[a习作temp] ARGU提纲1.30 [复制链接]

couson
UID: 2389644

寄托新兵

Rank: 2

声望: 0
寄托币: 202
注册时间: 2007-8-26
精华: 0
帖子: 0

发表于 2011-2-3 15:17:30 |显示全部楼层

本帖最后由 couson 于 2011-2-3 15:19 编辑

241.为下岗员工提供就业指导公司的选择
The following appeared in a memo at the XYZ company.
"When XYZ lays off employees, it pays Delany Personnel Firm to offer those employees assistance in creating resumès and developing interviewing skills, if they so desire. Laid-off employees have benefited greatly from Delany's services: last year those who used Delany found jobs much more quickly than did those who did not. Recently, it has been proposed that we use the less-expensive Walsh Personnel Firm in place of Delany. This would be a mistake because eight years ago, when XYZ was using Walsh, only half of the workers we laid off at that time found jobs within a year. Moreover, Delany is clearly superior, as evidenced by its bigger staff and larger number of branch offices. After all, last year Delany's clients took an average of six months to find jobs, whereas Walsh's clients took nine."
当XYZ裁员的时候，它雇佣了Delany人事公司在这些下岗员工有需要的时候为他们在写简历和提高面试技巧方面提供帮助。下岗员工从Delany的服务中极大受益：去年获得了Delany帮助的员工找工作比没有找Delany的员工快的多。最近，有提案提出用收费较少的Walsh人事公司代替Delany。这将是一个错误，因为在8年前，XYZ使用的就是Walsh，我们当时裁减的员工只有一半在一年之内找到了工作。而且，Delany显然更好，理由是它的员工更多，分支机构也更多。不论如何，去年Delany的客户平均用六个月找到工作，而Walsh的客户平均用了9个月。
--------逻辑线--------
LY, LO员工(D公司帮忙)更快找到工作
8YA, LO员工(W公司帮忙)一半在一年内找到工作
D公司更多员工, 更多分支机构, D公司平均6各月 < W公司9个月
--------提纲--------
1.       LY,D公司的作用不能说明D的价值
   a)       回去找D帮忙的员工本身意识就比较好, 不用D公司帮忙也会比其他员工找的快
2.       8YA, W公司的例子不能说明W差
   a)       8YA, 这个速度不慢,
   b)       8YA, XYZ这个行业前景太差,确实难
3.       作者认为公司是因为W便宜才选他,但是这可能是因为一些更深层次的原因,W和H做的差不多,而H不值这么多出来的钱
   a)       W的分支机构已经覆盖所有XYA分支结构
   b)       员工多不代表什么, 要看投诉率
   c)       W大部分类型的客户都是处在比较困难的行业裁员比较多,W处理大部门类型或者行业与D公司相同的,速度还要快很多

237.鼓励私有企业搬迁到本地
The following appeared as part of an article in a local Beauville newspaper.
"According to a government report, last year the city of Dillton reduced its corporate tax rate by 15 percent; at the same time, it began offering relocation grants and favorable rates on city utilities to any company that would relocate to Dillton. Within 18 months, two manufacturing companies moved to Dillton, where they employ a total of 300 people. Therefore, the fastest way for Beauville to stimulate economic development and hence reduce unemployment is to provide tax incentives and other financial inducements that encourage private companies to relocate here."
根据一项政府报告，去年Dillton市把它的营业税率降低了15％；同时，该市给予迁移至Dillton的公司一定的搬迁费和相应城市设施使用费的优惠。在18个月内，两家生产商搬迁到了Dillton，他们在那里一共雇佣了300名工人。因此，Beauville市刺激经济发展从而降低失业率最快的方法就是提供税率以及其他经济上的优惠来鼓励私有企业搬迁到本地。
--------逻辑线--------
D市,C-tax -15%, 提供relocation grant, 优惠
2manu搬到D市,顾300人
我B市也采取相同政策
--------提纲--------
税率与招商,就业率
1.       D市失业不一定降低, 经济不一定发展
   a)       除了这两个公司别的公司大量倒闭, 大量搬走
   b)       这期间失业更多, 或者这期间人口增加了更多
2.       就算一成立, D市吸引这两个公司的不是税率减少,和优惠
   a)       D市其他税率不一定低,提供优惠但还是比别的地方贵
   b)       是因为人力, 市场, 销售渠道, 物流等我B市没有的优势
3.       解决就业问题一定要考招商引资吗?
   a)       就业有问题是不是说明了原有企业也存在问题,持续的裁员了,或者人口增加太快了

161.Leeville大学学生的读书喜好，古典文学还是神秘小说
In a study of reading habits of Leeville citizens conducted by the University of Leeville, most respondents said they preferred literary classics as reading material. However, a follow-up study conducted by the same researchers found that the type of book most frequently checked out of each of the public libraries in Leeville was the mystery novel. Therefore, it can be concluded that the respondents in the first study had misrepresented their reading habits.
在一次由Leeville大学所举行的关于Leeville居民阅读习惯的调查中，多数被访者说他们倾向于阅读古典文学。然而，由相同的研究人员随后进行的调查发现Leeville所有公共图书馆中最经常被借阅的书是神秘小说。因此，我们可以得出结论，第一次调查的被访者错误地表达了他们的阅读习惯
--------逻辑线--------
Study1: most response classics
Study2: MN 在(PL) most 借出
--------提纲--------
1．       两个调查不一定不冲突
   a)       有些MN也属于classics, 奥德赛，希望神话都是古典小说
2．       (PL) most 借出不代表L市民只能读这些MN
   a)       可以在PL里面读,不借出
3．       L市民可以从其他途径读classics的书籍
   a)       其他图书馆(私人的)
   b)       购买书籍来阅读

7-嵩嵩@3.2

双非DIY美硕申请总结

Rank: 3 Rank: 3

声望: 5
寄托币: 550
注册时间: 2010-7-31
精华: 0
帖子: 3

发表于 2011-2-7 11:58:30 |显示全部楼层

51The following appeared in a medical newsletter.==="Doctors have long suspected that secondary infections may keep some patients from healing quickly after severe muscle strain. This hypothesis has now been proved by preliminary results of a study of two groups of patients. The first group of patients, all being treated for muscle injuries by Dr. Newland, a doctor who specializes in sports medicine, took antibiotics regularly throughout their treatment. Their recuperation time was, on average, 40 percent quicker than typically expected. Patients in the second group, all being treated by Dr. Alton, a general physician, were given sugar pills, although the patients believed they were taking antibiotics. Their average recuperation time was not significantly reduced. Therefore, all patients who are diagnosed with muscle strain would be well advised to take antibiotics as part of their treatment."===

==LOGIC LINE==
1st group (all being treated for muscle injuries by Dr. Newland, a doctor who specializes in sports medicine, took antibiotics regularly throughout their treatment)
--> Their recuperation time was, on average, 40 percent quicker than typically expected.
while
2nd group (all being treated by Dr. Alton, a general physician, were given sugar pills, although the patients believed they were taking antibiotics)
--> Their average recuperation time was not significantly reduced

--> COMPARED preliminary results of a study of two groups of patients
--> secondary infections may keep some patients from healing quickly after severe muscle strain.

