1、2 错选为1 词汇题
2、4 错选为2 选对的 4这个选项我只想说决定这个的不是时间吧而是interaction吧，但是的确原文那句话里一直在提时间
3、3 错选为1 词汇题 endowing（捐献 资助）＝providing
4、1 嗯instrumental的组就是自己玩自己的也行；
5、3 说第一组就是交朋友，第二组有目的性；
6、4 第三段说了，有时候第一组evolve out of 第二组
7、2选错为1 词汇题 evaluate 评估估量 我觉得size up大约就是把人仔细了看的意思，于是选直译enlarge结果悲剧了
8、3 替换题 1错在不是social pattern怎么样了；2错在oneness；4错在solidarity是bridge上面；
9、3 嗯就是说个观点然后论证
10、4错选为1 词汇题 我没仔细看底下还有depart…deviate偏离
11、1错选为2 选项没区分好orz，这时候已经超时了于是草草选了
12、2错选为1 这算是个例子，支持前面一句的
13、p 1 6 7  s 4  5 这个简单

－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－我是悲剧的分割线－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－


＃2 Biological Clocks 生物钟 用时19分 错误：3

Survival and successful reproduction usually require the activities of animals to be coordinated with predictable events around them. Consequently, the timing and rhythms of biological functions must closely match periodic events like the solar day, the tides, the lunar cycle, and the seasons.
The relations between animal activity and these periods, particularly for the daily rhythms, have been of such interest and importance that a huge amount of work has been done on them and the special research field of chronobiology has emerged.
（以上为废话） Normally, the constantly changing levels of an animal's activity—sleeping, feeding, moving, reproducing, metabolizing, and producing enzymes and hormones, for example—are well coordinated with environmental rhythms, but the key question is whether the animal's schedule is driven by external cues, such as sunrise or sunset, or is instead dependent somehow on internal timers that themselves generate the observed biological rhythms. （提出问题：动物是否自身有生物节奏）Almost universally, biologists accept the idea that all eukaryotes 考点(a category that includes most organisms except bacteria and certain algae) have internal clocks. By isolating organisms completely from external periodic cues, biologists learned that organisms have internal clocks.（结论：动物是有生物钟，然后开始举例，某个木耳上了天和在地上生活节奏没区别）
For instance, apparently normal daily periods of biological activity were maintained for about a week by the fungus Neurospora when it was intentionally isolated from all geophysical timing cues while orbiting in a space shuttle. The continuation of biological rhythms in an organism without external cues attests to its having an internal clock.
第一段主要说动物有生物钟，然后生物钟是内在的，不咋受外界环境影响

When crayfish are kept continuously in the dark, even for four to five months, their compound eyes continue to adjust on a daily schedule for daytime and nighttime vision. Horseshoe crabs kept in the dark continuously for a year were found to maintain a persistent rhythm of brain activity that similarly adapts their eyes on a daily schedule for bright or for weak light. Like almost all daily cycles of animals deprived of environmental cues, those measured for the horseshoe crabs in these conditions were not exactly 24 hours. Such a rhythm whose period is approximately—but not exactly—a day is called circadian. For different individual horseshoe crabs, the circadian period ranged from 22.2 to 25.5 hours.考点 A particular animal typically maintains its own characteristic cycle duration with great precision for many days. Indeed, stability of the biological clock's period is one of its major features, even when the organism's environment is subjected to considerable changes in factors, such as temperature, that would be expected to affect biological activity strongly.考点 （例证2 生物的生活周期被推移）Further evidence for persistent internal rhythms appears when the usual external cycles are shifted—either experimentally or by rapid east-west travel over great distances. Typically, the animal's daily internally generated cycle of activity continues without change. As a result, its activities are shifted relative to the external cycle of the new environment.（结论：生物的生物钟会根据新环境发生推移）
考点The disorienting effects of this mismatch between external time cues and internal schedules may persist, like our jet lag, for several days or weeks until certain cues such as the daylight/darkness cycle reset the organism's clock to synchronize with the daily rhythm of the new environment.
第二段主要举出3钟动物的例子来说明生物钟不变的，但是生物钟会根据daily rhythm of the environment来变

（承接上一段：太阳让生物的生物钟发生推移）Animals need natural periodic signals like sunrise to maintain a cycle whose period is precisely 24 hours. Such an external cue not only coordinates an animal's daily rhythms with particular features of the local solar day but also—because it normally does so day after day-seems to keep the internal clock's period close to that of Earth's rotation. Yet despite this synchronization of the period of the internal cycle, the animal's timer itself continues to have its own genetically built-in period close to, but different from, 24 hours. Without the external cue, the difference accumulates and so the internally regulated activities of the biological day drift continuously, like the tides, in relation to the solar day. （因为动物的生物钟不是24小时，所以看起来像是根据地球自传来调整的而时间上动物的生物钟是根据太阳日来调整的）This drift has been studied extensively in many animals and in biological activities ranging from the hatching of fruit fly eggs to wheel running by squirrels. Light has a predominating influence in setting the clock. Even a fifteen-minute burst of light in otherwise sustained darkness can reset an animal's circadian rhythm. Normally, internal rhythms are kept in step by regular environmental cycles. For instance, if a homing pigeon is to navigate with its Sun compass, its clock must be properly set by cues provided by the daylight/darkness cycle.

