开始听写一步步积累

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TPO1-CONVERSATION 1

TPO1 CONVERSATION 1

Hi, I am..I really hope you can help me.
That’s why I am here, what can I do for you.
I supposed to do a literature review for my psychology course, but I am have(having) a hard time finding articles.【1题Why does the student go to see the librarian】
I don’t’ even know where to start to looking.
You said this is for your psychology course, right? so you are(删) focuse on ..dream termpertation（interpretation）
You have focused,so that’s already a good start
En ,well, there are few things, oh, wait. have you checked to see if your professor(professor) put any material for you to look at? on reserve. En.that’s one thing I did know to do,I just copy an article, but I still need three more on my topic for(from) three different journals.
2.That’s(let’s) get you (going on )looking for going for(删) those then.. We have printing（printed）
versions of 12(20) years old psychology journal on the reference section, this(these are the) one published on(within the ) last year. And(then) I think about it. there are journal name sleeping dreams(sleep and dream). oh, yeah, the article I just copy this for(is from) that journal. So I have got to looking for(look at) another secouse(sources). Ok, acutlly(actually) most of our (materials are) available electronically now【2题What does the librarian say about the availability of journals and articles in the library?】.
you can access psychology database or lecturnial(electronic) journals and articles through library computers. And if you want to search by title, with the world dream for example. Just type in and all the article with dream in the title will come up with (on the )screen. Coll(cool) .that’s great. too better I can(bad I cannot) do it at(from) home..but, you can’t(can). all of library databases and lecturncal(electronic) sources can be accessed through any computer connected to the university network.
Really? I can’t believe I didn’t know that【5题重听题】..it’s still sound like I can take a wide(it’s going to take a while though) though. you know going through all of that information, all of source. maybe,
but you are(already) narrow your search down to articles for dream terpertation(interpretation), So it’s shouldn’t be too bad. and you probably notice that there is an abstract or summary at the topic(top) of the first page (of the article) you copy. When you going to(go into) the database and lecturnicl sourse(electronic sources), you have option to display the abstract on the computer screen. skimming those to decide whether or not you want read the whole article Should cut down sometime【3题What does the librarian suggest the student should do to save time】. Right, abstract! they were(will) definitely make
the
project more durabale(durable), I guess I should try out the liecrunical(electronic) search while I am still here then, you know just in a case.【4题推断in a case=need more help】 Sure. That computer’s for your(free) over there. And I will be here to(till) 5 this afternoon.
Thanks ,I feel a lot better about this assignment now.

最大障碍生词：interpretation. Electronic

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TPO1 Lecture1

lisent to part of lecture in contemporary art class

ok,i'm going to begin this lecture by giving your next assignment.remember i said that at some point during this semester i wanted to(×) you do(×) attend an exhibit at the fair straight(Fairy Street) gallery and then write about it? well, the exhibit that i want to you attend is coming up. it's already started in fact,but it will be at the gallery for next month which should give you plenty of time to complete
assignment.

the name of artist exhibit there is RF,R(F’s) work may be unfamilier(famailiar) to you since, she is a relitive(relatively) young artist,but she is got a very unusaly(unusual) style ,compared to some of artists we have looked at this term.but anyway, f 's style is what she herself cald(calls) Realistic Impressionism.so you have probably study both of this(these) movement,S(separately) S(separate) movements ,R(Realism) and I(impressionism), in some of your art history courses, so who can just some its up(sum these up)？

well i（impressionism）
started in the late 1970(19 century), the basic compression(impressionist) style with (was) very different from earlier stylishs(styles), it didn't depict sceens(scenes) of(or) model's(models) exactly as they looked, en ,impression's(impressionist) painters tended to apply pink(paint) very(really) thickly, and in big brush stoke(brushstrokes),so the texture of the canvas was rough.

GOOD,what else, what with(were) the subject?

well ,a lot of pression of this art painting,every day sceens(impressionist artists painted everyday scenes),like people along(on) the streets, and in cafes, a lot of nature things(scenes) ,expecilly(especially) landscapes,

good.so if(when) you to the exhibit, i really want you to take a close look at certain paintings.it's a farm sceen(scene), and you will see a wrtier's into(as right you enter) the gallery, the reason i think this painting is so important, is the(that it) stresses the impressionism aspect of f's stylish(style).it's an outdoor sceen(scene) and everyday sceen(scene) ,it's kind of bleek(bleak),but(which) you can only(really) see those broad brush stoke(brushstrokes) and the bluring(blurry) lines. the colors is(aren’t) quite realistic,the sky's kind of well unnature(in a natural..) pinkish yellow. and the fence of for ground(foreground) is blue.but somehow the over seenig(scene) given(gives) the (an) impreesion of cold, blenk(bleak), winter day on the(a) farm.so that's the impressionist side of her world(work), oh, and the speak(speaking) about farms, that reminds me. one interesing thing i read about F is when her(she) first moved back to I(Iowa) after living abroad, she often visti(visited) this place in her town called the s(sales) barn and the seal's(sales) bar(barn) it was basically this place where the local farmer bond so(bought and sold) their cattle, their farm animals. and the reason f went there, and she latter(later) on would with visit another(other) places like dance house(halls), was to observe people and the way that they moved, she really found that this helped her work, that it gave her an understanding of body movement and actions ,how humans move, and stand still, with p (what their postures were) like too. so what about realistism(realism)? what is(are) elements of r we should be looking for in f's work?

real honest , the(×) depictions of subject matter, pretty unidealized stuff, and pretty everyday subject matter too.