==LOGIC ERROR==
1、PROCONDITION: secondary infections会发生。
--> 没有任何证据说明 severe muscle strain会发生secondary infections
论断的前提不一定成立。前提是二次感染一定会发生。但是论者没有提供任何资料证明二次感染会发生在肌肉拉伤的病人身上，或是这种病人容易发生二次感染。

?2、antibiotics可以healing quickly after severe muscle strain。
while
   2nd group's average recuperation time was not significantly reduced说明不服用antibiotics对patient's healing没有影响。
-->说明antibiotics有促进作用。
while
   antibiotics 不等于secondary infections
-->不一定是secondary infections keep some patients from healing quickly after severe muscle strain

3、两个group的patients的情况不一定相同。
论断引用的论据没有说服力。论断引用了一项分组研究。但是首先论者没有提供任何有关两组病人的资料。有关他们的年龄、性别以及其他生理特征。有可能服用抗生素的一组病人比较年轻，或是本身生理机能好，而不服用的一组病人可能都是体质弱的人。这样就不能说明是抗生素而不是其他原因使得病人康复快。另外两位医生的经验和水平也会影响病人康复的速度，一般来说运动医生会比普通医生更了解肌肉的问题，所以由他治疗的病人康复快，就不能排除是因为他的水平高或是治疗有针对性造成，这样也不能说明是抗生素使得病人康复快。

4、不服抗生素的一组食用了糖片，而论者没有给出资料证明这种糖片不会影响病人的康复。所以对这两组病人的研究并不能说明抗生素能使病人康复快。

5、论断太武断。论者由二次感染会防碍病人快速康复而认为要建议病人服用抗生素。但是抗生素除了会杀菌防止感染外，还可能会带来其他问题，比如副作用，也可能有的病人会对抗生素过敏。对于这些情况论者没有考虑进来。

SUM UP: 为加强说服力，论者还应该进一步提供有关肌肉拉伤的病人中二次感染的概率有多少，并提供一份科学的研究，证明在相同医生、相同病征、相同病人生理条件以及其他治疗手段、环境相同的情况下，抗生素是能使病人早日康复。

51.医生长期以来怀疑严重肌肉扭伤后的二次感染妨碍了一些患者迅速康复。这一假说现在被一项对两组患者的研究的初步结果所证实。第一组患者全部由专攻运动医学的Dr. Newland治疗肌肉损伤，他们在疗程中经常服用抗生素。他们的康复期平均比通常预期的快40％。第二组患者由综合医师Dr. Alton治疗，他们被给予糖丸，而患者相信他们在服用抗生素。他们的平均康复时间没有明显缩短。因此，任何被确诊为肌肉损伤的患者应被建议服用抗生素作为辅助治疗。

51.secondary infections,muscle strain 论断：要建议有肌肉拉伤的病人服用抗生素。因为医生最近证实二次感染会防碍病人快速康复。在一项对两组病人的研究中，第一组病人由专门从事体育药品的医生治疗，并在整个治疗中服用抗生素，他们比一般的病人快40%康复；第二组病人由普通医生治疗，尽管病人以为服用的是抗生素，但实际吃的是糖片，他们的康复时间没有明显下降。

·论断的前提不一定成立。前提是二次感染一定会发生。但是论者没有提供任何资料证明二次感染会发生在肌肉拉伤的病人身上，或是这种病人容易发生二次感染。

·论断引用的论据没有说服力。论断引用了一项分组研究。但是首先论者没有提供任何有关两组病人的资料。有关他们的年龄、性别以及其他生理特征。有可能服用抗生素的一组病人比较年轻，或是本身生理机能好，而不服用的一组病人可能都是体质弱的人。这样就不能说明是抗生素而不是其他原因使得病人康复快。另外两位医生的经验和水平也会影响病人康复的速度，一般来说运动医生会比普通医生更了解肌肉的问题，所以由他治疗的病人康复快，就不能排除是因为他的水平高或是治疗有针对性造成，这样也不能说明是抗生素使得病人康复快。

第三，不服抗生素的一组食用了糖片，而论者没有给出资料证明这种糖片不会影响病人的康复。所以对这两组病人的研究并不能说明抗生素能使病人康复快。

·论断太武断。论者由二次感染会防碍病人快速康复而认为要建议病人服用抗生素。但是抗生素除了会杀菌防止感染外，还可能会带来其他问题，比如副作用，也可能有的病人会对抗生素过敏。对于这些情况论者没有考虑进来。

结论：为加强说服力，论者还应该进一步提供有关肌肉拉伤的病人中二次感染的概率有多少，并提供一份科学的研究，证明在相同医生、相同病征、相同病人生理条件以及其他治疗手段、环境相同的情况下，抗生素是能使病人早日康复。

TOPIC: ARGUMENT51 - The following appeared in a medical newsletter.

"Doctors have long suspected that secondary infections may keep some patients from healing quickly after severe muscle strain. This hypothesis has now been proved by preliminary results of a study of two groups of patients. The first group of patients, all being treated for muscle injuries by Dr. Newland, a doctor who specializes in sports medicine, took antibiotics regularly throughout their treatment. Their recuperation time was, on average, 40 percent quicker than typically expected. Patients in the second group, all being treated by Dr. Alton, a general physician, were given sugar pills, although the patients believed they were taking antibiotics. Their average recuperation time was not significantly reduced. Therefore, all patients who are diagnosed with muscle strain would be well advised to take antibiotics as part of their treatment."
WORDS: 455       TIME: 00:44:36       DATE: 2/2/2011 10:13:19 AM

This text telling us that a study by two group of patient with different treatments, including the taking antibiotics by Dr. Newland and only taking sugar pills by Dr. Alton, which the writer thought showing that it is the secondary infection keep patients from healing quickly after severe muscle strain. It seems like logical, but when we think it again with some questions, it would be a totally ridiculous inference.

Firstly, the precondition of the statement is that the secondary infections may happen. There is no proof which shows that the secondary infections would come to the patients who have severe muscle strain. If there’s no secondary infection, the statement the text shows could not set up.

Even though it is the secondary infections that cause the deduce of the speed of the recuperation, we cannot affirm that the study of two group of patients could be an evidence that lead to the result that what keeps patients from healing quickly after severe muscle strain is the secondary infection. For the patients' details have never been given so that we could not know that whether the first group of patients, whose recuperation time was shorter, have no other factors which make them heal from the muscle strain, or their physical qualities are better than the second group. Moreover, their doctors are not the same and different doctors may have different skill of treatment. Dr. Newland specializes in sports medicine so that he may have more experiences on the muscle strain treatment, while the Dr. Alton could only give the patients general treatment. That would also make the difference between the two groups of patients. Thus, the saying that the secondary infection may keep patients from healing quickly after severe muscle strain with no proof is unauthentic.

Even if that it is the secondary infection takes patients much time from healing after severe muscle strain, it could not be the reason that any patient who diagnosed with muscle stain would be advised to take antibiotics. We cannot make it sure that the secondary infection will happened anytime during the healing time of the muscle strain treatment, we also don't know that the antibiotics would not have other side effect which may cause a worse result, and we even have no idea that the antibiotics has relationships with the secondary infections. The only conclusion that takes antibiotics is irrational.

To sum up, the doctor whose patients were suffer from severe muscle strain could have much more study about the relationship between secondary infections and the recuperation time, and make sure that there was positive effect to take antibiotics as part of their patients' treatment. Then try their best to give the patients a good treatment.

你要静候再静候 @3.1AW6G

Rank: 3 Rank: 3

声望: 5
寄托币: 550
注册时间: 2010-7-31
精华: 0
帖子: 3

发表于 2011-2-7 11:58:42 |显示全部楼层

53Thirteen years ago, researchers studied a group of 25 infants who showed signs of mild distress when exposed to unfamiliar stimuli such as an unusual odor or a tape recording of an unknown voice. They discovered that these infants were more likely than other infants to have been conceived in early autumn, a time when their mothers' production of melatonin—a hormone known to affect some brain functions—would naturally increase in response to decreased daylight. In a follow-up study conducted earlier this year, more than half of these children—now teenagers—who had shown signs of distress identified themselves as shy. Clearly, increased levels of melatonin before birth cause shyness during infancy and this shyness continues into later life.===

==LOGIC LINE==

OBJECT: infants showed signs of mild distress when exposed to unfamiliar stimuli such as an unusual odor or a tape recording of an unknown voice

infants were more likely than other infants to have been conceived in early autumn
WHILE
autumn, a time when their mothers' production of melatonin—a hormone known to affect some brain functions—would naturally increase in response to decreased daylight.
--> 两者有关
-->infants been conceived in early autumn showed signs of mild distress when exposed to unfamiliar stimuli such as an unusual odor or a tape recording of an unknown voice是由于melatonin

WHILE
more than half of these children—now teenagers—who had shown signs of distress identified themselves as shy
--> increased levels of melatonin before birth cause shyness during infancy and this shyness continues into later life