第三段进一步解释动物生物钟会根据daily rhythm of the environment来变，说明internal rhythms 和 environmental cycles 是关联的

1. 1 词汇题
2. 2 前一句话
3. 4 明显错
4. 3 词汇题 持续的意思
5. 2 是说即便温度变了生物钟也不变
6. 3 就是说一种物种也有生物钟不同的
7. 3>1 选对的 其实文章里写了，我一时眼花，选了3，其实3没在文中提到只是说忽然换到另一个地方，而不是频繁的换来换去
8. 3 嗯主题如此
9. 3>1 其实第一感觉是1，但是又觉得是个过程，不只是时间问题…于是这个有点难度，单纯的时间还是生物一天的过程…看别人写后面external time是个clue，于是应该单纯从时间来判断
10. 1 唉这地儿出了俩题啊，这个就是说生物不是和人一样的24小时，引出后面的段落…
11. 1 定位
12. 2 词汇题 其他选项无干扰
13. 2 看yet
14. 1 2 4 > 6  6这个文中写的很清楚，是最后段主题，是我疏忽了，这题不该错

总结：这篇比第一篇可简单多了…，但还是错仨……冏


－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－我是悲剧的分割线－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－

#3 Methods of Studying Infant Perception  用时20分 错误：1

这篇很简单，不分析文章了


1. 3 原文 Each of these methods compares an ...
2. 3 词汇题，从文中可以看出是来回repetitive following movements
3. 1 定位，其实不定位也行，其他仨选项太错了
4. 3 第三个选项明显错
5. 2 词汇题 选项设置和上两篇不是一个级别啊…完全没干扰
6. 1 其他选项都太细节了而且很错
7. 2 说新的技术，解决2段的问题
8. 4 词汇题 后面提到measurement了
9. 3>4 这题不该错，文中heartbeats or breaths taken when a new stimulus is presented. 本段大致扫了下结果忽略细节就是悲剧
10.1 文中括号部分
11.3 第一眼扫到1发现size of brain，于是果断选3
12.4 本段最后一句话
13.2 接着slow motion
14. 1 2 6



总结：咱的词汇已经上升到餐具地步了，觉得选项是否干扰直接影响我做题正确率 tpo13 第一篇偏难，第二篇次之， 第三篇非常简单，难易程度不是文章而是选项设置（嗯我发现题懂了选项读不懂也是个问题），还有一些细节还是要兼顾的，错的几个都是看走眼了文中直接说了

wendychuengUID: 2811319

哇，你好认真。。。
我觉得TPO 6 7 8比较难，我是顺着做的。
下个星期就要考了，慌神了。。。

S酱UID: 2883188

8.23 小组二 TPO 12

蓝色 写作可以用到的词
棕红 文章分析相关
红色 重要考点
＃1 Which Hand Did They Use? 他们用哪只手？

We all know that many more people today are right-handed than left-handed. Can one trace this same pattern far back in prehistory? （提出问题：古代人是不是也右利手多？）Much of the evidence about right-hand versus left-hand dominance comes from stencils模型 and prints found in rock shelters in Australia and elsewhere, and in many Ice Age caves in France, Spain, and Tasmania. When a left hand has been stenciled, this implies that the artist was right-handed,考点
and vice versa. Even though the paint was often sprayed on by mouth, one can assume that the dominant hand assisted in the operation. One also has to make the assumption that hands were stenciled palm downward—a left hand stenciled palm upward might of course look as if it were a right hand. Of 158 stencils in the French cave of Gargas, 136 have been identified as left, and only 22 as right; right-handedness was therefore heavily predominant.考点（例证1，由于大多数模型都是左手的，因此说明这些都是右手做的，于是右利手人多）

Cave art furnishes提供 other types of evidence of this phenomenon为这一现象提供了其他种类的证据. Most engravings, for example, are best lit from the left, as befits the work of right-handed artists, who generally prefer to have the light source on the left so that the shadow of their hand does not fall on the tip of the engraving tool or brush.
（例证2，左边光源说明画家用右手画画防止阴影遮住笔）考点 In the few cases 某些少数情况下 where an Ice Age figure is depicted holding something考点, it is mostly, though not always,总是，但并非全是 in the right hand.（例证3，岩洞壁画上的人右手总拿着东西）

Clues to right-handedness can also be found by other methods. Right-handers tend to have longer, stronger, and more muscular bones on the right side, （例证4，古代人右手骨头强壮 》后面举例）and Marcellin Boule as long ago as 1911 noted the La Chapel le-aux-Saints Neanderthal skeleton had a right upper arm bone that was noticeably stronger than the left. 考点
Similar observations have been made on other Neanderthal skeletons such as La Ferrassie I and Neanderthal itself.