good,one another(other) painting i really want you to look at is of a young woman surrounded by punkished(pumpkins),you will notice that the woman's face is so realistic looking , that it's almost like a photograph,the woman's noise(nose) is a little less than imperfect(perfect) and her hair 's kind of manstaff(messed up),this is realism, but then the background of this painting, this woman with punkish(pumkish), draw blen......it's all kinds of s brush strok and lines(is wrapped in a blanket of broad thick brushstrokes, and, it’s all kinds of zigzagging brushstrokes and lines,) , kind of k(chaotic) almost when you look at it close. and there are virbrant(vibrant) colors. it's(there’s) a lot of orange, with little hence(hints) of licture(electric) blue pinking up(peeking out). i find f to be a very excessble(accessible) artist, i mean,some artists, to appreaciate(appreciate) them, you have to know some of(their) life story. and (but) here is a little bit about f life anyway. she attended art school, but was told by one of astroter(instructors) that she isn's(wasn’t) good at in listration(illustration), and(that) she will(should) going to advertising instead. so she took advertising classes and find(fine) arts classes too. until she was convinced by the head of an advertising agency that she(her) work is(was) really good, that she could be an artist,but of course it's not as easy as that, and so f had to painting(paint) another(other) people's portraits that(at) places like art fairs. just to make money to buy paint for her more series of art work. no matter what, she never stopped painting and now f is doing extremely well and her work has been(is being) shown all over the country. so i think most of us should be discouraged if we have(had to) faced challenges and difficulties like that, but what is important is that you keep at it and you don't give up that what's really important to remember.

at some point 在某一时刻
sum up 总结
scene
n.场，镜头，节；地点；景色；舞台；吵闹
bleak
a.凄凉的；荒凉的；寒冷刺骨的
messed up
pumkish
realism/impressionism
peeking out 偷窥

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TPO1-lecture2 geology-Uranium-Lead Dating

===============================================================================

listen to part of a lecture in a geology class

ok,let's get started,great.today i want to talk about a way in which we are able to determine how old a piece of land or some other geology feature is, dating technics(techniques). i'm going to talk about a particular technic(dating technique)【第一题主旨题出处The importance of a technique used for dating geological materials】 why? good dating is a key to good analysis, in other words, if you want to know how a land formation was formed, the first thing you probably want to know is how old it was(is). it's fundamental.

take a granite canyon(the Grand Canyon) for instance. now we geologists thought we have(had) a pretty good idea, of how we grant canyon (the Grand Canyon)in the southwestern unite stated was formed, we knew that it was formed from sandstone, that sanlitified(solidified) somewhere between 170,300(150-300) million years ago. before it salitified(solidified), they(it) was just regular sand, the essentially(Essentially),it was part of vast desert.and until just recently, most of us thought the sand is(had) come from an ancient mountain range very(farily) close by that flated down(flattened out) over time.【第二题Before the use of uranium-lead analysis, where did most geologists think the Grand Canyon sandstone came from?--答：A nearby mountain range that had flattened out over time】 that’s been the conventional with moutain(wisdom among) geologist for a quite some time, but now we've learned something different and quite surprising, using a technic(techique) called o light dating(Uranium-Lead Dating).

i should say that o light dating(Uranium-Lead Dating) has been around for quite a well(a while), but there have been some recent refinements, i will get into this in a minute. anyway, o lighting dating(Uranium-Lead Dating) has produced some surprises ,2 geologist discovered that about half of sand form the grante canyon(the Grand Canyon) with(was) actually one's(once) part of A(Appalachian) mountains. that's really i opening the news(eye-opening news),since A mountain moutain range is, of course thousands of kilometers to the east of the grantie canyon(the Grand Canyon), sounds pretty unbelievale(unbelievable), right?

of course, the obvious question is how the(did) that sand end up so far west. the serious(theory) is the(that) huge river and wind carried the sand west where make stinct(it mixed in) with the sand that was already there. well, this for the(was a) pretty revolutionary finding, and it was basicaly(basically) because of o lighting dating(Uranium-Lead Dating), why?well as everyone in this clay(class) should know,we usually look at the grant(grain) type within sandstone【第六题重听题-- The class has already studied the information he is discussing】 meaning the actual part of(particles) in the sandstone, to determine where it came from.you can do other things too, like look at the wind and(or) water that broad(brought) in this(the grains to their) location and figure out which way is(it was) flooing(flowing).but this(that’s) only used for left a point(useful up to a point),and not is(that’s not what these two) geologist did,

o lighting dating(Uranium-Lead Dating) allowed them go about it and intilly(entirely) different way.what they did was ,they looked at the grantie abserve c(grains of Zircon ) in the sandstone. s(Zircon) is a material that contains u active u(radioactive Uranium) which makes it very useful for dating purposes. s(Zircon) starts off the mountain magema(as molten magma), the hot lava from vacanal(volcanoes),this magma then crystallizes. when s(zircon) crystallizes, the u(Uranium) inside it begins to change and laid(into Lead), so if you measure the moutain(amount) of laid(Lead) in the s(Zircon) grand(grain),you can fingure(figure) out when the grant was formed. after that ,you can determine the age of s(Zircon) from different moutain radge(mountain ranges).once you do that, you can compare the age of s(Zircon) in the sandstone in your sample to the age of s(Zircon) in the mountains. if the age of s(Zircon) matches the age of one of your moutain ridge(the mountain range), that (then it)means the sandstone actually used to be part of that particular moutain ridge(mountain range).【第三题，顺序题，先measure/再age sample,最后match231】 is everybody with me on that? good.

so in this case, u(Uranium-Lead Dating)
was used to estabilish(establish) the(that) half of the sandstone in the samples was formed at the same time the grant a moutain(granite in the Appalachian Mountains) was formed. so because of this , the new way of doing u lighting dating(Uranium-Lead Dating),we've been able to determine that one of our major of sumption(assumptions) of grant canyon(about the Grand Canyon) was wrong.

like 174(I said before), u lighting dating(Uranium-Lead Dating) has been with us as well(for a while).but until recently, in order to do that, you really had to learn(study) many individual grands(grains), and toke(it took) a long time before you got results. it just wasn’t very officient(effcient), and it wasn't very accurate. but technic(technical) advances have cut down the number of grant(grains) you have to study【第四题According to the professor, what change has caused uranium-lead dating to gain popularity recently?--答：It can now be done more efficiently】, so you get result faster. so i'll predict that is going to become an increasingly popular dating method. there are a few pretty exciting possiblity(possiblities) for u lighitng dating (Uranium-Lead Dating), there(Here) is one that comes to mind. you know the therory(theory) that earth containents(continents) was(were) once joined together, and only split apart relatilvely(relatively) recently, well with u lighting dating(Uranium-Lead Dating),we can(could) prove that more conclusively,【第五题Why does the professor talk about the breaking apart of Earth's continents?
--答：To give another example of how uranium-lead dating might be useful】 if they show evidence of once has(having) been joined, that could really tell us lots about the early history about the plante geologist(planet’s geology).