==LOGIC ERROR==
论断：出生前某素的高含量会使婴儿害羞，而且这种害羞会继续。

1、PROCONDITION: COUSED BY melatonin

·论断忽略了一个前提，就是某素是否会导致婴儿害羞。论者没有提供任何对某素的科学研究，以说明某素的功能或是作用是什么。论者甚至没有提供资料证明某素是否会对婴儿产生影响。虽然论者说某素是一种对某些大脑功能有影响的荷尔蒙，但并没有告诉我们这种影响是对母亲，还是对胎儿。

2、·论断的论据没有说服力。论断引用一项13年前对25个对陌生刺激反应敏感的婴儿的研究和今年的跟踪研究。但首先论者没有提供资料表明婴儿表现出来的敏感一下是因为害羞，我们不能排除这是因为刺激带来的生理上的不舒服。而在跟踪研究中，论者也没有提供有关这些孩子在这十几年里的生活环境的资料，我们不能排除环境对孩子性格的影响。

3、·论断的结论很武断。论断某素的高含量会导致婴儿害羞，并在后面的生活中延续。但显然性格的形成有很多原因，后天的环境与经历也非常重要。

SUM UP: 若要增加说服力，论者还需要提供有关科学研究资料，进一步说明某素对胎儿能造成什么样的影响。而且是否这种影响是永久的，无法消除的，论者也需要再进一步思考。

53.13年前，研究者研究了一组在受到不熟悉的刺激比如不寻常的气味和未知声音的录音时表现出轻微紧张的25名婴儿。他们发现这些婴儿比其他婴儿更可能在早秋怀孕，而早秋是他们的母亲分泌的melatonin--一种已知会影响一些大脑功能的荷尔蒙--因日照的减少而增加的季节。在今年早些时候所作的跟踪调查中，这些表现出紧张迹象的儿童--现在已经是十几岁--有一半以上认为自己害羞。显然，出生前melatonin的增加导致婴儿期的羞涩并且这种羞涩将延续至生命更晚的阶段。

53. 25 infants,mild distress 论断：出生前某素的高含量会使婴儿害羞，而且这种害羞会继续。因为研究者在13年前对25个对陌生刺激表现敏感的婴儿进行了研究，发现他们比其他婴儿更多地在秋季怀上。而秋季母亲体内的影响大脑功能的某素产量会因为日光的下降而天然上升。如今这25名婴儿都十几岁了，今年一项跟踪调查发现他们大部分都认为自己很害羞。 ·论断忽略了一个前提，就是某素是否会导致婴儿害羞。论者没有提供任何对某素的科学研究，以说明某素的功能或是作用是什么。论者甚至没有提供资料证明某素是否会对婴儿产生影响。虽然论者说某素是一种对某些大脑功能有影响的荷尔蒙，但并没有告诉我们这种影响是对母亲，还是对胎儿。 ·论断的论据没有说服力。论断引用一项13年前对25个对陌生刺激反应敏感的婴儿的研究和今年的跟踪研究。但首先论者没有提供资料表明婴儿表现出来的敏感一下是因为害羞，我们不能排除这是因为刺激带来的生理上的不舒服。而在跟踪研究中，论者也没有提供有关这些孩子在这十几年里的生活环境的资料，我们不能排除环境对孩子性格的影响。 ·论断的结论很武断。论断某素的高含量会导致婴儿害羞，并在后面的生活中延续。但显然性格的形成有很多原因，后天的环境与经历也非常重要。结论：若要增加说服力，论者还需要提供有关科学研究资料，进一步说明某素对胎儿能造成什么样的影响。而且是否这种影响是永久的，无法消除的，论者也需要再进一步思考。

TOPIC: ARGUMENT53 - Thirteen years ago, researchers studied a group of 25 infants who showed signs of mild distress when exposed to unfamiliar stimuli such as an unusual odor or a tape recording of an unknown voice. They discovered that these infants were more likely than other infants to have been conceived in early autumn, a time when their mothers' production of melatonin-a hormone known to affect some brain functions-would naturally increase in response to decreased daylight. In a follow-up study conducted earlier this year, more than half of these children-now teenagers-who had shown signs of distress identified themselves as shy. Clearly, increased levels of melatonin before birth cause shyness during infancy and this shyness continues into later life.
WORDS: 479 TIME: 00:55:05 DATE: 2/4/2011 2:28:12 PM

This topic has shown that most of the 25 infants who had some unfamiliar stimuli thirteen years ago in a research still have the shyness the earlier year, and the season they were conceived was early autumn which was the time that melatonin would naturally increase. Because of these two factors, the author gave us the conclusion that the increased levels of melatonin be for birth cause shyness during infancy. What's more, he/she also implied that the shyness would continue into later life. It seems to be a reasonable inference, but when we re-consider the causes and the conclusions, it will be totally in rational anywhere. Let's look at the text again following the author's logic.

Firstly, only by a research which was researched thirteen years ago about only 25 infants, the little link with the time they were conceived, and the feature melatonin had, the author had the conclusion that these things has connection that it was because of the increased levels of melatonin before birth that cause shyness during infancy. We could have the suspicion that only 25 cases could not represent the most infants for it is likely that almost all of the infants would have big reflection when they are stimulated, or the research was happened to gather the infants who were mostly be conceived in early autumn. There's no proof that the infants who were conceived in early autumn could have mild distress more than which were not. Moreover, even thought the infants are all conceived in early autumn, there’s no evident show they have relation to melatonin. It could be other hormone's influence. Thus, only because of some phenomenon which was happened in the same time saying that they have causality is arbitrary.

Even though it is the melatonin that makes the infants showing the signs of mild distress, the conclusion that the shyness continues into later life could not be justifiable for the author's evident can only be that more than half these children had shown sign of distress identified themselves as shy in thirteen, earlier this year. Only half of the shyness had left, not mention that were described by the children themselves. The cause of the shyness may not be the melatonin but could be some other reasons for example the education, the experience, the surroundings, and the living condition and so on. It is also possible that the children cannot figure out whether they were shy or not for they are only 13 years old. With considering these reasons, the conclusion cannot be reached that this shyness would continue into later life could not be sure.

The author's inference could not be accept unless he/she have more researches which including more infants in the same condition, the powerful evidence which shows the relation between the mild distress and the melatonin, and the experts who can tell the shyness professional.

你要静候再静候 @3.1AW6G

Rank: 3 Rank: 3

声望: 5
寄托币: 550
注册时间: 2010-7-31
精华: 0
帖子: 3

发表于 2011-2-7 11:58:55 |显示全部楼层

203The following appeared in a newspaper feature story.==="At the small, nonprofit hospital in the town of Saluda, the average length of a patient's stay is two days; at the large, for-profit hospital in the nearby city of Megaville, the average patient stay is six days. Also, the cure rate among patients in the Saluda hospital is about twice that of the Megaville hospital. The Saluda hospital has more employees per patient than the hospital in Megaville, and there are few complaints about service at the local hospital. Such data indicate that treatment in smaller, nonprofit hospitals is more economical and of better quality than treatment in larger, for-profit hospitals."===

==LOGIC LINE==
At the small, nonprofit hospital in the town of Saluda, the average length of a patient's stay is two days
at the large, for-profit hospital in the nearby city of Megaville, the average patient stay is six days
AND
the cure rate among patients in the Saluda hospital is about twice that of the Megaville hospital
AND
The Saluda hospital has more employees per patient than the hospital in Megaville
AND
and there are few complaints about service at the local hospital
--> treatment in smaller, nonprofit hospitals is more economical and of better quality than treatment in larger, for-profit hospitals.

