[wyr ISSUE提纲一] 过去与现在&创新与继承& 跨学科交流

wyr0426UID: 3041540

一、过去于现在&传统与创新

这个主题可以理解为  过去与现在  传统与创新  经验与突破  个人与权威
"Only through mistakes can there be discovery or progress."

"In any given field, the leading voices come from people who are motivated not by conviction but by the desire to present opinions and ideas that differ from those held by the majority."

"It is always an individual who is the impetus (动力 ) for innovation; the details may be worked out by a team, but true innovation results from the enterprise (进取心) and unique perception of an individual."

"Conformity almost always leads to a deadening of individual creativity and energy."

"What society has thought to be its greatest social, political, and individual achievements have often resulted in the greatest discontent."

"The well-being of a society is enhanced when many of its people question authority."

题号	题干	备注
9	In any field of endeavor, it is impossible to make a significant contribution without first being strongly influenced by past achievements within that field. Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.	传统与 创新 跨学科见交流 An endeavour is an attempt to do something, especially something new or original. (FORMAL)
Kw：endeavor first strongly past achievement 【开头】（态度： 有保留的赞同） 我们如何定义endeavor？如何定义past achievement（Past achievement 包括了一个学科的最基本的principle和从它所衍生出来的一系列成果。它代表着一种被大多数人所认可并且推崇的权威）？在历史的角度来看，人类社会不是一成不变的today’s endeavor, tomorrow’s past achievements.随着人类认知的不断发展，past achievement在不断的被推翻，而所谓的endeavor在未来也会被认为是past achievement。所以，endeavor只是历史中past achievement的一种重复 【正文】 1. 2. {立场重申、过渡}我认为不仅仅是achievement而且有past failures以及人们question the authority同时导致了endeavor的产生。其他因素还有很多， "It is always an individual who is the impetus (动力 ) for innovation; the details may be worked out by a team, but true innovation results from the enterprise (进取心) and unique perception of an individual." 3. { 让步}尽管人们从past achievement中学到了一个学科基本的概念和它的发展历史，但是在这同时，也有许许多多的人的创新思路因此而局限。 "Conformity almost always leads to a deadening of individual creativity and energy." 4. {并列段 详写}（+）正是因为缺少被past achievement的影响，所以人们在一个新的领域就不会被原有的陈腐套路所约束，能够带着critics 的眼光评判事物。【举例论证】典型的例子就是跨学科之间的交流往往能够发展出新的重大变革。更进一步的，没有被过去的成就所麻痹和束缚，才会想到要question the authority，才会看到past failures，避免再次犯错，从而转向新的思路，创造出endeavor。【举例】这些因素共同 5. {总结和升华 详写}endeavor和past achievement是一对对立统一的概念，因为人类的认知程度是在不断的变化和提高的，所以两者并不是一成不变而是相互转化的。 【结尾】并且，endeavor的产生不只是那些外部因素（past achievement、society、authority）的影响，更重要的是个人因素，individuality如何取舍past对自己的影响，如何做到最大程度的批判继承，如何从各个角度（achievement、failure）来学习改进最后做到创新。这都是我们每个人应该思考并且努力去实践的问题。
27	In any field of inquiry, the beginner is more likely than the expert to make important contributions. Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.		成功
Kw inquiry 1 : examination into facts or principles : RESEARCH 2 : a request for information 3 : a systematic investigation often of a matter of public interest 侧重点在于新手如何不被经验和权威束缚、inquiry这个领域的特殊性 "Sometimes imagination is a more valuable asset than experience. People who lack experience are free to imagine what is possible and thus can approach a task without constraints of established habits and attitudes." 【开头】 【正文】 【结尾】
105 106 126	Claim: Imagination is a more valuable asset than experience. Reason: People who lack experience are free to imagine what is possible without the constraints of established habits and attitudes. Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim and the reason on which that claim is based. 106 In most professions and academic fields, imagination is more important than knowledge. [comparison] Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position. 126 In most professions and academic fields, imagination is more important than knowledge. Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim. In developing and supporting your position, be sure to address the most compelling reasons and/or examples that could be used to challenge your position. "Sometimes imagination is a more valuable asset than experience. People who lack experience are free to imagine what is possible and thus can approach a task without constraints of established habits and attitudes."
Imagination代表新 Experience不是仅仅代表旧的思想、旧的体系，而是可以拆分为successful experience & failure experience 侧重于我们可以从失败的教训中学到更多，imagination就是建立在发现错误，改正避免错误之上的。 Claim: Imagination is a more valuable asset than experience. Reason: People who lack experience are free to imagine what is possible without the constraints of established habits and attitudes. Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim and the reason on which that claim is based. 【开头】 改写原文reason+个人观点（中立观点，稍倾向于经验>创新）+简单展开两个方面 【正文】 （注意这个是事实性命题 不要出现should） 1. {立场重申、过渡}我们如何定义经验？如何定义想象力？（definition） 2. {观点一 略写}（+）正是因为缺少经验，所以人们在一个新的领域就不会被原有的陈腐套路所约束，能够带着critics 的眼光评判事物 典型的例子就是跨学科之间的交流往往能够发展出新的重大变革。 3. {并列段 略写}（+）想象力推动社会进步的例子。 4. {转折观点二 详写}（-）经验与想象力应该是一对对立统一的哲学概念【查找资料！】。创新是继承在经验之上的，只有不断地积累经验、在巨人的肩膀上不断探索，才能做到真正的创新，才能对历史产生重大的影响（benefits& importance& necessity 5. {让步和结论 略写}显然在不同的领域要有不同的比重（domain）。【举一个正例子一个反例子论证】 【结尾】 归纳想象力和经验这一对矛盾统一关系的普遍原则+再次改写reasoning（注意点的对应和语言变化）+再次重申立场。 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- In most professions and academic fields, imagination is more important than knowledge. [comparison] Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position. 【注意要着重突出“比较”】 1. {立场重申、过渡}我们如何定义知识和经验？如何定义想象力？（definition）我的观点 在不同的历史时代不同的学科领域 这个问题要有不同看法。 2. {分论点一 详写}【正面论证观点正确】从古代到现代，从科学领域到人文领域。在原始时期没有固定经验的时候，人类的进步都是由创新所引领。再到文艺复兴时期，更是由创新打破传统奠定了欧洲文明的基础。 3. {分论点一并列 略写 短}几次产业革命。第一第二次略写，第三次就是现在的信息产业革命，创新性尤为显得重要。相比较而言 4. {分论点二 详写}【从反面论证观点正确】如果在变革时期没有创新，一味追求知识的积累和按照经验做事，社会将会一成不变。固有思路的局限性，knowledge并不是一成不变的，是根据imagination的结果来不断修正和提高的，所以只有继承没有创新是不行的，是能得出错误的结论甚至造成社会精神上的倒退。 5. {分论点二递进 略写 短}【举例子递进】一些国家的应试教育。 6. {concession 略写}固然在绝大多数科学领域想象力比知识要重要，但是经验与想象力应该是一对对立统一的哲学概念，从另一个方面来看，创新又建立在知识之上，没有对一个领域深刻的研究，是无法知道什么是“创新”什么是“陈腐”。所以显然在不同的领域要有不同的比重（domain）。