Fractures and other cut marks are another source of evidence.（例证5，古代人伤痕 》后面举例） Right-handed soldiers tend to be wounded on the left. 考点
The skeleton of a 40- or 50-year-old Nabatean warrior, buried 2,000 years ago in the Negev Desert, Israel, had multiple healed fractures to the skull, the left arm, and the ribs.

Tools themselves can be revealing.（例证6，古代人用的勺子上的刮痕&古代人编的绳子的纤维方向 》后面举例） Long-handed Neolithic spoons of yew wood preserved in Alpine villages dating to 3000 B.C. have survived; the signs of rubbing on their left side考点
indicate that their users were right-handed. The late Ice Age rope found in the French cave of Lascaux consists of fibers spiraling to the right考点
, and was therefore tressed by a righthander.

Occasionally one can determine whether stone tools were used in the right hand or the left, and it is even possible to assess甚至可以得出 how far back this feature can be traced. （例证7，古代人敲石头做工具，敲下来的碎屑的方向 》后面举例）In stone toolmaking experiments, Nick Toth, a right-hander, held the core (the stone that would become the tool) in his left hand and the hammer stone in his right. As the tool was made, the core was rotated clockwise, and the flakes, removed in sequence, had a little crescent of cortex (the core's outer surface) on the side. Toth's knapping produced 56 percent flakes with the cortex on the right, and 44 percent left-oriented flakes. A left-handed toolmaker would produce the opposite pattern Toth has applied these criteria标准考点
to the similarly made pebble tools from a number of early sites (before 1.5 million years) at Koobi For a, Kenya, probably made by Homo habilis. At seven sites he found that 57 percent of the flakes were right-oriented, and 43 percent left, a pattern almost identical to that produced today.

About 90 percent of modern humans are right-handed: we are the only mammal with a preferential use of one hand. The part of the brain responsible for fine control and movement is located in the left cerebral大脑的hemisphere, and the findings above suggest that the human brain was already asymmetrical不匀称的 in its structure and function not long after 2 million years ago. Among Neanderthalers of 70,000 – 35,000 years ago, （例证8，古代人左右脑和现代人左右脑 》后面举例）Marcellin Boule noted that the La Chapelle-aux-Saints individual had a left hemisphere slightly bigger than the right, and the same was found for brains of specimens from Neanderthal, Gibraltar, and La Quina.
本篇结构 》提出问题 》观点 》8个例证
其实没啥生词，但是不知道为啥第一遍没读明白，我有第一篇阅读恐惧症吧。。。每次做第一篇都紧张的不行

用时： 25 错：6 可以避免的错误3，嗯要加快速度，要仔细看文章！

1、2 > 3 assist in = help with
2、2 文中可以看出 1很错，3那个反了，4文中没提
3、3 depict = picture
4、2 > 3 2的主语是tips，因此2是错的
5、3 > 2 这题我有点问题，3哪里提到了呢？
6、2 文中说了骨头的问题
7、3 因为打仗右手拿刀么一般没办法受伤，这选项比较绕但是其他都选项明显错，排除法都行
8、2 > 4 文中说了rubs，我悲剧的理解为是勺子把在碗边弄的rubs，其实是勺子了，而且wear的其他意思不清楚于是选错了，不过对比2和4其实4看着更靠谱，蒙也应该蒙4
9、4 因为编绳子的方向
10、2 >1 词汇 criteria＝standard 标准
11、4 往句子两边找定位句
12、4 最后一句
13、4 > 2 shelters and caves 定位
14、2  3  4


stencil 模具
Wear 磨损
versus ＝ vs
criteria 准则
prevalence 流行的 盛行的

问题：其实我没大懂第5题，3那个选项哪里提到了啊？手的轮廓什么的

－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－我是悲剧的分割线－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－


＃2 Transition to Sound in Film 电影中声音的发展  用时：20分 错误2The shift from silent to sound film at the end of the 1920s marks, so far, the most important transformation in motion picture history. 主题句Despite all the highly visible technological developments in theatrical and home delivery of the moving image that have occurred over the decades since then, no single innovation has come close to being regarded as a similar kind of watershed好句，被看做是分水岭～. In nearly every language, however the words are phrased, the most basic division in cinema history lies between films that are mute and films that speak.
第一段：说有声电影是电影史上的里程碑