==LOGIC ERROR==

1、由于病人的情况不同，the average length of a patient's stay, the cure rate, employees per patient, complaints about service这四点的没有意义。我们可以猜想，病的轻的患者回去小的非盈利的医院，而病的重的患者回去大医院。这样也就会导致小医院需要STAY的时间比较短，CURE RATE高等情况。

2、即便病人的情况相似，那么，the average length of a patient's stay, the cure rate, employees per patient, complaints about service这四点也不能成为评判医院好坏的标准。因为小医院the average length of a patient's stay可能由于床位紧张让病人提早出院。小医院不收制病重的病人所以the cure rate比较高。小医院病人总人数比较少从而employees per patient会相对多一点。大医院人数多，病例多所以complaints about service也会相对较高。

3、即便承认了the average length of a patient's stay, the cure rate, employees per patient, complaints about service这四点是评判一个医院好坏的标准，那么也不能从而推断出小医院more economical and of better quality。因为文章中就给出了两个医院的比较，特例不能代表总体。

?SUM UP: 这两者之间没有可比性。

1. 治疗时间和cure rate不能说明treatment质量
   a) 小院治小病, 大院治大病, 小病治疗时间短
   b) 小院治小病, 大院治大病, 小病治愈率高
2. Emp/pat rate和Complaints不能说明服务质量
   a) Emp/pat rate高是不是说明小医院组织问题, 效率低
   b) Complaints率是多少?
3. 作者忽略了一个重要问题，医院的选择首映应该是从医院治疗范围去选择,小医院治小病,大院治大病
   a) 大医院才能治疗疑难杂症, 小医院不行, 否则会延误治疗
   b) 小医院便宜, 数目多, 比较容易去, 小病去大医院会造成不方便和浪费

203.在Saluda镇的小型非盈利医院，患者平均逗留时间是两天；在邻近的Megaville市的大型盈利医院，患者平均逗留时间为6天。而且，Saluda医院患者的治愈率大约是Megaville医院的两倍。Saluda平均每个患者对应的医务人员的数量比Megaville医院多，而且地方医院关于服务的投诉也较少。这些数据表明小型非盈利医院的治疗比大型盈利医院更加经济，质量更高。

203.nonprofit hospital 论断：小的非赢利医院的治疗比大的赢利医院更经济质量也更好。因为S的非营利医院病人的平均住院天数是两天，附近M市大的营利医院的平均住院天数是六天。另外，S的疗愈率是M的两倍。S每位医生看的病人也比M的多，抱怨也少。

·前提，治疗质量。没有直接的对比数字，无法得出。提供的住院天数没有意义。重病的人一般去大医院，而且由于S是非营利的，对资源使用控制并不完全视病情需要，不排除有可能病人没好就让人走人。

·前提，经济。乍一看有可能，因为S不赢利，M赢利，不过如果把治疗效果考虑进来，情况就要复杂一些。提供的每位医生看病人的比较没有意义。因为S没有钱支付更多的人员工资，所以每个人看的病人多，每位病人得到的治疗少，但又不能保证医生水平会比M高，所以这一点是不被保证的。

·抱怨，因为不知道两家医院接待病人的情况所以无从比较。另外，S非营利可能，病人也就不抱怨了，或者是穷人，不愿惹麻烦。而M就不一样了，因为营利，人们对它会挑剔一些。

TOPIC: ARGUMENT203 - The following appeared in a newspaper feature story.

"At the small, nonprofit hospital in the town of Saluda, the average length of a patient's stay is two days; at the large, for-profit hospital in the nearby city of Megaville, the average patient stay is six days. Also, the cure rate among patients in the Saluda hospital is about twice that of the Megaville hospital. The Saluda hospital has more employees per patient than the hospital in Megaville, and there are few complaints about service at the local hospital. Such data indicate that treatment in smaller, nonprofit hospitals is more economical and of better quality than treatment in larger, for-profit hospitals."
WORDS: 537       TIME: 00:39:18       DATE: 2/6/2011 12:10:24 PM

This piece of article has shown us a series of data such as the average staying of the patients, the cure rate, the employee per patient and the complaints about service. And then he/she goes to the conclusion that treatment in smaller, nonprofit hospitals is more economical and better quality than in treatment in larger, for-profit hospitals. When we think about the argument again, there are too many questions coming to our mind.

Firstly, the numbers of days staying in the hospital are different while the author had never given more information about whether the respondents in two hospitals didn't leave their hospitals until they got recovery. We may think that the small hospital may not have many beds for all patients, so that patients could not stay for too long time in the small hospital while the large hospital has more beds and space to let people to stay there. We may also consider about that the large for-profit hospital wants to earn much money from the patients, so the more days the patients stay, the more money they would be paid. Thus, the average patient stay could not say anything about the conclusion.

Secondly, the cure rates among patients in small hospital are higher. But, it is common knowledge that we which hospital we would go to usually depends on the illness we got. We may not go to a large for-profit hospital if we have only a fever or the flu. So, the patients in the large hospital may be have serious illness that cannot easily healed in small hospital and the patients in small hospital may only have some light sick. These would be the cause of the difference of the two hospitals cure rates.

Thirdly, the employees per patients could not mean anything for that the employees do not equal to the treatment or the skill standard of doctors. What's more, what the employee are doing during their work time are don't know. The employees in large hospital may be less but their work efficiency is higher than the small hospitals.

Fourthly, the complaints about service in small hospital may be less than in the large hospital may because the nonprofit hospital did not need the patients to pay much money to them so that the patients don't care about the treatment too much. And the number of patients going to the small hospital could be much less than the number of large hospital so that the complaints may be less as well.

Besides, the hospitals in Saluda and Megaville may be different, and the populations are not the same. That's may lead to a completely inaccurate results of the research.

If we really want to judge the treatment in smaller, nonprofit hospitals and the large, for-profit hospitals, more evidence should be used. As long as the hospitals which are researched are at the same town, as long as the patients in both hospital have the same sick and the same physical conditions, as long as the doctors in these two hospital have the same skill in treatment, the result would be better proved that whether the smaller, nonprofit hospitals or the large, for-profit hospitals are more economical and of better quality.

你要静候再静候 @3.1AW6G

Rank: 3 Rank: 3

声望: 5
寄托币: 550
注册时间: 2010-7-31
精华: 0
帖子: 3

发表于 2011-2-7 11:59:07 |显示全部楼层

7The following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Clearview newspaper.==="In the next mayoral election, residents of Clearview should vote for Ann Green, who is a member of the Good Earth Coalition, rather than for Frank Braun, a member of the Clearview town council, because the current members are not protecting our environment. For example, during the past year the number of factories in Clearview has doubled, air pollution levels have increased, and the local hospital has treated 25 percent more patients with respiratory illnesses. If we elect Ann Green, the environmental problems in Clearview will certainly be solved."===

==LOGIC LINE==

during the past year the number of factories in Clearview has doubled
AND
air pollution levels have increased
AND
the local hospital has treated 25 percent more patients with respiratory illnesses
--> the current members are not protecting our environment

AND
Frank Braun, a member of the Clearview town council
--> residents of Clearview should vote for Ann Green

AND
Ann Green, who is a member of the Good Earth Coalition
--> If we elect Ann Green, the environmental problems in Clearview will certainly be solved.

==LOGIC ERROR==

1、number of factories doubled, air pollution levels have increased, the local hospital has treated 25 percent more patients with respiratory illnesses不能说明the current members are not protecting our environment。也有可能TCM已经相当努力了，所以才能把这些问题控制成这样。也可能number of factories doubled的初衷是为了更好的改善环境，air pollution levels have increased, 是由于其他问题比如临近城市带来的影响，the local hospital has treated 25 percent more patients with respiratory illnesses是因为一种国际性的呼吸道疾病在全球范围内蔓延。仅仅因为这三个原因判断说the current members are not protecting our environment是合理的。

2、仅仅因为Frank Braun, a member of the Clearview town council而AG不是，所以认为residents of Clearview should vote for Ann Green是不公平的。他是CTC的成员不能代表任何事情。

3、即便选举了Ann Green，因为他是a member of the Good Earth Coalition而不是a member of the Clearview town council，得到If we elect Ann Green, the environmental problems in Clearview will certainly be solved的结论也是很武断很可笑的。因为段落中没有给出具体的论据证明the Good Earth Coalition就能比the Clearview town council更加保护环境。可能AG上任之后做得更差呢。

4、即便the Good Earth Coalition就能比the Clearview town council更加保护环境，而AG是a member of the Good Earth Coalition也不代表了AG会保护环境。

7.在下一次市长选举中，Clearview的市民应投Good Earth Coalition成员Ann Green的票，而不是Clearview市委成员Frank Braun，因为当前的市委成员没有保护我们的环境。举例来说，去年Clearview的工厂数量翻了一番，空气污染水平增加了，而且当地医院因呼吸道疾病就诊的数量增加了25％。如果我们选举Ann Green，Clearview的环境问题肯定将被解决。