一、
跨学科之间的交流&竞争与合作
基本点  打破束缚 团队合作

题号	题干	备注
56	Many important discoveries or creations are accidental: it is usually while seeking the answer to one question that we come across the answer to another. [claim] Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.	"People work more productively in teams than individually. Teamwork requires cooperation, which motivates people much more than individual competition does."
143 No field of study can advance significantly unless it incorporates knowledge and experience from outside that field. [claimàreasoning] Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position. Kw advance knowledge&experience outside 【开头】 study是一个interaction的过程{观点} In any academic area or professional field, it is just as important to recognize the limits of our knowledge and understanding as it is to acquire new facts and information Different personalities look at exactly the same objects, facts,data, or events and see different things{句子要改写一下}+下面段落的提要 【正文】 1. Team work。团队合作 2. Many important discoveries or creations are accidental: it is usually while seeking the answer to one question that we come across the answer to another.【理论论证】不同学科的人带来了不同的研究方法，不同学科的人看待问题的角度不一样，有些学科是所有学科的基础和手段（比如说数学） 3. 【阅读 大陆漂移学说和地球膨胀说的发现是物理学和地质学】【牛顿-莱布尼兹微积分公式的发现 分别从两个不同学科发现】【历史学家和同位素鉴定的应用】最后要点名这些例子对文章的作用 4. {并列} Great advances in knowledge necessarily involve the rejection of authority为什么同一个学科的知识到达了一定的程度以后就无法取得巨大的突破了呢？是因为建立了一个很完善但是却很僵化的体系，看待问题的眼光编的narrow，所以需要没有经历过该学科系统训练的人的rejection来打开思路，有了rejection，就可以对一个学科最根本的出发点（也是那个领域的专家认为理所当然的东西）做出critical的评估，从而找到那个痼疾，做到advance。 5. {递进和总结}这实际上是一个哲学上的创新与继承的问题。一方面，我们需要继承前人的经验，另一方面也是更重要的一方面，就是如果要进步，必须接纳新的东西也就是其他学科的知识。 【结尾】 （if you are satisfied with the well-established knowledge and experience, that’s will be all right to study separately. While if you want to advance, then interdisciplinarity is essential）我们现在这个社会发展的速度已经不能再满足于单个学科的成果了，事实上，现在也正是有越来越多的交叉学科的产生给我们的生活带来了便利和乐趣，所以学科之间的交流是时代进步的特征也是唯一的途径
108 110
还是创新与继承的关系 侧重点 1. 人们相信权威，这本来就是一种盲目的行为。因为权威本身有可能是错的。【亚里士多德】 2. 一些重大发现最开始都被权威所排斥 3. 历史是交替变化的，今天是权威，明天就有可能不是权威

求拍啊~~~怕写偏了~~~~~~~~~~~