Issue 48 第三次 求拍

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TOPIC: ISSUE48 - "The study of history places too much emphasis on individuals. The most significant events and trends in history were made possible not by the famous few, but by groups of people whose identities have long been forgotten."

翻译：对历史的研究太注重对个人的研究上了。历史中最具影响力的事件和趋势并非由少数出名的人造成，而是由大量的被历史遗忘了姓名的百姓创造的。

提纲：
论点－同意statement中，历史洪流主要由广大的民众所创造，但是我们也不能否认领导者对历史的推动作用。同时，历史研究中将大量的精力放在研究个人上也是由于这样易于实现。

首先，历史的洪流是由广大人民制造的。广大的群众才是社会的主题，他们的思想就构成了社会的思想，从而，历史上的重大事件和趋势在很大程度上是由人民决定的。比如说美国的南北战争，产生的基础就是南部洲和北部洲的发展方式不同，结束也不是全因为林肯的英明指挥，主要是由于北部洲的经济及制造业的能力要强于南方。然而，我们不能否定那些少数有名的人对历史的影响。有名的人之所以有名，就是因为他们的影响力大，而且很多有名的人对历史也确实产生了巨大的推动，他们的出现或多或少的加速或减慢了历史的进程。元朝的成吉思汗就是一个对历史有影响的人，他的强硬的战争手段和战斗技巧让蒙古铁骑踏平了大部分亚洲和欧洲的一部分。。。翻译圣经的马丁•路德，也是让宗教改革早造的来到了德于国家。

同时，我们应该正视历史研究中主要关注名人的做法。名人也是大众的一部分，他们的生活更是代表了大众的生活。通过研究名人，我们就能大体上了解历史上大众的生活方式。同时，历史研究者的精力有限，不可能将每一个历史中的群体都研究的很明白。同时当下也没有足够的供研究大众想法的材料，这就使得

总结。。。

I strongly agree to the author’s statement that history made possible not by famous few, but by groups of people. However, I could not agree with the author on using this statement as a reason to blame the emphasis researcher put in their study of history.

History is made not by famous few, but by groups of people. As we can easily find out, the groups of people are the main body of out society, the famous few are just few members of the groups. Thus, the thoughts and actions of most people get together and form the history. Take the American Civil War as an example, the beginning of the American Civil War is not by some individual, but by the different ways the south and the north chose to develop their economic. Also, the war does not end by the brilliant commander Abraham Lincoln, but by the determination of most people and the strength on economic power together with much advanced manufacture businesses. However, we should not overlook the effect of famous few on the process of history. Although they do not have the power to overturn history process on the hole, they can greatly effect the direction and speed of history within their lifetime. Take Genghis Khan, the leader of Yuan dynasty, for example. He led his invincible army, which almost engulf the entire Eurasia. Through the Yuan dynasty fall apart soon after Genghis Khan’s death, he had over turn the life of people living in Eurasia in his life time. Martin Luther, who translated the Bible into Hochdeutsch, has shift the Freedom of the Christian in German into early years. Through we can predict if there were no Martin Luther in German, there will sooner or later be a Bible in Hochdeutsch and start the religious reform of Germany, we must admit his great effect in the history.

Through the history is made by groups of people rather than famous few, we should not blame the researcher on not putting their emphasis on groups of people, but on famous few. The study of history is a very complicated affair, it is reasonable for researchers to emphasis they focus on famous few on three reasons. First, it is not efficient to study most people in most groups, not to say all of them. Famous few are also members of society, they are also ordinary except their celebrity. It is quite possible to get grasp of the whole society in that period by study only few famous ones, as we only need the grasp of history in most time, why bother to analyze every detail? Second, it is some time not possible to put emphasis on people other than these famous few. Sometimes history left us nothing else but the story of just a few people, even this people is ordinary in their lifetime, they are famous in our time. Such as Cai Lun, who reform the papermaking technology and changed the carrier of our civilization, may well be an ordinary handicraftsman in his lifetime. But as the history remember his name, he is no longer that ordinary anymore. Third, there is not much precedent on non-famous individual history study, which makes the study on non-famous individual history much more difficult than the study of famous individual.

In sum, while we should not oversee the effect of famous few, we must admit the formidable power of people, the main body of our society, on history. However, we should think more carefully before we take that fact as the reason against the emphasis researchers put on individuals in history study.

这次的提纲有点乱，其中有些地方觉得有点说得多了，有的地方又觉得有些不够。总之，比前两次写的顺畅了点，缺点肯定还是一大堆啊一大堆。

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好

julianjiahuiUID: 2959264

楼主两次都把though打成through,可能打字打得得太快没注意到吧？