7. Clearview mayoral election 论断：选Ann Green，环境问题肯定能解决，因为他是Good Earth Coalition。论断认为人们没有选另一位政府成员是因为现在的环境太糟糕，污染非常严重。

·论断太武断。论为选一位环境组织的成员当市长，环境污染问题就能解决。但实际上作为环境组织的成员只能表明他对环境很关注，而政府要解决污染问题，除了关心以外还会有大量具体工作要作。比如协调其他部门，比如对工业生产的了解等等，这些都不是出身就必然能具备的素质。论断没有提供该候选人的这方面资料。

·论断不公平。说现行政府不关心保护环境，举例说是过去几年工厂的数目加倍，空气污染的程度在上升，而当地医院治疗的呼吸病患者也比以前多了25%。但是论断没有告诉我们新增的工厂是否是污染型产业，这些工厂有没有采取防止污染的措施，没有这种资料我们无法判断这些工厂对于环境污染的影响程度，因为很可能这些工厂是污染少的新兴产业，或是采取了有效措施。而说到空气污染的问题，一方面这是一个全球共同面临的状况，论断没有说明该市与其他相同特征的城市相比，或是与早前的历史相比，这个数字是大是小，从而无法判断，另一方面空气污染并不一定是因为该市自身的问题，因为风向的流动，污染有可能是从其他地方来的。而医院里呼吸病病人增多同样缺乏判断根据，呼吸病发生的原因很多，有天生的，有因为老化的，论断没有说明新增病人的病因是否因为污染引起。

·论断对另一名候选人也很不公平。就算真像论断所说现行政府不关心环境，就认为他也不关心境。论断没有提供该候选人是否有破坏环境的纪录，是否曾促进一些破坏环境的措施。因为不能排除他也很关心环境保护，只是他的声音被政府其他声音所淹没。

结论：论断非常不公平也很武断。他既没有提供候选人在解决环境问题上的成果和能力，也没有提供任何可以证明现行政府以及另一候选人不关心环境的证据。如果要号召选民们同意他的意见，他还需要进一步提供这方面的资料。

TOPIC: ARGUMENT7 - The following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Clearview newspaper.

"In the next mayoral election, residents of Clearview should vote for Ann Green, who is a member of the Good Earth Coalition, rather than for Frank Braun, a member of the Clearview town council, because the current members are not protecting our environment. For example, during the past year the number of factories in Clearview has doubled, air pollution levels have increased, and the local hospital has treated 25 percent more patients with respiratory illnesses. If we elect Ann Green, the environmental problems in Clearview will certainly be solved."
WORDS: 482 TIME: 00:36:01 DATE: 2/7/2011 11:36:58 AM

From this article, we could find the statement the author assets that residents should elect Ann Green for he is the member of the Good Earth Coalition rather than Frank Braun who is the member of the Clearview town council which was thought not protecting the environment because of the doubled factories, the increasing air pollution level and number of patients with respiratory illnesses. The article seems like reasonable, but when we think it again, the unconvincing evidences would all be exposed.

Firstly, the article claims that because that the factories has doubled during the past year, the air pollution levels and the number of patients have increased, the Clearview town council did not protect the environment. This inference is absolutely unfair to the Clearview town council. The factories which are doubled were not with their types mentioned, and maybe the factories was built to clean the environment or the air pollution. It is also possible that if it is not the Clearview town council, the factories will be trebled or more, and it is the Clearview town council that restricts the number of factories. And it could also because of the efforts of the Clearview town council that make the air pollution levels increased not that rapidly and slow it down even though it is still increasing. The article had not lay more evidences that it the environment that cause the respiratory illnesses. That may because of some unknown disease that spread from other areas. Thus, the claim that the Clearviews did not protect the environment was totally unfair.

Even though the Clearview did not protect the environment as the residents expect, whether the Good Earther Coalition would protect the environment harder than the Clearview town council is not for sure yet.

Moreover, there is no evidence prove that Ann Green would protect the environment even thought he is a member of the Good Earth Coalition. Ann Green may join in the Good Earthe Coalition not by his own will, he may not care about the environment as much as Frank Braun. Or, if he is the mayor, the environment protection may be worse. There is no evident can prove that Ann Green would treat the environment better that Frank Braun.

Besides, the reason residents elect a mayor was not only because he would protect the environment or not, it also because of that he would bring the residents a better life, more convenient transportation, more social facilities and so on. The only considering about the environment protection is unilateral.

To sum up, the phenomenon that seems likely the environment was not being protecting should be check again and more empirical evidences are needed to prove that Ann Green would protect the environment better than Frank Braun. Therefore, whether to chose Ann Green or not, the residents concern more about the environment protection, such as whether he is an effective leader.

你要静候再静候 @3.1AW6G

Rank: 3 Rank: 3

声望: 5
寄托币: 550
注册时间: 2010-7-31
精华: 0
帖子: 3

发表于 2011-2-7 11:59:43 |显示全部楼层

188A new report suggests that men and women experience pain very differently from one another, and that doctors should consider these differences when prescribing pain medications. When researchers administered the same dosage of kappa opioids—a painkiller—to 28 men and 20 women who were having their wisdom teeth extracted, the women reported feeling much less pain than the men, and the easing of pain lasted considerably longer in women. This research suggests that kappa opioids should be prescribed for women whenever pain medication is required, whereas men should be given other kinds of pain medication. In addition, researchers should reevaluate the effects of all medications on men versus women.===

==LOGIC LINE==

administered the same dosage of kappa opioids—a painkiller—to 28 men and 20 women who were having their wisdom teeth extracted
--> the women reported feeling much less pain than the men
AND
the easing of pain lasted considerably longer in women
--> men and women experience pain very differently from one another, and that doctors should consider these differences when prescribing pain medications

--> kappa opioids should be prescribed for women whenever pain medication is required, whereas men should be given other kinds of pain medication
AND
researchers should reevaluate the effects of all medications on men versus women

==LOGIC ERROR==

1、凭借the same dosage of kappa opioids对28 men and 20 women who were having their wisdom teeth extracted的止痛作用有the women reported feeling much less pain than the men和the easing of pain lasted considerably longer in women的差别，就认为men and women experience pain very differently from one another, and that doctors should consider these differences when prescribing pain medications是有失偏颇(presumptuous)的。男女产生差别可能是因为计量不够，或者因为kappa opioids对having wisdom teeth extracted的止痛作用在男人身上不明显，其他情况下可能对男人也是很有效的。

2、只因为kappa opioids有the women reported feeling much less pain than the men和the easing of pain lasted considerably longer in women的作用就草率的得出kappa opioids should be prescribed for women whenever pain medication is required, whereas men should be given other kinds of pain medication也是缺乏根据的。因为可能女人只在having their wisdom teeth extracted的情况下使用kappa opioids有效，或者在其他情况下服用其他的止痛片会更有效。而男人可能因为1中所说的原因，甚至有可能是因为男人本来就在having their wisdom teeth extracted的情况下对止痛片没有反映。

3、就因为28 men and 20 women反映出的对止痛片感觉不一样的情况就需要researchers should reevaluate the effects of all medications on men versus women是没有必要的。因为着48个人以及having their wisdom teeth extracted的病情都不具有代表性。

188.一项新报告表明，男性和女性对于疼痛的感受是有显著差异的，医生在开止痛药方的时候应该考虑到这种差异。当研究者把相同剂量的kappa opioids--一种止痛药--分发给智齿刚刚被拔除的28名男子和20名女子的时候，女性报告的她们感受的痛楚要比男性小的多，而且止痛的时间女性更长。这一研究说明当需要止痛药时，应该给女性服用kappa opioids，而应该给男性服用其他的止痛药。而且，研究人员应该重新评估所有药品对于男性以及女性的效用。

