[风雨与共] 12.20 提纲作业 by 【7】

shawn_pysUID: 2770388

Argument

16. The following appeared in a letter to the editor of a local newspaper from a citizen of the state of Impecunia.

"Two years ago our neighboring state, Lucria, began a state lottery to supplement tax revenues for education and public health. Today, Lucria spends more per pupil than we do, and Lucria's public health program treats far more people than our state's program does. If we were to establish a state lottery like the one in Lucria, the profits could be used to improve our educational system and public health program. The new lottery would doubtless be successful, because a survey conducted in our capital city concludes that citizens of Impecunia already spend an average of $50 per person per year on gambling."

1. Lucria 的教育投资跟公共健康投资比我们的多虽然跟其开展福利彩票活动可能有联系，但是他们之间并不是因果关系，很有可能是其工商业发展较好
2. 由Imecunia 首都的赌博人均消费的调查，并不能得出福利彩票一定会盈利，第一特定区域的调查并不能代表整体，第二赌博的人并不一定会在福利彩票上花钱
3. 即使上述2点都成立，我们还是无法得出开展福利彩票活动一定会促进改善我们的教育和医疗体系，因为Lucria的彩票是在两年之前开展的，无法进行类比

17. The following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Walnut Grove town newspaper.

"Walnut Grove's town council has advocated switching from EZ Disposal (which has had the  contract for trash collection services in Walnut Grove for the past ten years) to ABC Waste,  because EZ recently raised its monthly fee from $2,000 to $2,500 a month, whereas ABC's fee  is still $2,000. But the town council is mistaken; we should continue using EZ. EZ collects twice  per week whereas ABC would collect only once per week. Moreover, EZ--which, like ABC,  currently has a fleet of 20 trucks--has ordered additional trucks. Finally, EZ provided  exceptional service: 80 percent of respondents to last year's town survey agreed that they  were 'satisfied' with EZ's performance."

1. 每月收2次垃圾可能是不必要的，而EZ的收费更贵
2. EZ预定了新卡车，ABC也有可能会订购新卡车
3. 调查数据并不可靠，80%是对于回应者的，而不满意者更倾向与不回应，并且对EZ满意并不代表EZ比ABC的服务更好，如果是相同质量的服务，ABC的费用更低

18. The following appeared in an editorial in a Prunty County newspaper.

"In an attempt to improve highway safety, Prunty County recently lowered its speed limit  from 55 miles per hour to 45 on all major county roads. But the 55 mph limit should be  restored, because this safety effort has failed. Most drivers are exceeding the new speed  limit and the accident rate throughout Prunty County has decreased only slightly. If we  want to improve the safety of our roads, we should instead undertake the same kind of  road improvement project that Butler County completed five years ago: increasing lane  widths and resurfacing rough roads. Today, major Butler County roads still have a 55 mph  speed limit, yet there were 25 percent fewer reported accidents in Butler County this past  year than there were five years ago."

1. Butler的措施在5年前有效，不代表现在一样有效，并且地区情况可能有差异
2. 急于概括，虽然Butler County改善了路况，但其事故发生率较低很可能是其他因素造成的
3. 事故发生率的统计都不科学，都是整体的统计，而无法得出采取了措施的路段的道路情况，而且B只统计了被报告的事故

shawn_pysUID: 2770388

1# shawn_pys
Issue

180. "Many problems of modern society cannot be solved by laws and the legal system because moral behavior cannot be legislated."

有保留的赞成：
1. 现代社会中确实存在很多单靠法律无法解决的问题，因为道德行为往往表现为人们的生活习惯，发生于生活中的方方面面，而如果将这些行为也通过法律禁止，并对违反者施加一定的惩罚，那可能每个人都会犯罪，因此这是不现实的
2. 法律对社会问题有一种导向作用，有些时候社会问题的发生，是由于法律规定的缺失所引起的
3. 并不是只要有了法律约束就会完全解决这些问题，就像虽然现在有很多法律，但是违法犯罪行为依然屡见不鲜，这是人之本性使然
4. 法律并不是解决问题的手段，而只是防止问题扩大化的无奈之举

119. "When research priorities are being set for science, education, or any other area, the most important question to consider is: How many people's lives will be improved if the results are successful?"

有保留的反对：
1. 我同意在进行科研的时候，的确应该考虑有多大的群体能够受益于研究成果，受益群体越大我们的社会的进步也就越大
2. 但是，很多研究的结果并不是能够预测的，甚至有一些成果都不是研究的目标，而是意外得出的。并且如果仅仅是受益群体很大，而可行性却很低，这样的研究应该被优先吗？
3. 研究的意义大小并不能完全按照受益群体来决定，比如对癌症治疗的研究，显然受益的群体并没有物理研究的受益群体大，但是其研究的意义并不比物理研究低，而如果是考虑谁更优先，我认为应该是前者优先才对，毕竟其关系到很多人的生命是否能够得到挽救

85. "Government funding of the arts threatens the integrity of the arts."

有保留的同意：
1. 政府的资助表面上看起是一件好事，有了资金才能更好的发展，不论是哪个领域，都需要依靠资金来运作
2. 但是，资助就像自然选择一样，会使艺术向着投资者更喜欢的方向发展，政府喜欢的就会得到发展，而不喜欢的就会慢慢被淘汰。
3. 如果政府能够将资助的重心放在弱势流派上，这将使所有的艺术流派都能得到发展的机会，从而促进艺术的繁荣，有助于艺术家自由、独立的精神探索。