Yet this most fundamental standard of historical periodization conceals a host of 许多大量paradoxes内在矛盾. 首句提出问题Nearly every movie theater, however modest, had a piano or organ to provide musical accompaniment to silent pictures. In many instances, spectators in the era before recorded sound experienced elaborate aural presentations alongside movies' visual images,例子1，日本人的演奏 from the Japanese benshi (narrators) crafting multivoiced dialogue narratives to original musical compositions performed by symphony-size orchestras in Europe and the United States. 例子2，德国人的演奏In Berlin, for the premiere performance outside the Soviet Union of The Battleship Potemkin, film director Sergei Eisenstein worked with Austrian composer Edmund Meisel (1874-1930) on a musical score matching sound to image; the Berlin screenings with live music helped to bring the film its wide international fame.
第二段：说有声电影出现之前人们都如何给电影配乐的，就是现场演奏

Beyond that, the triumph of recorded sound has overshadowed the rich diversity of technological and aesthetic experiments with the visual image that were going forward simultaneously in the 1920s. （到了1920年，录制音轨的成功其风头盖过了画面技术的进步）
New color processes, larger or differently shaped screen sizes, multiple-screen projections, even television, were among the developments invented or tried out during the period, sometimes with startling success. The high costs of converting to sound and the early limitations of sound technology were among the factors that suppressed阻碍 innovations or retarded advancement in these other areas.（变革的原因）The introduction of new screen formats was put off for a quarter century, and color, though utilized over the next two decades for special productions, also did not become a norm until the 1950s.
第三段：说有声电影出现时的大背景

Though it may be difficult to imagine from a later perspective从后来的视角无法想象, a strain of critical opinion in the 1920 s predicted that sound film would be a technical novelty that would soon fade from sight, just as had many previous attempts, dating well back before the First World War, to link images with recorded sound. 说明前人试过但是由于技术原因失败了These critics were making a common assumption—that the technological inadequacies of earlier efforts (poor synchronization, weak sound amplification, fragile sound recordings) would invariably occur again. To be sure, their evaluation of the technical flaws in 1920 s sound experiments was not so far off the mark, yet they neglected to take into account important new forces in the motion picture field that, in a sense, would not take no for an answer.
第四段：说有声电影出现时的舆论背景，表明了电影制作人和评论家的不同立场

These forces were the rapidly expanding electronics and telecommunications companies that were developing and linking telephone and wireless technologies in the 1920s. In the United States, they included such firms as American Telephone and Telegraph. General Electric, and Westinghouse They were interested in all forms of sound technology and all potential avenues for commercial exploitation. （目的是钱）
第五段：说有声电影出现的促进因素，电报电话业和电子产业的介入主要为了新商机

Their competition and collaboration were creating the broadcasting industry in the United States, beginning with the introduction of commercial radio programming in the early 1920s. ■With financial assets considerably greater than those in the motion picture industry, and perhaps a wider vision of the relationships among entertainment and communications media, they revitalized research into recording sound for motion pictures. ■In 1929 the United States motion picture industry released more than 300 sound films—a rough figure, since a number were silent films with music tracks, or films prepared in dual双重 versions, to take account of考虑 the many cinemas not yet wired for sound. ■At the production level, in the United States the conversion was virtually complete by 1930. ■In Europe it took a little longer, mainly because there were more small producers for whom the costs of sound were prohibitive, and in other parts of the world problems with rights or access to equipment delayed the shift to sound production for a few more years (though cinemas in major cities may have been wired in order to play foreign sound films). The triumph of sound cinema was swift, complete, and enormously popular.
第六段：说有声电影出现后的影响 美国和欧洲国家的接受度和普及速度什么的

1. 2 regarded＝considered
2. 1 第一段第一句话
3. 2 > 4 paradoxes＝contradictions 都不认识于是错了…
4. 3 都是对现场伴奏的无声电影的举例
5. 4 > 1选项理解错误了，1说的是在演出之前没合奏，意思是说合奏是现场的，4文中并无给出
6. 1 词汇题 overshadow＝distracted from 这个纯属蒙，大致感觉是声音比较落后，在1和3之间选，因为1有个from代表“差距”的意思于是选了
7. 1 文中说这种伴奏价格高
8. 2 这题4是混淆项，但是4里面的时间都是错的于是选2
9. 1 单词题
10.4 这题2是混淆项，但是2里面时间都是错的于是选4
11.2 文中说他们想要all potential avenues方法 for commercial exploitation.
12.2 文中说 small producers for whom the costs of sound were prohibitive
13.2 接着找research这词就可以
14.1 2 3 ；4 里面日本人没发明有声的电影；5里面通过批评家的话可以推断2战之前就有人试过有声电影了但是技术太烂才搁浅；6这个是对欧洲的有鸭梨；




paradoxe a self-contradiction
contradiction opposition between two conflicting forces or ideas
overshadow 使(某物)被遮暗;使阴暗
conduct 传导 指挥 管理
prohibitive (费用、价格等)过高的
triumph 凯旋 胜利
suppress 抑制 镇压


－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－我是悲剧的分割线－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－


＃3 water in desert 沙漠中的水 用时：19分 错误0


Rainfall is not completely absent in desert areas, but it is highly variable. An annual rainfall of four inches is often used to define the limits of a desert.考点 The impact of rainfall upon the surface water and groundwater resources of the desert is greatly influenced by landforms. Flats and depressions where water can collect are common features, but they make up only a small part of the landscape.