188.men and women experience pain very differently from one another 论断：只要止痛药需要就要给女的开K，而男的应该开别的药。另外研究者应该对所有药对于男女不同的效果重新评估。因为一份新的报告显示，男女对痛的经历非常不同，医生应该考虑给他们开不同的止痛药。研究中给在拨智齿的28个男人和20个女人开同样剂量的K，女的比男的少说痛，而且药效女的也明显长一些。

你要静候再静候 @3.1AW6G

Rank: 3 Rank: 3

声望: 5
寄托币: 550
注册时间: 2010-7-31
精华: 0
帖子: 3

发表于 2011-2-7 12:00:01 |显示全部楼层

186The following is a recommendation from the director of personnel to the president of Professional Printing Company.==="In a recent telephone survey of automobile factory workers, older employees were less likely to report that having a supervisor present increases their productivity. Among workers aged 18 to 29, 27 percent said that they are more productive in the presence of their immediate supervisor, compared to 12 percent for those aged 30 or over, and only 8 percent for those aged 50 or over. Clearly, if our printing company hires mainly older employees, we will increase productivity and save money because of the reduced need for supervisors."===

==LOGIC LINE==

In a recent telephone survey of automobile factory workers

aged 18 to 29, 27 percent said that they are more productive in the presence of their immediate supervisor
AND
12 percent for those aged 30 or over
AND
8 percent for those aged 50 or over
--> older employees were less likely to report that having a supervisor present increases their productivity

--> if our printing company hires mainly older employees, we will increase productivity and save money because of the reduced need for supervisors.

==LOGIC ERROR==

1、 recent telephone survey of automobile factory workers不能代表Printing Company的情况。两者的员工可能在性格、态度等各方面都不具有相似性。并且，telephone survey的结果的真实性没有办法保证，因为员工可能因为害怕自己的回答会受到公司的批评而不按照真实的情况回答。

2、就算可以代表，那么aged 18 to 29, 27 percent said that they are more productive in the presence of their immediate supervisor，12 percent for those aged 30 or over以及8 percent for those aged 50 or over也不能说明older employees were less likely to report that having a supervisor present increases their productivity。首先因为没有说明调查人数分别是多少，所以不具有可比性。即便调查的人数相似并且数量足够，27%，12%和8%的数据相差不是很大，可能在没有收到调查的人里是相反的结果。

3、就算调查结果可以使用，那么也仅仅只是说明了older employees were less likely to report that having a supervisor present increases their productivity。而年轻人可能身体素质比较好，比较积极等各方面因素，就算没有supervisor的情况下productivity也比老年人高，那么hires mainly older employees并不能达到increase productivity and save money的效果。

186.在最近一次对汽车工厂工人的电话调查中，年纪大一些的员工更少报告说有管理员在场会提高他们的生产效率。在18到29岁的员工中，27％的人说当他们的顶头上司在场时更有效率，相比之下，30岁及以上的工人只有12％，50岁及以上的工人只有8％这样认为。显然，如果我们印刷公司主要雇佣年级大一些的员工的话，我们的劳动生产率将会提高，并且节省开支，因为对于管理员的需求将会减少。

你要静候再静候 @3.1AW6G

Rank: 3 Rank: 3

声望: 5
寄托币: 550
注册时间: 2010-7-31
精华: 0
帖子: 3

发表于 2011-2-7 12:00:28 |显示全部楼层

169The following appeared in a letter from a department chairperson to the president of Pierce University.==="Some studies conducted by Bronston College, which is also located in a small town, reveal that both male and female professors are happier living in small towns when their spouses are also employed in the same geographic area. Therefore, in the interest of attracting the most gifted teachers and researchers to our faculty and improving the morale of our entire staff, we at Pierce University should offer employment to the spouse of each new faculty member we hire. Although we cannot expect all offers to be accepted or to be viewed as an ideal job offer, the money invested in this effort will clearly be well spent because, if their spouses have a chance of employment, new professors will be more likely to accept our offers."===

==LOGIC LINE==

studies conducted by Bronston College, which is also located in a small town
--> both male and female professors are happier living in small towns when their spouses are also employed in the same geographic area

we at Pierce University should offer employment to the spouse of each new faculty member we hire
--> attracting the most gifted teachers and researchers to our faculty and improving the morale of our entire staff

if their spouses have a chance of employment
--> new professors will be more likely to accept our offers
--> the money invested in this effort will clearly be well spent

==LOGIC ERROR==

1、studies conducted by Bronston College并不能代表Pierce University的情况。因为两个学校可能在人员、设施、地理位置等各个方面具有差别。

2、即便可以代表，offer employment to the spouse of each new faculty member we hire也不一定能够attracting the most gifted teachers and researchers to our faculty and improving the morale of our entire staff。因为可能employment to the spouse是他们考虑的一个问题但是，他们还要考虑其他的问题，比如学校设施、周边环境、交通、安全等很多问题。仅仅是employment to the spouse并不能直接导致attracting the most gifted teachers and researchers to our faculty and improving the morale of our entire staff的结果。同样，即便their spouses have a chance of employment，new professors will be more likely to accept our offers也是不能断言的。

3、the money invested in this effort will clearly be well spent也是很武断的，因为可能这笔费用并不小，也可能大多数teachers都把这个当作一个选择条件。

169.对于同样位于小城市的Bronston学院所作的一些研究发现，不论男性或女性教授，当他们的配偶在相同的城市有工作时，就更乐于在这些小城市生活。因此，为了吸引最有天分的教师和研究人员加入我们的员工队伍并提高我们员工的士气，我们Pierce大学应该为每一个我们所雇佣的新员工的配偶提供就业机会。尽管我们并不期望所有就业机会都会被接受或被看作是理想的工作，我们在这项努力上的投入显然是值得的，因为如果新教授的配偶有就业机会，他们将更乐于在我们学校就职。

你要静候再静候 @3.1AW6G

Rank: 3 Rank: 3

声望: 5
寄托币: 550
注册时间: 2010-7-31
精华: 0
帖子: 3

发表于 2011-2-7 12:00:48 |显示全部楼层

241The following appeared in a memo at the XYZ company.==="When XYZ lays off employees, it pays Delany Personnel Firm to offer those employees assistance in creating resumés and developing interviewing skills, if they so desire. Laid-off employees have benefited greatly from Delany's services: last year those who used Delany found jobs much more quickly than did those who did not. Recently, it has been proposed that we use the less-expensive Walsh Personnel Firm in place of Delany. This would be a mistake because eight years ago, when XYZ was using Walsh, only half of the workers we laid off at that time found jobs within a year. Moreover, Delany is clearly superior, as evidenced by its bigger staff and larger number of branch offices. After all, last year Delany's clients took an average of six months to find jobs, whereas Walsh's clients took nine."===

==LOGIC LINE==

Laid-off employees have benefited greatly from Delany's service

Walsh Personnel Firm is less-expersive
-->Walsh Personnel Firm in place of Delany

WHILE
XYZ was using Walsh 8 years ago
only half of the workers they laid off found job within a year.
-->W is bad

AND
bigger staff and larger number of branch office
AND
D took 6 month
AND W took 9
-->D is superior

-->this would be a mistake

1、XYZ was using Walsh 8 years ago的时候only half of the workers they laid off found job within a year并不能证明W公司不好。因为八年前的情况和现在的不同，通过这八年可能W公司发展的很好了。故用八年前的情况来否定现在W公司的状况是不合理也是不公平的。

2、因为Walsh Personnel Firm is less-expersive就认为要用Walsh Personnel Firm in place of Delany也是不合理的。可能D花费的钱多但是效率高，而WPF虽然花费的钱少，但是却没有工作效率。

3、通过bigger staff and larger number of branch office以及D took 6 month和W took 9就说明D is superior也是不合理的。因为人多并不能代表工作效率高，花费的时间少但是可能他的工作质量并不高。所以武断的说D is superior也是不合理的。

4、即便以上都是可以接受的，那么仅仅通过W的工作效率不高和D is superior而认为选择Wwould be a mistake也是不合理的。因为即使W真的不好，可能D更加不好。而D superior所以会导致工作态度怠慢等情况。