techniques
the Grand Canyon
科罗拉多大峡谷
Uranium-Lead Dating
铀铅测年
solidified
Essentially
fairly close
flattened out
go about
着手做，处理，忙于；(with)常与…交往
eye-opening news
grains of Zircon
锆石颗粒
the mountain range
establish
assumptions n.假定，臆断；担任，承担
for a while
暂时, 一会儿

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今天开始听写TPO精听20篇，前三季，因为第四季还没有出哦，按照TPO的顺序来吧~~

                                    （九）历史文学之人物作家——Emerson’swork（艾默生）
（TPO4.2）

========================================================================================================================

listen to part of a lecture in a literature class

all right. so let me close today's class with some souce(thoughts) to keep in mind all(while) you are doing in next(tonight’s) assignment. you'll be reading one of rouful photo(Ralph Waldo Emerson’s)[专有名词]
best-known essays, self-reliance[专有名词] ,and comparing it with his pollen(poems) and other works,【第一题主旨题答案：To prepare the students to read an essay by Emerson】i think this essay has potential to be quite meaningful for all of you as young people who probably wonder about things like truth and where you life(lives) to(are) going-i will souch(all sorts of ) profound questions. knowing something about ementing philsophy(Emerson’s philosophies) will help you when you read self-reliance. and basically, when while the mean(one of the main beliefs that he) had what(was) about truth. now(not) that it’s something that we can be tied(taught),e in (Emerson says it’s found within) ourselves, so this truth, the idea that it’s in each one of us, is one of the first points that you will see e(Emerson) making in this essay. it big(a bit) abstract, but it(he’s) very into um...into each person believeing(believing) his or her in(own) thought, believing in yourself, the thought or convention(conviction) that is true for you. but actually, he ties that in with the(a) sort of universal truth. something that everyone knows but doesn't realize they know. most of us are not in touch with ourselves in the(a) way, so we just aren’t capable in to(of recognizing) profound truth. it takes genisis(geniuses), people like say shakspare(Shakespeare).who are unique because when they have a glimpse at this truth, the(this) universal truth, they pay attention to it and express it. and do(don’t) just missing(dismiss) it like most people do.
so e(Emerson) is really into each individual believing in and trusting him or herself, you’ll see that he writes about, well first, or fermoty(conformity). he created size(criticizes) that people of his time for abanding(abandoning) their earn(own) mime(mind) and their own well(wills) for the signal(sake of conformity and consistency)【第二题On what basis did Emerson criticize the people of his time?，答D.
They were too interested in conformity（一致性）.】 .they try to fit in with the rest of world. even though that set out the their denity(it’s at odds with their beliefs and their identities).therefore, it's best to be anony(non)-conformist. to do your own thing, not worrying about another(what other ) people think. that is an important point. he really dry(drives) this argument home throughout the essay.
when your reading. i want to think about that and why that kind of thought will(would) be relavent(relevant) to the reader in(of) his time. remember this is 1878(1838)【第六题，重听题 To provide background for the concept he is explaining.】,self reliance was a normal(novel) idea at that time. and unite state citicizens(citizens) were less care(secure) about themselves as individuals and as the Americans .the country as whole was trying to find himself(define itself). e(Emerson) wanted to get(give) people something to really think about,how to find them(help them find their own) way and what a man (it meant) to be who they were. so that’s something what(that) i think is definely(definitely) is(as) relevant today as it was then. probably... especilly(especially) among young adults think themselves(like yourselves),you know college being a time to sort of really think about who you are and where you are going.
now, we already said e(Emerson) really emphasizes none can formidy(none-conformity) right, as a way to thought about(sort of ) not lose your own themselves in dinity(self and identity) in the world. to have your own choice(truth) and not to be afraid to listen to it. well ,he takes the(this) step further, not confirming with yourself or your past, what did(does) that mean? well ,if you’ve always being(been) a certain way, or deny(done) a certain thing, but it’s not working for you any more, or you are not content. e(Emerson) says that it’s be foulish(foolish) to be consistent in us in the(even with our own) past, focus on the further,【第三题What does Emerson say about the past?
答：It is less important than the future.】 he says, that was what matters more. enconsisting(Inconsistency) is good. he talks about sh(a ship’s voyage) and this is one of the most famous b(bits) of the essay. how the best avoid of(voyage is) made up of zigzag lines .a(up) close, it seems a little all over the place, but from further(father) way. the true pass(path) shows and in the end, 【第四题What point does the professor make when he mentions a ship’s path?答：C.
The path a person takes can only be seen clearly after the destination has been reached.

】 it just finds out the(it justifies all the) turns on the(along the) way. so don't worry if you are not sure where you are headed or what you want to turn goes(long-term goals) are, stay true of(to) yourself and it’ll make sense me(in the) end. i mean i can test(attest)
to that. before i was literature professor i was in the content(an accountant), before that i was newspaper reporter, my life is taking some pretty interesting term(turns) and here i am,very happy with my experiences and where they drop(they’ve brought) me,if you reliance on(rely on) yourself and trust your entenli(own talents) your own interest don't worry, you'll pass(your path will) make sence(sense) in the end.【第五题What does the professor imply about himself when he recounts some life experiences he had before becoming a literature professor?答：He did not plan to become a literature professor+ He has trusted in himself and his decisions.】