Arid lands, surprisingly, contain some of the world’s largest river systems考点, such as the Murray-Darling in Australia, the Rio Grande in North America, the Indus in Asia, and the Nile in Africa. These rivers and river systems are known as "exogenous" because their sources lie outside the arid zone. 考点（第一组水源：exogenous，来自于干旱区域以外）they are vital for致力于 sustaining life in some of the driest parts of the world. For centuries, the annual floods of the Nile, Tigris, and Euphrates, for example, has brought fertile silts and water to the inhabitants of their lower valleys. Today, river discharges are increasingly controlled by human intervention, creating a need for创造了需求 international river-basin agreements. The filling of the Ataturk and other dams in Turkey has drastically reduced flows in the Euphrates,考点（人类活动控制水） with potentially serious consequences for 潜在的威胁 Syria and Iraq.

The flow of exogenous rivers varies with the season. The desert sections of long rivers respond several months after rain has fallen outside the desert, so that peak flows may be in the dry season. This is useful for irrigation, but the high temperatures, low humidity, and different day lengths of the dry season, compared to the normal growing season, can present difficulties with令有困难 some crops.

Regularly flowing rivers and streams that originate within arid lands are known as "endogenous." These are generally fed by groundwater springs,考点（第二种沙漠水源：endogenous，来自地下水）and many issue from limestone massifs, such as the Atlas Mountains in Morocco. Basaltic rocks also support springs, notably at the Jabal Al-Arab on the Jordan-Syria border. Endogenous Rivers often do not reach the sea but drain into inland basins, where the water evaporates or is lost in the ground. Most desert streambeds are normally dry, but they occasionally receive large flows of water and sediment.考点（不与海洋相接，再某些时候会接受大量水和沉积物）

Deserts contain large amounts of groundwater when compared to the amounts they hold in surface stores such as lakes and rivers. But only a small fraction of groundwater enters the hydrological cycle-feeding the flows of streams, maintaining lake levels, and being recharged (or refilled) through surface flows and rainwater. 考点（沙漠水然地下水比上面的多，但是地下水很少补给地上水）In recent years, groundwater has become an increasingly important source of freshwater for desert dwellers. The United Nations Environment Programme and the World Bank have funded attempts to survey the groundwater resources of arid lands and to develop appropriate extraction techniques. Such programs are much needed because in many arid lands there is only a vague idea of一个模糊的观念 the extent of groundwater resources. It is known, however, that the distribution of groundwater is uneven, and that much of it lies at great depths.考点（地下水分布不均，而且还隐藏很深）

Groundwater is stored in the pore spaces and joints of rocks and unconsolidated (unsolidified) sediments or in the openings widened through fractures and weathering. The water-saturated rock or sediment is known as an "aquifer". Because they are porous, sedimentary rocks, such as sandstones and conglomerates, are important potential sources of groundwater. Large quantities of water may also be stored in lime stones when joints and cracks have been enlarged to form cavities. Most limestone and sandstone aquifers are deep and extensive but may contain ground waters that are not being recharged. Most shallow aquifers in sand and gravel deposits produce lower yields, but they can be rapidly recharged. Some deep aquifers are known as "fossil waters. The term "fossil" describes water that has been present for several thousand years. These aquifers became saturated more than 10,000 years ago and are no longer being recharged. 考点（石头中的水在1万年前就没开始木变化的叫做化石水）


Water does not remain immobile in an aquifer but can seep out at springs or leak into other aquifers. （水也会流动）The rate of movement may be very slow: in the Indus plain, the movement of saline (salty) ground waters has still not reached equilibrium after 70 years of being tapped. The mineral content of groundwater normally increases with the depth, but even quite shallow aquifers can be highly saline.


1.2 定位题
2.4 drastically＝severely 严重的
3.4 定位 前面一句话
4.3 定位 文中原句
5.4 dwellers＝inhabitants 居民
6.1 文中最后一句说水在很深处
7.2 (后面提到了cracks）
8.2 文中可以找到
9.3 （本段最后一句出题）
10.3 immobile＝motionless 不动的
11.1 （to dandan）根据这句The mineral content of groundwater normally increases with the depth 越深水越多，说明可以用的水是少数；选项3 Most of the water in the desert is contained in shallow aquifers前半句不对，因为大多数沙漠水是在地下的，4段5段都能说明这个问题， that are being rapidly recharged后半句也不对，4段说了，地下水补给地上水很慢
12.3 （to dandan）These sudden floods provide important water supplies but can also be highly destructive. 发洪水的一方面会带来丰富水和沉积物，但是因为会洪水猛兽么，所以是destructive，而且不是句首啊～位置是句尾～呵呵，接着 but they occasionally receive large flows of water and sediment说的～