SUM UP：要结合公司的实际情况，合理的比较D和W，在做出一个reasonable的选择。

241.当XYZ裁员的时候，它雇佣了Delany人事公司在这些下岗员工有需要的时候为他们在写简历和提高面试技巧方面提供帮助。下岗员工从Delany的服务中极大受益：去年获得了Delany帮助的员工找工作比没有找Delany的员工快的多。最近，有提案提出用收费较少的Walsh人事公司代替Delany。这将是一个错误，因为在8年前，XYZ使用的就是Walsh，我们当时裁减的员工只有一半在一年之内找到了工作。而且，Delany显然更好，理由是它的员工更多，分支机构也更多。不论如何，去年Delany的客户平均用六个月找到工作，而Walsh的客户平均用了9个月。

你要静候再静候 @3.1AW6G

Rank: 3 Rank: 3

声望: 5
寄托币: 550
注册时间: 2010-7-31
精华: 0
帖子: 3

发表于 2011-2-7 12:01:04 |显示全部楼层

237The following appeared as part of an article in a local Beauville newspaper.==="According to a government report, last year the city of Dillton reduced its corporate tax rate by 15 percent; at the same time, it began offering relocation grants and favorable rates on city utilities to any company that would relocate to Dillton. Within 18 months, two manufacturing companies moved to Dillton, where they employ a total of 300 people. Therefore, the fastest way for Beauville to stimulate economic development and hence reduce unemployment is to provide tax incentives and other financial inducements that encourage private companies to relocate here."===

==LOGIC LINE==

last year the city of Dillton reduced its corporate tax rate by 15 percent
AND
offering relocation grants and favorable rates on city utilities to any company that would relocate to Dillton

AND
Within 18 months, two manufacturing companies moved to Dillton, where they employ a total of 300 people
-- provide tax incentives and other financial inducements that encourage private companies to relocate here

-->the fastest way for Beauville to stimulate economic development and hence reduce unemployment

==LOGIC ERROR==

1、last year the city of Dillton reduced its corporate tax rate by 15 percent以及offering relocation grants and favorable rates on city utilities to any company that would relocate to Dillton和Within 18 months, two manufacturing companies moved to Dillton, where they employ a total of 300 people可能没有直接的联系，可能只是因为他们想要搬所以就搬了，也可能是因为环境的缘故，或者那边便宜等等。把两者联系起来是不合理的。

2、即便两者是有联系的，也不能说明provide tax incentives and other financial inducements 是encourage private companies to relocate here的原因。因为可能仅仅只有那两家公司因为这个原因才愿意搬，其他可能有几百家公司根本不看重这点。所以仅仅因为两家公司的一个情况就推的这样的结论也是很不明智的。

3、即便这的确是一些公司搬过去的原因，那么D的例子也不能代表B的情况。两者有差别。

4、也不能武断的认为the fastest way for Beauville to stimulate economic development and hence reduce unemployment。因为还有其他的原因，比如当地居民、环境、设施、物价等等

237.根据一项政府报告，去年Dillton市把它的营业税率降低了15％；同时，该市给予迁移至Dillton的公司一定的搬迁费和相应城市设施使用费的优惠。在18个月内，两家生产商搬迁到了Dillton，他们在那里一共雇佣了300名工人。因此，Beauville市刺激经济发展从而降低失业率最快的方法就是提供税率以及其他经济上的优惠来鼓励私有企业搬迁到本地。

你要静候再静候 @3.1AW6G

Rank: 3 Rank: 3

声望: 5
寄托币: 550
注册时间: 2010-7-31
精华: 0
帖子: 3

发表于 2011-2-7 12:01:18 |显示全部楼层

161In a study of reading habits of Leeville citizens conducted by the University of Leeville, most respondents said they preferred literary classics as reading material. However, a follow-up study conducted by the same researchers found that the type of book most frequently checked out of each of the public libraries in Leeville was the mystery novel. Therefore, it can be concluded that the respondents in the first study had misrepresented their reading habits.===

==LOGIC LINE==

study of reading habits of Leeville citizens conducted by the University of Leeville
most respondents said they preferred literary classics as reading material

a follow-up study conducted by the same researchers
the type of book most frequently checked out of each of the public libraries in Leeville was the mystery novel

-->the respondents in the first study had misrepresented their reading habits

==LOGIC ERROR==

1、literary classics其中也是包含mystery novel的，a follow-up study调查中结果说明mystery novel被借阅的最多与喜欢看literary classics并不矛盾。

2、preferred literary classics as reading material并不代表就一定要去 public libraries借阅，可能因为太过于喜欢，所以就自己购买，或者问朋友等借阅，或者购买二手书等。去 public libraries只是途径之一。

3、即便结果是这样的，调查结果也是没有代表性的，可能public libraries对于mystery novel比较多，其他的比较少，直接导致了读者借阅mystery novel的可能性会更大。

4、即便调查有代表性，仅仅因为调查者说的和数据有差别就认为the respondents in the first study had misrepresented their reading habits也是很武断的，因为可能借什么书和reading habits并没有直接的联系。

161.在一次由Leeville大学所举行的关于Leeville居民阅读习惯的调查中，多数被访者说他们倾向于阅读古典文学。然而，由相同的研究人员随后进行的调查发现Leeville所有公共图书馆中最经常被借阅的书是神秘小说。因此，我们可以得出结论，第一次调查的被访者错误地表达了他们的阅读习惯

你要静候再静候 @3.1AW6G

even207
UID: 2998418

寄托新兵

Rank: 2

声望: 15
寄托币: 120
注册时间: 2011-1-25
精华: 0
帖子: 3

发表于 2011-2-9 21:28:51 |显示全部楼层

Issue 38 "In the age of television, reading books is not as important as it once was. People can learn as much by watching television as they can by reading books."
Disagree（定义论证法）：【观点】电视的确给人类带来了认识世界的新方式，但是其不能取代阅读的地位；阅读对人类来说任何时候都很重要，无论是印刷时代还是电视时代、网络时代还是未来的新兴时代。作为两种获取信息的不同媒介，从阅读中获得的信息和从电视中获得的是不同的。
1、
定义电视：在电视上，话语是通过视觉形象进行的。演讲者的精彩的逻辑和缜密的思维无法掩盖其臃肿的体态和笨拙的形象。因此电视无法表现政治哲学，电视的形式注定了他同政治哲学是水火不相容的。同理，电视将人们引向了无尽的娱乐和狂欢。
2、
定义书本：书面文字是思想能够方便的接受他人持续而严格的审查。书面形式把语言凝固下来，并由此诞生了语法家、逻辑家、修辞家、历史学家和科学家----所有这些人都需要吧预言放在眼前才能看清它的意思，找出它的错误，明白它的启示。正如伟大的文学批评家诺斯洛浦弗莱所说：“书面文字远不只是一种简单的提醒物；他在现实中重新创造了过去，并且给了我们震撼人心的浓缩的想象，而不是什么寻常的记忆。”
3、
正因为以上的定义，我们可以清晰地看到电视和书本的相同点以及不同点：相同点是电视和书面表达，共属于人类进行思想表达的形式。也正是源于他们属于思想表达的形式之一，导致了他们的不同：即电视传达了一种娱乐文化，促进了娱乐时代的发展；而书本传达了理性、有思想的文化，是阐述时代的基础。电视传达的工种语言是娱乐的，喧嚣的；书本传达的公众语言则是理性的，负责的。在此基础上，我们可以得出结论：在电视时代，书本虽然没落于电视传媒，但是其重要性和影响性始终存在，在更多的时候甚至优于电视文化。人们是不能从电视中获得和书本一样的信息的。

可引用的例子以及名人名言：
George Orwell担心的是人们被剥夺获取信息的权利，害怕的是真理被隐瞒；而电视却将人类领向另一个深渊：信息泛滥使得人类变得被动和自私，真理即使被暴露也随即淹没在日常无穷无尽的琐事中。然而，人们之所以疯狂的热爱电视，正式应许了赫胥黎在《美丽新世界》里的预言：人类逐渐爱上、崇拜和敬仰那些令我们失去独立思考能力的东西。人类将会与我们所热爱的东西。电视和书本的竞争，是电子时代和印刷术的较量。而在我看来，印刷术仍然是人类最伟大的发明，电视不仅比电视更注重信息筛选，并且拥有任何其他媒介无法代替的作用：让人类意识到、学会并享受独立思考。
柏拉图人为，容易表达出来的思想自然会成为文化的组成部分。值得注意的是，公众话语的方式是怎样规范乃至决定话语内容。例如烟雾信号中无法包含哲学论点。因此它的形式已经派出了它的内容。