Ralph Waldo Emerson
爱默生(1803-82),美国人,散文作家、思想家、诗人、演说家。
Self-Reliance

自力更生
dismiss

vt.开除, 解散, 屏除, （法律）驳回
sake   
n. 1. 目的2. 理由;缘故;利益
conformity


n.依照；适合；一致(点)
consistency

n.连贯, 一致性, 强度, 硬度, 浓稠度
at odds with
与…不和，与…争吵，与…不一致
identity



n.身份；个性，特性；同一性，一致性
voyage


n.航行, 旅程 v.航行, 旅行
up close  


adj. 近距离的adv. 近距离地
accountant

n.会计人员, 会计师

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（十）Business之繁荣与泡沫——boom and bust（繁荣与泡沫）  （TPO6.1）

listen to part of a lecture in an economics class
now when we(I) mention the terms booming(boom and) bust, what up into(is that going to) mind?
the doctom crush the 19s(dotcom crash of the 90S)
OK,the booming(boom) in the late 1990s,when all those new intern（internet） companies spring up(sprung up迅速地发生(出现)) and then sold for huge amounts of money. then the bust around 2000,2001,when many of those same internet companies went out business
of course, booms aren’t also(always) followed by busts. we've certainly same(seen) times when local accnomiy sprint rock for a wide(economies expanded rapidly for a while) and then when back to the(a) normal pace of growth. but,there is a type of ret expension(rapid expansion),what maybe(might be) called histerical(hysterical歇斯底里的) or inrational(irrational
.无理性的，失去理性的) boom,but(that) pretty much also by(always leads to a) bust.see,people often create and intensify the(a) boom. when they get carried away by some new industry that seems like you(it will) make amounts(lots) of money fast. you’d think that by the 19s(90s). people would have learned from the past,if they did,well,look at tool lipes(tulips郁金香花).
tool lipes（tulips）?you mean like the flower?
excally(exactly),for instance,do you have any idea where toolipse(tulips are) from?an orignial(Originally) i mean
the northland(netherlands荷兰) right?
that's what most people think,but no.they are not nate（native） to the northland(netherlands),or even Eurpeo(Europe) ,toolipse(tulips) actually hail from（hail from来自于。。） the（an） area that chinese call the c(Celestial) mountain insentual(in central) Asia.a very remote mountains region, it was turkish normaid(nomads) for(who) first to discovered tooplise(tulips) and sprend(spread分散) them slowly western（westward） .now around the 16th century,e(Europeans) were traveling to e in turkish(Istanbul and Turkey) as merchants and diplomats. and turkish(Turks土耳其人) often gives(gave) the e(Europeans) tool's bowl(tulips bulbs郁金香球茎) as a gifts. which they were(would) carry home with that(them).for e(the Europeans) t(tulips) were totally unhearted out(unheard of).
a great nolvety(novelty). the first bowl(bulb) to show up the northenlands(netherlands), the merchant to resave(who received) them rose(roasted烤) and ate them.they called the rekind of（He thought they were kind of）
onion.it turns out, the n land(Netherlands) is(was) an ideal country for growing the t(tulips), it had the right kinds of sandy soil for one thing. but also it was a wealthy nation with a growing economy. within(willing) to spend lots of money on new exotic things, plus,the d has train gradener(Dutch荷兰人had a history of gardening),wealthy people with(would) compete spending more enormous amounts of money to buy the rarest flowers for their gardens. s tools are engaged(soon tulips were beginning ) to show up in different colors as previous(growers) try(tried) to brill(breed) them percificatly(specifically) for colors which would make them even avaliable(more valuable),but they were never completely show up they again(sure what they would get).some the most surprise t for a wide with purple s(priced tulips were white with purple sticks茎) or red with yellow s in the peddles(sticks on the paddles),even the(a) dark purple t(tulip) that was very much prised(priced).what happened then was increase this specialize t(a craze疯狂 for these specialized tulips)?we called that creas t(craze “tulip mania”). so here we go(we’ve got), all the condition from inrational(an irrational) boom. aprose(a prospering繁荣的) economy, so more people have(had) more disposible(disposable) income-money to spend on luxuray(luxuries), but they won't(weren’t) experienced at invastincate there well(investing their new wealth),then, along comes through new commodutiy(a thrilling commodity令人震惊的商品),sure the first specimens were just spring out t(played right in tulips). but they can be breed(could be bred) into some extrodinaer very ations(extraordinary variations).but the dark purple t(like that dark purple tulips), and finally,you have an unregulated market place.no goverment constrints(constrains), we are(where) price could explored, and the explored they did starting in the 16s(1630s),they was also(there was always) much more demand for t sales for(tulips than supply) supply.t(tulips) didn’t blue(bloom) frequently like roses.t boomed(tulips bloomed ) once in the early spring, and it(that) was end(it) for the year, eventually specially breed mutie color t(specially-bred multi-colored tulips) became so valuable well, according to the records, one t was 24(tulip bulb was worth 24 tons of wheat)
or thousand pounds of cheese. l preticular t(one particular tulip bulb) was sold for(and) exchanged for a small ship(sheep), for another words(in other words), t(tulips) were literally worth their way(weight) in gold.
as demand grow, people began selling promise(promissory) notes gurantee(guaranteeing) the furture(future) delivery of priced t.the buyers of these pieces of paper were(would) resell the notes of amounts of prices(and mark up提高 prices). this promise notes cap change（these promissory notes kept changing） hands from buyer to buyer until the t(tulip) was ready to (for) delivery. but it was all pure speculation because as i said. there is(was) no way to know the bowl if(if the bulb was) really going to produce the verity(variety). the color that was promised. but that didn't matter to the owner then(of the) note. the owner only cared about having that piece of paper, so it could be traded later in profete(at a profit).and people were burear(borrowing), where did thahome to abtain this kinds of paper t(mortgaging their home in many cases to obtain those bits of paper). because they were sure they’d find an easy way to make money.
so now, you've got all ingrendient(the ingredients组成部分) for huge bust. and bust it did when one cold fride(February) morning in 1637,a group bote trade(of bulb traders) got together and discovered and suddenly, they(there) were no bitters(bidders出价人).nobody wanted to buy .p expride(Panic spread) like wide(wild) fire. and t(tulips market) collapsed totally.