13.END 1  5      EX 3 4 7

depression 低气压 低迷（经济）
drastically 彻底的
slit a long narrow opening
intervention 干涉
Humidity 湿度 湿热
Evaporate 蒸发
Hydrological 水文学的
gravel 沙砾

S酱UID: 2883188

8月25日 小组二 TPO 11

＃01 Ancient Egyptian Sculpture 古埃及雕塑

In order to understand ancient Egyptian art, it is vital to know as much as possible of the elite精华 Egyptians' view of the world and the functions and contexts of the art produced for them. Without this knowledge we can appreciate only the formal content of Egyptian art, and we will fail to understand why it was produced or the concepts that shaped it and caused it to adopt its distinctive forms. In fact, a lack of understanding concerning the purposes of Egyptian art has often led it to be compared unfavorably with the art of other cultures（考点:不理解这些雕塑的目的因此经常被拿去与其他文明的艺术对比） Why did the Egyptians not develop sculpture in which the body turned and twisted through space like classical Greek statuary? Why do the artists seem to get left and right confused? And why did they not discover the geometric perspective as European artists did in the Renaissance? The answer to such questions has nothing to do with a lack of skill or imagination on the part of Egyptian artists and everything to do with the purposes for which they were producing their art.
一段提出问题：为啥埃及雕塑和其他地方的雕塑不同？
The majority of three-dimensional representations, whether standing, seated, or kneeling, exhibit what is called frontality: they face straight ahead, neither twisting nor turning.（首先解释啥的frontality－也就是埃及雕塑的主要特征）When such statues are viewed in isolation, out of their original context and without knowledge of their function, it is easy to criticize them for their rigid attitudes that remained unchanged for three thousand years. Frontality is, however, directly related to the functions of Egyptian statuary and the contexts in which the statues were set up. （说明frontality存在的原因－功能与环境）Statues were created not for their decorative effect but to play a primary role in the cults of the gods, the king, and the dead. （首先不是为了装饰，而是为了祭祀神，王和死者）They were designed to be put in places where these beings could manifest themselves in order to be the recipients of ritual actions. Thus it made sense to show the statue looking ahead at what was happening in front of it, so that the living performer of the ritual could interact with the divine or deceased recipient. Very often such statues were enclosed in rectangular shrines or wall niches whose only opening was at the front, making it natural for the statue to display frontality.（和环境相契合） Other statues were designed to be placed within an architectural setting, for instance, in front of the monumental entrance gateways to temples known as pylons标志, or in pillared courts, where they would be placed against or between pillars柱子: their frontality worked perfectly within the architectural context.（和环境相契合）
二段给出埃及雕塑frontality的两个原因，功能和环境

Statues were normally made of stone, wood, or metal. Stone statues were worked from single rectangular blocks of material and retained the compactness of the original shape. The stone between the arms and the body and between the legs in standing figures or the legs and the seat in seated ones was not normally cut away. 考点From a practical aspect this protected the figures against breakage and psychologically gives the images a sense of strength and power（考点：为啥石头的雕像胳臂腿儿中间都不雕？因为能够保护雕像不损坏并且在视觉上更厚重更有冲击感） usually enhanced by a supporting back pillar（但是需要一个柱子支撑）. By contrast, wooden statues were carved from several pieces of wood that were pegged together to form the finished work,（考点：木头是拼的） and metal statues were either made by wrapping sheet metal around a wooden core or cast by the lost wax process.（考点：金属的是拿木头做芯的或者石蜡脱模制作而成） The arms could be held away from the body and carry separate items in their hands; there is no back pillar. （没有柱子支撑）The effect is altogether lighter and freer than that achieved in stone, （考点：和石头雕像的区别）but because both perform the same function, formal wooden and metal statues still display frontality.
三段讲雕塑的三种材质：石头，木头和金属，以及他们的特点

Apart from statues representing deities, kings, and named members of the elite that can be called formal, there is another group of three-dimensional representations that depicts generic figures, （雕塑的另一种类型：generic figures）frequently servants, from the nonelite population. The function of these is quite different. （考点：功能不同）Many are made to be put in the tombs of the elite in order to serve the tomb owners in the afterlife. Unlike formal statues that are limited to static poses of standing, sitting, and kneeling, these figures depict a wide range of actions, such as grinding grain, baking bread, producing pots, and making music, and they are shown in appropriate poses, bending and squatting as they carry out their tasks. （考点：和那种正儿八经的不同，这些都千姿百态的，因为功能不同缘故）