109"The purpose of many advertisements is to make consumers want to buy a product so that they will 'be like' the person in the ad. This practice is effective because it not only sells products but also helps people feel better about themselves."
1、（反对第一句话）买东西的目的不是为了be like the person in the ad. 而是该商品可以为现在乃至将来给消费者带来好处。因此，to buy a product 和be like the person不构成因果关系。
根据亚当斯密的理论，市场经济中的理性人在做出决策时，只考虑和自己现在以及未来相关的利益中。所以广告的目的是在于让消费者买他们产品；而消费者消费的目的则是其所购买的产品可以给他带来好处。从这个角度，buy a product 是为了“be like the person in the ad”是不成立的，“be like the person”只是获得好处的手段，而不是最终目的。
2、（肯定第二句话）虽然我不认为be like them是购买的目的，但是我必须承认，这样的广告手段是非常有效地。①从消费者的角度，这样的这种广告手段有效的原因之一在于，人们更愿意接受直观地、具体地将好处呈现出来，而不是抽象地描述。比如用迈克尔乔丹做篮球鞋的广告显然比空洞地陈述一双篮球鞋有多舒适强。男孩子们愿意去买这个品牌，根本目的是希望获得和乔丹的一样的吸引力，获得他人的关注；而实现这个目的的途径正是通过模仿乔丹的行为---穿同样品牌的鞋。②从生产商的角度，他们正是抓住了消费者的这一心理需求，巧妙地将其运用在广告中。

17"There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey and resist unjust laws."
大正小反：

180"Many problems of modern society cannot be solved by laws and the legal system because moral behavior cannot be legislated."
大反（定义论证法）
论点：
1、作者默认many problems of modern society是由于immoral behavior 引起和造成的，然而有些问题并非如此。（举例全球变暖问题。全球变暖可以归结于人类的无知和贪婪，但说它是道德败坏问题就有些牵强了。）而这些问题最好的解决方法恰恰是通过法律。
2、对于的确由于immoral behavior造成的问题，很多时候并不是不能立法规定，而是立法后执行的可能性不大。（尤其在全球化的趋势下，殊别价值的差异性扩大，导致在某一地区，人们对道德的理解无法达成一致。比如人权问题：西方基督教国家和东方儒教国家，对于abortion的不同态度。）
论证：
1、
定义当今世界主要的社会问题是什么？（比如全球变暖、经济全球化带来的贫富差距、各个国家在政治和宗教上的冲突、人权问题、恐怖主义等等）。这些看似杂乱的问题都可以分为普世价值和殊别价值的问题。
2、
定义什么是moral behavior。对这个词的理解也存在殊别和普世两种理解方式。
3、
因此，由于社会问题和道德准则两者均具有双重价值，所以给解决问题造成了很大的麻烦。①如果社会问题是基于普世价值，通常最有效的方式就是通过法律的规范：比如全球变暖问题。众所周知，全球变暖将会威胁到人类共同的家园，也就是人类共同的利益，因此**个国家缔结了日内瓦公约。虽然在具体操作上，各个国家仍有分歧，但是至少人们并没有在“全球变暖是否有利于人类发展”这个议题产生有过大的分歧。此时的公约代表了一种共同认可的声音。从这个角度，我们是可以通过立法来缓解类似的社会问题的。②而基于殊别价值的异议，立法后往往执法难度很大。许多社会问题未能得到及时有效地解决，不是因为moral behavior cannot be legislated，而是人们对moral behavior的定义不能达成共识。比如二战结束后的《人权宣言》。
174"Laws should not be rigid（死板的，僵硬的） or fixed. Instead, they should be flexible enough to take account of various circumstances, times, and places."
Partly Agree：如果将立法分为结果和过程两个方面看的话，法律既是严肃认真的，又是灵活变通的。
1、立法的结果和过程是要分开讨论的。立法的结果是最终成文的法律，一旦定下来就是要坚决执行的，否则就是亵渎法律的严肃性和神圣性；
2、但是要保证法律的公平公正性，就需要在立法的过程中考虑到various circumstances, times, and places. 并且容许有修正案，以保证当现行法律出现漏洞时，可以有弥补的措施。
（美国宪法修正案的案例）
11"All nations should help support the development of a global university designed to engage students in the process of solving the world's most persistent social problems."
（定义论证法）大正，但是要考虑到可能性问题
1、
定义全球性的社会问题：全球性的社会问题大多是基于脆弱的文化认同上的经济、政治、宗教问题。文化分为普世价值和殊别价值。而文化认同之所以脆弱是因为殊别价值的分歧造成了社会主义与资本主义的分歧，宗教信仰上的分歧等等..
2、
世界大学的必要性与可能性：①必要性：鉴于世界问题在于对其他文化的不认同，那么相应的解决办法就应该是营造一个环境，让各种文化相互交融，相互理解。For example, in the late sixties of 20th century, a young American woman from a background that was extremely prejudiced against people from other races came to college convinced that her race was superior. Over the next four years, this student, who considered herself intelligent, found herself in classes and social events in which people of other races performed as well as or more competently than she did. As she finished her senior year, she had grown to realize that people of other races were not only equal to her but were people who could be her friends and from whom she could learn. Another instance, an American boy came to be friend with a boy from Africa. Due to their friendship, the American boy tends to observe the world not only in the eye of American, but also in the shoes of the third-world people. Similarly,世界大学可以起到一样的作用。 ②可能性：必须考虑到的是，并不是每个人都会像以上两个例子一样，很多人上了大学还是无法扫除对其他文化的偏见，甚至这种偏见会加强；世界大学可以提供的学位有限，只能满足少部分人，而全球性问题的解决要依靠多数人；对于那些温饱都成问题的国家，连本国教育都没做好，如何投入精力到世界大学中呢？

13"Many of the world's lesser-known languages are being lost as fewer and fewer people speak them. The governments of countries in which these languages are spoken should act to prevent such languages from becoming extinct."
（定义论证法）
1、定义语言：语言，作为一种表达的媒介，是文化的体现。柏拉图曾经说过，最容易被表达出来的就是文化。因此，语言成为一种文明的最高体现。语言的消失和落寞就是其代表的文化的消失和没落。
2、按照survive of the fittest的理论，一种新的文化取代旧的文化，是进化的表现。但是，这却曲解了进化论，因为进化论的前提是在纯自然的条件下。而语言，文化的载体，本身就是人为创造的。所以不能证明现存的语言一定比消失了的好。比如，如果说电视和纸质印刷品是公众语言的话，那么电视时代代表的是娱乐的语言，而纸质印刷时代则是严肃有思辨性的语言。再比如，已将近失传的希伯来语，是耶稣时代的语言，了解这种语言对认识圣经有极大的帮助；玛雅语言，中国的甲骨文都是失传的文字，但是都具有高深的文化价值。所以一种语言的淡出历史，可能是由于古老而智慧的文化受到了引诱，从而走向没落；并不意味着没有了存在的价值。
3、如果政府发现了这种趋势，应该积极倡导人们对lesser-known language的了解，保持文化的多元性。
116"With the growth of global networks in such areas as economics and communication, there is no doubt that every aspect of society—including education, politics, the arts, and the sciences—will benefit greatly from international influences."
立意：反对
1、
全球化的确将经济和沟通领入了新时代，但也造成了不少矛盾和问题；比如反全球化；
2、
即使我们假定在经济和沟通领域的都是正面影响，也不能说明在其他领域也都是正面影响。

197"The material progress and well-being of one country are necessarily connected to the material progress and well-being of all other countries."

208"The way people look, dress, and act reveals their attitudes and interests. You can tell much about a society's ideas and values by observing the appearance and behavior of its people."
1、
论证个体与社会的关系，如果无数个个体可以代表社会，结论才成立；
2、
论证人的穿衣打扮和内心变化的联系