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（六）生物学之植物——NightcapOak（夜冠橡树）

listen to part of a lecture in a biology class

ok,i have a interesting plant species to discuss with you today. this(it’s a) species are(of a) very very trend(rare tree that) growth(grows) in austria(Australia).he d in h(Eidothea hardeniana). but it's better known as the nice cape(Nightcap) oak. now it was discovered only very recently, just a few years ago.um..it remained hitted (hidden)for so long because it's so werid(rare), there are only about 200 miles a sistens(of them in existence).they grow in a rain forest in a mountain range(rage) range in the north part of new south wereth(Wales) which is a stick in austria(state in Australia). so just 200 individual trees in all. now another interesting thing about the Nightcap Oak is that is it repriete(represents) a very old type a kind of tree that grow(grew) a hundred million years ago. we found fossils that old very(that bear) remarkable resembless (resemblance to) the tree, so it's a primitive tree, a living fossil you might said(say).it relative(relic) from early times and it has survived all those(these) years without much change. and it's probably a kind of tree from which other trees that grow in austria(Australia) today involved(evolved).

just to give you an idea of what we've(are) talking about,here is a picture of the leaves of the tree and its flowers. i don't know who what(how well) you can see the flowers, there(they’re) those little clusters sitting at the bist(base) of the leaves. ok,what if(have) we tried to find out about the tree since we've disscoverd(discovered) it.um .well how, why is so werid(rare) ?is the(that’s ) one of the first question, en..how it is(is it) ,how it is(does it) reproduce, this is another question. maybe those two questions are actually related? oh jim

em..i don't know, but,i can imagine that for instance, see this prosorr(seed disposal) might be a factor i mean if the..um..you know. if the seeds cannot really disperse in the wide(wild) area and then you know the tree may not cananise(colonize) new areas they(it) can't spread from the area where they were grow(it’s growing).

right, that's actually a very good answer, of course you might think there might not been many(be any) areas where the tree could spread into. because it's very specialized to term(in terms of) the habitat. but that's not really the case here, um the suitalbe(suitable) habitat, it's(that’s) acutual(the actual) rain forest is very large tree than the few hacter with night oak growth(much larger than the few hectares where the Nightcap Oak grows).now this tree is a flowering as i showed you,um,it produces a fruit.much like a plem(plum).on the inside there is a seed in the side sheer(with a hard shell). it apper(appears) that the show(shell) husk(has) to crash(crack) open or break down somewhat to allowe the seed to soak out(up) water, if the night cap remains, if their seeds remain lots of sheer(locked inside their shell), they won't not germilize(germinate),actually, the seeds they don't retain the power the germilize(germinate) for very long, maybe two years, so there’s actually quitty(quite) show(a short) window of opportunity for the seed to gernenize(germinate).so the sheer(shell) somehow has to be broken down before. it's germition ability aspiers(germination ability expires),and then there’s a kind of rack(rat),there likes the feat of(to feed on the) seeds as well, so given all this(these) limitations not many seeds that the tree produces will acutally g(actually germinate).so this is a possible explanation for why the tree did(does) not spread. it doesn't necessory(necessarily) for it(explain) how it became so werid(rare),but it explains why it doesn't increase. ok so it seems to be the case that the species this nightcap oak is not very good at dispreading(spreading) however, it's seems that(though) we can't be sure, that is very good at prosisiting(persisting) as a population, um..there’s some indication to suggest that the population of the nightcap oak has not declined over the last of you know many hundreds of years. so it's stayed quite stayblae(stable) it's not remante(a remnant) a(of some) huge population that is window(dwindled) last few hundred years for some recents(reason). it's not nessery(necessarily) a species in retreat. ok ,so it cannot spread very well, but it's good at maintaing(maintaining) itself, it's rare but it's not disappearing. ok ,with(the) next thing we might going(want to) ask about the plant like that is what chances does it have to survive into the future ,let's look at that.

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（一）历史类之艺术史：Well-madeplay（佳构剧）
（TPO7.1）

listen to part of lecture in a class on theater history. the professor is discussing the theather of 19century france.

the 19 century was the time that thought what we called realism developing in European in theather(theater). to understand that so(this though).we first need to look at the early form of drama known as the well-made play, which basically was a pattern for constructing place(plays), place(plays) that the beginning with some early 18(19) century’s comedies in France proved very successful commercially. the dramic devises use here were(word) actually anything new, they have been around for centuries. but the formula for a well nate(well-made) play required certain of these animatent be(elements being) included, in a preticular(particular) order and most importantly that everything in the plays be logically connected. in fact, some of these play writer(the player writes) would start by writing the end of the play. and were(the word) backward toward the beginning just to make sure each event laid(let) logically for(from) what has gone before, ok, what are the necessary elements of the well-made play? well ,the first is logical exposition. exposition is whatever background information you have to review to the audience so they will(all) understand what's going on. before this time exposition might come from actors simplely(simply) given(giving) speeches. someone might walk on(out) the stage and say....and then tell all about fulding(feuding) families of R and J. but for the well made play, even the exposition have(had) to be logical and believable, so for example you might have two servence(servants) gossiping as their(they) are cleaning the house. and one says oh, what a shame that master songs to(the master’s son is still) not married, and the other might mention the(a) rumor about the stariy(a mysterious) gentleman who has just moving(moved) into the town with his beautiful daughter, this(these) comments are part of the play’s logical exposition, the next key element of well-made play is referred to us(as), the insiding(inciting) incident, after we have the background information, we need a keen(key) moment to(that) gets things move(moving).that really makes the audience interested in what happens to the characters we just heared(heard) about. so for example after the two services(servants) review(reveal) all these(this) background information, we need(meet) the young man, just his(as he) first lays eyes on the beautiful young woman, and immediately falls in love, this is the inciding(inciting) incidents. it sets off the plot of the play. now the plot of the(a) well-made play is usually drawing(driven) by secrets since the(things that the) audience knows but the characters often don't know, so for example, the audience learns through a liter(letter) or through someone else’s conversation. who these misteria(this mysterious) gentleman is and why he left the town many years before. but the young man doesn't know about this, and the woman doesn't understand the insent(ancient) connection between her family and his. and before the secrets of review(are revealed) to the main characters, the plot of the play perseeds(proceeds) as the(a) series of short(sort of) up-and-down moments. for example, the woman first appears not to even know(notice) the young man, and the(it) seems to him like the end of the world, but then he learns she actually wants to meet him too. so life is wonderful then if he tries to tell(talk) with her, maybe her father gets serivious(furious) for no apparent reason. so they can't see each other. but just as the young man has almost lost all hope, he finds out, well you get the idea, the revisal fountune(reversals of fortune) continue, increasing the audiences' attention(tension) and excitement, making the(them) wonder if everything is going to come out ok or not. next concept(comes an) element known as the abli torey secene(obligatory scene), it's a... it's a secene(scene) a moment in which all the secret are reviewed(revealed) and generally things turn out well, for the hero and others we care about. unhappy(a happy) ending of some thought(sort), this became so popular the play writer(that a plywright) almost had to including(include) it in every play, which is why we(it’s) called the bilitory secene(obligatory scene), and that's followed by the final dramic(dramatic) element. the d or the reserlution(the denouement or the resolution).when the all the lution(all the loose ends) have to be tied up in the(a) logical way, remember the abligiter secene(obligatory scene), gives the audience emotional pleasure, but the d nomo r (denouement) offers the audience a logical conclusion. that's the suddle(subtle) distinction we need to try very hard to keep in mind. so as i said. the well-made play this form of playwriting begin(became) the base(basis) for realism in(and) drama and for a lot of very popular 19th-century plays and also apparent(a pattern) we find in the plots of many later plays and even movies that we see today.