用时19分 错误3

1、2 词汇题 essential＝vital
2、1 > 4 从文中的一堆why中可以概括出，这题稍微难点点； 1因为文中没提到比例问题；2因为没提到尺寸问题；3不是因为起源问题
3、3 希腊没被埃及影响
4、2 文中提到是和他们的宗教信仰相关；
5、4 > 3 context＝environment 词汇题 这个答案要到后面去找，我做到后面忘记之前这个题了冏～后面提到context in which...说明是雕塑所处的环境
6、2 这个是例子，于是往前找就行了
7、1 定位题，往前找主语
8、1 文中提到的一点：防止损坏；其他3个选项都太错了
9、3 词汇题 core＝center
10、4 文中说了 The effect is altogether lighter and freer than that achieved in stone,
11、4 词汇题 depicts＝portrays
12、2 文中最后一段
13、3 > 4 总结性话 因此放最后
14、2 3 5

以下这篇比较简单不分析文章结构了
＃2  Orientation and Navigation 用时：18分 错误1

1、3 文中写了 春天往北走冬天往南走
2、3 词汇她 perplex＝puzzle不认识也猜的出
3、4 除了天不好外，平时这些鸟都挺明白的
4、2 > 1 词汇题 preposterous＝unbelievable 不认识这次但读文章觉得是不充分啊～不过不够信服应该体现科学家的严谨吧
5、2 镜子是做假太阳作用的
6、3 文中说了 birds became very restless at about the time they would normally have begun migration in the wild
7、2 还是为了测试鸟和太阳的关系
8、1 文中提到 the birds maintained a constant direction
9、1 文中给出了，在例子后面的结论句
10、3 本段最后一句话
11、1 全局题，反正本篇就是讲各种测试鸟，最后得出俩结论
12、2 我不错的词汇题应该没人错了
13、1 按步骤来，于是选1
14、1 3 6 ； 2错在盒子没换位置；4错在生物钟能让鸟在夜间导航；5错在overcast鸟用sun导航


＃3  Begging by Nestlings 雏鸟求食  


Many signals that animals make seem to impose on the signalers costs that are overly damaging. （主题句：动物的讯息似乎会给他们招致毁灭）A classic example is noisy begging by nestling songbirds when a parent returns to the nest with food. These loud cheeps and peeps might give the location of the nest away to a listening hawk or raccoon, resulting in the death of the defenseless nestlings. （例证：雏鸟呼唤爹妈的叫声也会招致其他天敌）In fact, when tapes of begging tree swallows were played at an artificial swallow nest containing an egg, the egg in that “noisy” nest was taken or destroyed by predators before the egg in a nearby quiet nest in 29 of 37 trials.（例证：弄俩假窝对比，也是叫的响那个更倒霉）
第一段提出一个理论：小鸟的叫声有代价－会招致天敌

Further evidence for the costs of begging comes from a study of differences in the begging calls of warbler species that nest on the ground versus those that nest in the relative safety of trees.（例证：对比在地上和在树上的鸟巢） The young of ground-nesting warblers produce begging cheeps of higher frequencies than do their tree-nesting relatives. These higher-frequency sounds do not travel as far, （考点：为啥地上的鸟巢更安全－因为小鸟叫声频率高传不远）and so may better conceal the individuals producing them, who are especially vulnerable to predators in their ground nests. David Haskell created artificial nests with clay eggs and placed them on the ground beside a tape recorder that played the begging calls of either tree-nesting or of ground-nesting warblers. The eggs “advertised” by the tree-nesters' begging calls were found bitten significantly more often than the eggs associated with the ground-nesters' calls.（例证：再弄俩假窝对比，树上那个窝更倒霉）
第二段开始用实例证明第一段的理论

The hypothesis that begging calls have evolved properties that reduce their potential for attracting predators yields a prediction: baby birds of species that experience high rates of nest predation should produce softer begging signals of higher frequency than nestlings of other species less often victimized by nest predators. （结论：为了躲避天敌，住得更危险地方的鸟的叫声更低调）This prediction was supported by data collected in one survey of 24 species from an Arizona forest, more evidence that predator pressure favors the evolution of begging calls that are hard to detect and pinpoint.
第三段深入论证了鸟的叫声的和天敌有密切的关系

Given that predators can make it costly to beg for food, what benefit do begging nestlings derive from their communications? One possibility is that a noisy baby bird provides accurate signals of its real hunger and good health, making it worthwhile for the listening parent to give it food in a nest where several other offspring are usually available to be fed. If this hypothesis is true, then it follows that nestlings should adjust the intensity of their signals in relation to the signals produced by their nestmates, who are competing for parental attention. When experimentally deprived baby robins are placed in a nest with normally fed siblings, the hungry nestlings beg more loudly than usual—but so do their better-fed siblings, though not as loudly as the hungrier birds.
第四段提出问题：既然鸟叫会导致悲剧，为啥它们还死命的叫？然后自问自答了，论述了会哭的娃有奶吃的硬道理

