最后的战役 第一周 提纲 BY adam

adam05UID: 2670502

Issue:
179"What most human beings really want to attain is not knowledge, but certainty. Gaining real knowledge requires taking risks and keeping the mind open—but most people prefer to be reassured rather than to learn the complex and often unsettling truth about anything."
不同的人因身份，受教育程度和职业的不同会对同一问题产生不同的看法。我无法否认Issue所说的观点在某种程度上对某些人可能会非常适用。但是这并不代表知识对于所有人都如Issue所描述的那样，仅仅只是一种确定性的感觉。商人看中商品的成本和收益，消费者却看重实用性。律师看中犯罪对法律的触犯，普通人更看重对道德的违反。对于科学家而言，对知识的探索与追求实际上是对宇宙万物的研究和对未知事物的探索。但是这种探索的过程并不是一帆风顺的。纵观科学的历史，每一项重大的突破都是经过了大量的实验和无数次的失败。（这里加入例子，如爱迪生，居里夫人，麦克斯韦）而对于一般人而言，他们呢对于知识的寻求并不是为了寻你那些复杂未知难题的答案，而是为了更好的生活。他们所需要的是对某种谋生技能的掌握，是对日常问题的处理方法的熟悉。但是如果如果每个人都带着这样的思想。那社会就不会进步，甚至倒退。如果我们的前人抱有这样的态度，那我们就无法享受到今天科技带来的种种便利（加例子铺开写）。所以，人类需要知识根本不仅仅因为是对事物的确定性的需要。没有前人对于知识的努力探索就没有我们人类今天的这一切。
45"Government officials should rely on their own judgment rather than unquestioningly carrying out the will of the people whom they serve."
"真理往往掌握在少数人手里"。政府官员的确不应该盲从群众的意愿。但是，林肯在葛底斯堡的演讲上说一个政府应该是民有，民治，民享的政府。所以，政府官员应该依据客观实际为不是自己的判断力来为人民服务。
政府不应该缺乏自己的判断力而盲目的执行群众的意愿。（例子，丘吉尔和罗斯福力排众议维护国家利益）
同时人民内部也有矛盾。领导人如何协调这些矛盾肯定不能仅听从某一部分的人民。这就需要政府根据实际作出自己的判断。
但是政府在执行某项政策的时候也要听取人民的意见，不能武断独行。没有人民的支持，政府也无法正常运转下去。
最重要一点，政府官员是被人民选出来的，因此首先要考虑人民的利益，以它们的需求作为出发点。
总之，政府要在结合实际得出自己的判断同时听取人民的意见来为人民服务。
60"The media—and society in general—mistakenly expect an individual to speak for a particular group, whether or not that individual truly represents the views of the entire group."
团体和社会需要有人代表它们。例如，在表达立场和观点时，不可能每位成员都发表自己的意见。这时候团体的代表能够快速和相对准确的表达出团体的意见。
但是，社会是由复杂的群体组成的，尽管它们因在某些方面的共同特点使之成为一个群体，但不同个体的性格，思维方式和价值观不同，因而个人的观点无法充分代表整个群体的观点。
只有当一个人充分理解一个群体的目的的时候，这个人可以代表这个群体。
为了避免代表不理解团体的目的，对于代表性人物及事物的选择，必须充分商议和民主投票。在取得多数的同意后才能让个人代表群体说话。
总之，团体和社会离不开代表，我们应该更关心如何选出能够真正理解团体和社会的合格代表。
Argument:
(59).The following appeared in an article in the health section of a newspaper.
"According to the available medical records, the six worst worldwide flu epidemics during the past 300 years occurred in 1729, 1830, 1918, 1957, 1968, and 1977. These were all years with heavy sunspot activity—that is, years when the Earth received significantly more solar energy than in normal years. People at particular risk for the flu should therefore avoid prolonged exposure to the Sun."
1,First of all,I doubt the veracity of the medical records.Did the records really could record the worst worldwide flu epidemics during the past 300 years especially in 1729.Although the medical records were accuracy,we can not draw a conclusion just according to the six records.
2,Furthermore,the medical records showing that the six worst worldwide flu epidemics during the past 300 years had happend in the years when the Earth received significantly more solar energy than in normal years do not mean that there would be a worst worldwide flu occuring in every year when the Earth received significantly more solar energy than in normal years.There must be less serious worldwide flu epidemics happening in other years.
3,Last but not least,there could be something else happened in the years recorded in the medical records which would have a relationship with the world worldwide flu.
(169).The following appeared in a letter from a department chairperson to the president of Pierce University.
"Some studies conducted by Bronston College, which is also located in a small town, reveal that both male and female professors are happier living in small towns when their spouses are also employed in the same geographic area. Therefore, in the interest of attracting the most gifted teachers and researchers to our faculty and improving the morale of our entire staff, we at Pierce University should offer employment to the spouse of each new faculty member we hire. Although we cannot expect all offers to be accepted or to be viewed as an ideal job offer, the money invested in this effort will clearly be well spent because, if their spouses have a chance of employment, new professors will be more likely to accept our offers."
1.presumptuous analogy between B college and P university.
2.a happy life is not only comprised of merely accompaniment of one’s spouse. Other factors as remuneration, health insurance, chances of promoting or gaining personal fame in his own field, and much else.
3.if the assumption of the argument is true, it will, at most, attract more faculty members, but not necessarily the most gifted ones.