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（四）生物学之动物：Ultrasonic Pulses（蝙蝠超声波）
（TPO7.2）

listen to part of a lecture in a biology class

so that's how elephants use emphrone sound(infrasound[【物】次声]). now let's talk about the other and their ecoustic spectum(end of the acoustical spectrum).【1.主旨题How bats use acoustical signals】sound that too high for humans to hear. ultur sound(ultrasound). ulture sound(ultrasound) is used to by many animals that detect and some of them sent out very high frequence(frequency) sounds, so what's a good example? yes? K(Carol)?

well, bats. since the u(they are all bind), bats have to use sound for you know to keep from indefend(flying into things)

that's echolocation. echolocation is pretty soft explanitory(self-explanatory). using echoes reflected some(reflective sound) waves to locate things, as k(Carol) said, bats use it for navigation and orientation. and what else? mike?

well, finding food is always important, and i guess not becoming food for other animals.

Right, on both coins(counts), avioding(avoiding) other pedators(predators) and locating prey, typecally(typically) insects that fly around at night. now before i go on. let me just respond to something k would say(Carol was saying). this idea that bats are blind.actually there are some species of bats the one that don't use echolocation【6.重听题To correct a statement that Carol made】. they(that) do relay(rely) on their vision for navigation. but it is true that for many bats their vision is too weak to count on. ok ,so quick summary of how echolocation works. the bat emits this ulture sound like posise(these ultrasonic pulses). very high-pitched sound waves that we can't hear and then they analysis the echoes how the way is sponse(waves bounce) back.here let me finish the star grammer my study(this diagram i started) before class. so the bat seems(sents) out this possess(these pulses) very focused both(bursts) of sound and echoes seponse(bounce) back.you know.i don't think i need to draw on the echoes, your reading assignment for the next class it has a diagram that shows very clearly【2. why does the professor decide NOT to add more information to the diagram on the board?答：Students already have the additional information in their textbook】, so anyway as i was saying, by analysis(analyzing) this(these) echoes, the bat can determine say if there is a wall in the(a) cave that it needs to avoid. and how far away it is. another thing it uses ulture sounds(ultrasound) to detect is the size and shape of objects. for example, one echo they’d quickly identify is the one they associate with moth which is coming(common) prey for a bat. perticular(particularly) a moth bitting(beating) its wings, however moths happen to have a major advantage of(over) most other insects. they can detect ulture sounds(ultrasound). this means that when the(a) bat procese(approaches).the moth can detect the bat’s preceed(presence), so it has time to escape to safety or else they can just remain motionless【3. According to the professor, what are two ways in which a moth might react when it detects the presence of a bat?答：The moth might stop beating its wings+ The moth might leave the area】, since when they stop beating their wings they’d be much harder for the bat to distinguish from.. oh. a leave(leaf) or some other object. now we've tended to underestimate just how the fiscate(sophisticated) the abilities of animals that use ulture sound(ultrasound) are. in fact, we can't to(kind of) assume the(that) they were foture(filtering) a lot out, the way are(a) sophistcated(sophisticated) rare(radar) system can ignore echoes from stationary object on the ground. radar does this to remove ground clader(clutter), information about halls(hills) or buildings that it doesn't need. but bats, we thought they were fortune(filtering) out this kind of information because they simply couldn't anlayse(analyze) it, but it looks as if we were wrong. recently, there was experiment with trees and a percicate(specific) species of bats. a bat called the lither pernote(lesser spear-nosed) bat.now a tree should be a huge acoutical change(acoustical challenge) to(for) a bat, right, i mean it's got all kinds of surfaces with different shapes and angles【4. What surprising information did a recent experiment reveal about lesser spear-nosed bats?答：They can analyze echoes from stationary objects with complex surfaces】. well the echoes from a tree are going to be a mass of eotic ecoutic(massive chaotic acoustic) reflections, right? not like the echo from a moth. so we thought for a long time that the bats stop their valuation(evaluation) at simply “that's of(a) tree”. yet it turns out that sport(the bats) at least perticular(this particular) species can not only tell this(that’s it) is tree, and(but) can also distinguish between say a pine tree and d(a deciduous) tree like a maple or an oak tree, just by their leaves. and when i say leaves i means pine medal's(needles) too. any ideas on how they(it) would know that?

well, like with the moth, could it be their shape

you are on the right track. it's actually the echo of all the leaves as a whole the(that) matters. now, think. a pine tree with all those little densely paddle meadles(packed needles). those produce a large number of things(faint)【模糊的】 reflections in what's called a smooth echo.【5. According to the professor ,why does a pine tree produce a "smooth" echo?答：Because it has many small, densely packed needles】 the wave farms(form is) very even but an oak. which has fewer but bigger leaves with stronger reflections produces a jagged wave form .or what we call a rough echo. and this(these) bats can distinguish between the two and not just with trees but with any echo they comes in the(a) smooth or rough shape