If parent birds use begging intensity to direct food to healthy offspring capable of vigorous begging, then parents should make food delivery decisions on the basis of their offsprings calls. Indeed, if you take baby tree swallows out of a nest for an hour feeding half the set and starving the other half, when the birds are replaced in the nest, the starved youngsters beg more loudly than the fed birds, and the parent birds feed the active beggars more than those who beg less vigorously.
第五段是对第四段理论合理性的支撑：不是单纯因为谁叫的响给谁，而是饿坏的鸟的确叫的更玩命

As these experiments show, begging apparently provides a signal of need that parents use to make judgments about which offspring can benefit most from a feeding.（第一句承上启下） But the question arises, why don't nestlings beg loudly when they aren't all that hungry?（进一步提问：为啥不饿的时候不叫？） By doing so, they could possibly secure more food, which should result in more rapid growth or larger size, either of which is advantageous. The answer lies apparently not in the increased energy costs of exaggerated begging—such energy costs are small relative to the potential gain in calories— but rather in the damage that any successful cheater would do to its siblings, which share genes with one another. An individual's success in propagating his or her genes can be affected by more than just his or her own personal reproductive success. Because close relatives have many of the same genes, animals that harm their close relatives may in effect be destroying some of their own genes.（答案：为了基因的延续，不能把同胞给饿死自己独活） Therefore, a begging nestling that secures food at the expense of its siblings might actually leave behind fewer copies of its genes overall than it might otherwise.
第六段是让第五段理论更全面：小鸟儿们不会太自私，因为要延续整个种族的基因，因此不会一直叫着吃食把其他鸟饿死。

本文用的是层层递进论证发，论述了鸟叫和喂食，鸟叫和吸引天敌的问题

用时： 20  错：2

1、1 > 3 词汇题 place on=impose on
2、1 主题句
3、2 词汇题 artificial＝not real
4、2 文中说了地上的鸟叫传的不远；1 文中说了地上那个experience more risks；3 说反了 4 说反了
5、3 本段最后一句话
6、3 > 4 词汇题 prediction=expectation
7、2 词汇题 pinpoint＝locate exactly
8、2 词汇题 derive＝gain
9、3 更饿的叫声更答，其他都错的
10、1 这个是推断题，因为会喂给叫的响的，因此弱的叫不出的就没得吃
11、 3 为了前面那句说的理论不成立
12、4 本段都在说这个
13、2 转折的承上启下句，于是选在两个中间就行了
14、 1 2 3

vulnerable 【a】弱小的 易受攻击的

ps：觉得这一套还比较简单…文章也都挺有趣的，我貌似克服了首篇恐惧症了

csleeUID: 2693790

谢谢你对我问题的解答啊，我也觉得你说的对，只有解释成主语从句，才说的过去。
我很多单词都不认识，所以才查的那么细！
我也看了你TPO13的精读，你对文章结构的把握比我好，一些主题句子的翻译也很出彩啊，学习了！

S酱UID: 2883188

8# cslee
互相帮助哦呵呵～那啥13我没什么问题…但是刚做了12有问题，不然你来帮咱看看～

csleeUID: 2693790

我今天做TPO12， 我做完就来看你的。

csleeUID: 2693790

我精读TPO12的前两篇，现在和你一起来探讨一下你提出的两个问题吧！
首先是  第一篇的第5题，这个题目我开始也错选B了，但是后来我这样分析的，
B中的fact和assumption存在冲突。
C项目，文章中似乎没有直接描述，但第一段最后一句话“Of 158 stencils in the French cave of Gargas, 136 have been identified as left, and only 22 as right; right-handedness was therefore heavily predominant.”这句话似乎可以解释C项

另外就是关于第二篇的那个问题，
Because of intense interest in developing and introducing sound in film, the general use of other technological innovations being developed in the 1920s was delayed.
这句话可以解释为第三段的一个观点啊
"Beyond that, the triumph of recorded sound has overshadowed the rich diversity of technological and aesthetic experiments with the visual image that were going forward simultaneously in the 1920s"
“The high costs of converting to sound and the early limitations of sound technology were among the factors that suppressed innovations or retarded advancement in these other areas."
这些都说明解释这个选项。

S酱UID: 2883188

11# cslee

啊～三克油～第二个明白了，我当时那些地方没理解出来～哈哈；第一个还是不明白，虽然知道那句说的是右手多，不过不知道哪里说outlines了哇…

xqsissyUID: 2812149

6# S酱

我喜欢看S的解答～～～ 跟踪ing...虽然偶们不是一组的，但是我喜欢你的分析～～～

我和你错的相似，都是第一篇错的多，后两篇稍好～～

一起加油！

S酱UID: 2883188

13# xqsissy

咱俩是不是都有第一篇恐惧症？不过觉得第一篇可能稍微难，后面的都简单，起码tpo12 13 14是这样的

secomgUID: 2762743

S~我应该看你的哪篇文章？？