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（五）人类学：The Iroquois（土著印第安人易洛魁）  （TPO7.3）


listen to part of a lecture in an anthropology class.

so we've been discussing 16th century native of American life and today we'll going on(we’re gonna to) focus on the u(Iroquois) and h(Huron) peoples um...they lived in the northeastern great lakes region of north America. now back then. their life(lives) depended on the nature resource's(natural resources of the) forest, especially the berg(birch) tree. the berg(birch) 【6.主旨题The value of birth trees to some Native American groups】tree can grow in many different types of soils and is prevalent in that area【7.树皮特点It is easy to find】. now can anyone here to describe the(a) berg(birch) tree?

um.. they're tall? and white? the bark i mean.

yes, the berg(birch{桦树}) tree has white bark. and this tough protected the(protective) outer layer of the tree is white bark. it's(is) waterproof【7. 树皮特点It repels water】. and these(this) waterproof quality of the bark, it made it useful for making things like, cooking containers and(a) variety of uttensals(utensils{器具}) and if you pill(peel) berg(birch) bark in the winter. we call it the winter bark, another layer a tougher inner layer of the tree adheres to the bark producing the(a) stranger material so the winter bark was used for the larger vetainter's containors(utensils and containers).

i know people make u like (utensils out of) wood. but u(utensils) at(out) of tree bark?【10.重听目的题，To request more explanation from the professor】

well ,berg(birch) bark is plable(pliable) and very easy to bend, the native Americans would cut the bark and fold it into any shape they needed then sicuiral(secure) it with coar(cords) until they(it) dried. and they could fold the bark into many shapes.

so if they cooked the boats(bowls) made of berg(birch) bark. wouldn't that make the food taste funny?

oh, that's one of the great things about berg(birch) bark. the taste of the berg(birch) tree doesn't get transferred to the food. so it was perfect to the(for) cooking containers. but the most important use of the bark. by far was the canoe. since the northeast stragers(region) of north America is interconnected by many straged of(streams and) waterways? water transportation by vessels like a canoe was most essential. the paths stright(through) the woods were often overgrown. so water travel was much faster. i'm here(and here is) what the native Americans did, they would pill(peel) large shapes(sheets of) bark from the tree to form the light way(lightweight{较轻的}), yet sturdy canoes. the bark was striached(stretched{拉伸的}) over frey(frames) made from tree branches er... stinched(stitched) together and sealed with resin. you know that stinking(sticky{粘的}) liquid with(that) comes out of the tree. and when they driedis water tight(it dries, it’s watertight{防水的}).one great thing about these berg(birch) bark canoe was they could carry a large amount of cargo. for example, a canoe will(weighing) about 50 pounds could carry up 9 people and 250 pounds of cargo.

well, but how far could they drive(travel) that way?

well, like it(I) said. the northeastern region is interconnected by rivers and streams and the ocean of(at) the coast【8.独木舟的重要性There was a network of waterways where they lived】. the canoes allowed them to travel over a vast areas that today which(would) take a few hours to fly over.【11.重听题，To illustrate the size of a geographic area】 you see the native Americans made canoes of all types. for travel on small streams or on large open ocean waters. for small streams, they made narrow manuverale(maneuverable{可操纵的}) boats. well(while), larger canoes for(were) needed for the ocean. they could travel throughout the area only occasionly(occasionally) having to deportage(portage{陆运}). to carry the canoe over land to shovel(a short) distance to another nearby stream and since the canoes were so light it(this) wasn't a difficult test(task). now how do you think these affected their lives?

well, if they could travel so easily over such a large area. they could trade with people from other areas, which i guess would lead them to form allencies(alliances)【8.独木舟的重要性Canoe travel helped form relationship between groups of Native Americans】.

exactully(exactly).having in the fishing(an efficient) means of transportation. well that helped the u(Iroquois) to form a federation. linked by nature(natural) waterways and these(this) federation expanded from what is now southern Canada all the way south of the downer(to the Delaware) river. and this effenciency(efficiency) of the berg(birch) bark canoe also made an impression on new comers today in that(to the) areas. F T(French traders) in the 17th century moder(modeled) their they adopt to the disigner the u bergbark canoe(adopted the design of the Iroquois birch bark canoes)【9.Why does the professor mention French traders who arrived in the Iroquois region?答：To support her point about how efficient the Iroquois canoe design was】. and they find(found) they could travel great distances more than 15.00 kilometer a month. now besides the bark. native Americans also used the wood of the berg(birch) tree. the young trees were used to supports the(for) lodgings with the waterproof bark used for r(as roofing) and branches were folded into snow shoes. and the native American people were all the adept run(at running) very fast of(over) the snow in these of berg(birch) branch snow shoes which if you’ve ever tried walking in shoes, you know was it(wasn’t) easy.

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（三）生物学之生态：HabitatsSelection（栖息地选择） （TPO8.1）

listen to part of a lecture in a animal behavior class.

ok, well, last time we talked about passive habitant[居民]（habitat[栖息地，产地]） selection. like plants for example, they don't make active chooses（choices） about where to grow. they are dispersed by some other agent like the wind. and if the seeds land in the(a) suitable habitant(habitat), they do well and reproduce. with active habitant(habit’s) selection and(an) organisms is able to physically select where to live and breed. and because the animal breeding habitant(habitat) is so important we expect animal species to develop preferences for preticular(particular) types of habitants(habitats). places where their offspring have best chance of(for) survival. so let's look at this(the) effect the preference can have by looking in(at) some examples. but first let's recap【让我们回顾一下】. what do we mean by habitant(habitat)? frank?

well, it's basically, the place or envorment or in(environment where an) organism normally living(lives and) grows.

right. and as we discussed, there are some key elements for the habitant(that habitat) must contain. food abviously(obviously),water, and it's(is) got how to right clement(have a right climate).and species(basics) for physical protection. and we were sound how important habitants(habitat) selection is when we look at habitant(habitat) where(were) some of these(the) factors are removed. perhaps your habitant struction(through habitats’ destruction).i just write(read) about shrub(a short bird), the plaber(plover【千鸟】). the p(plover) lives by the ocean and seeds(feeds) on small shellfish【贝壳类动物】 insides(insects) of(in) plants. it blends in with the sand so it well camouflage from predator birds orbub(above).but
it's lays it's eggs in shollw(shallow) depressions in the sand with very little protection around them. so if there are people or dogs on the bench, the eggs and f(fledglings【雏鸟】) on(in) the nest are really vernurbale(vulnerable).outing California with(weather has been) a lot of human development by the ocean. the p(plovers) on(are) now is threaten species. so conservation is try(tried) to creat(recreate) a new habitant(habitat) for them. they made artifial(artificial) benches(beaches) and sunbar(sun bars) in area in exensible(inaccessible) to people and dogs. and the p(plover) population is up quite a bit in those places. ok, that instance we are habitant(that is an incidence where a habitat) is made less suitable. but now what about case where animal exsibitate(exhibit) a clear choose(choice) between two suitable habitants(habitats) in cases like that. does the preference matter? well. let's look at the blue werber(warbler【莺】). the blue w(warbler) is a songbird that lives in south american(the North America). they clearly prefer hard with(wood) forests with g(dense) shrubs, bushes under need(underneath) the trees. they actually nest in the shrubs not the trees. so they pretty close to the ground. but these w(warbler) also nest in the forests that have low shrub density. it's usually the younger w in these nest(warbler that next to the) area because prefers spots with(where) a lot of shrubs a(are) taken by the older more dominent(dominant) birds. and the choice habitant(habitat) seems to affect the reproducter(reproductive) success. because the older more experienced birds who nest in the high density shrub areas have significanly(significantly) more offspring than those in low density areas. which suggests that the choice of where to nest does have impact on the number of chicks they have. but preferden(preferred) environment doesn't also(always) seem o(to correlate) with greater reproductive success. for example, in europe. studying(study) have(has) been done of black c(blackcap warbler) .we just call them blackcaps. blackcaps can be found in two different environments. there are prefer habitant(their preferred habitat) is forest that near the e strains(edge of streams). however. blackcaps also live pin(in pine) woods away from water. study have(has) been done on the reproductive success rate for birds in both areas. and the result showed surprisingly, that the reproductive success exc(was essentially) the same in both areas. the preferred and the second choice habitant(habitat) well. why? it turned(turns) out that will(there were) actually four times as many bird pairs or couples. living in the strian mage habitant(stream edge habitat) compared to the area away for(from) the strain(stream).so the strain age(this stream edge) area have(had) much denser population. which made(meant) more members of same species competing for the resources. wanning to(when into) feed on same thing or build their nests on(in) the same places. which lower the suitiblity(suitability) of the prehabitant(prime【最好的】 habitat) even though its their preferred habitant(habitat). so the result of study suggests, that with(when the) number of competer(competitor) in the prehabit(prime habitat) reaches the(a) certain point. the second run(ranked) habitant(habitat) becomes just as succuss(successful) as the prehabitan(prime habitat) just beacuse(because) there are fewer members of the same species living there. so it looks like competition for resources is other(another) important factor in determining if the preticular(particular) habitant(habitat) is suitable.

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（二）历史类之发展发明史:The Periodic Table（元素周期表） （TPO8.4）

the professor has been discussing the period(periodic) table evolvement（of elements）

so, are there any questions?

yes, professor h, you were saying that the period(periodic) table is predictive? what exactly does that mean, i mean i understand how it organsize(organizes) the elements, but, where is the prediction?

ok, that(let’s) look at our period(periodic) table again. ok, here a(it) groups elements has been cataglore(into categories) that share certain properties right?

en.

and it's arise(arranged) according to increasing atomic number, which is?

the number of p(protons[质子]) in each atom of an element,

right, well. early versions of the period(periodic) table had gaps, missing elements, every time you had one of protain(more proton),you had another element, and then there’d be an atomic number for which where is no known element. and the prediction was the element without atomic number existed somewhere but it just hadn’t been found it. and it's(its) location in the table will(would) tell you what properties which it has(it should have). it was really pretty exciting for scienctise(scientists) at that time to find these missing elements and confirm their predicted properties. actually, that remains(reminds) me of a very good example of this element 143(43). see on the table, this symbols of elements 142(42) and 144(44).well in early versions of the table there was no symbol for element with 143(43) protein. because no element before has(43 proton had) been discovered yet.so the period(periodic) table had a gap between element 142(42) and 144(43). and then in 1925 a team of chemstry lead breed a scients name ET(chemists led by a scientist named Ida Tacke) claimed that they had found element 143(43). they had been using a relatively new technology called X-ray spectrospy(spectroscopy) and they were using it(this) to exam and all(examine an ore) sample. and they claimed they’d found an element with 143(43) protain(protons). and they named M(it Masurium).

professor.h. then how come in my period(periodic) table here? element 143(43) is TC, that T right?

ok, let me add that. actually that's depointed a(the point I’m) coming to. hardly anyone believed they talked discuss the(that Tacke discovered a new) element. X-ray spectry(spectroscopy) was a new method at that time. and they were never able to assoilate(isolate) enough mersu(masurium) to have a way of example(weighable sample) to convince everyone to discover(of the discovery). so they distruded(were discredited). but then 12 years later, in 1937 a different team became the first to symphosis(synthesize) the element. using a cextom(cyclotron). and that element had.

143(43) protain(protons)?

that's right. but they made T to emphysis(named it technetium to emphasize) that it was artifial creative(artificially created with) technology. and people thought that symphosis missing(synthesizing this) element make a part of artificaly with(making it artificially was) the only way to get it. we still haven't find(found it occurring) in nature. now element 143(43) was(whether) they(you) called m(it m) or t. is radioactive. why is(does) that matter. what's true of the(a) radioactive development(element)?

it decase(decays)? it turns into other elements? oh, so does that explain why it was missing in the period(periodic) table?

exactly, because the(of its) radioactive decave(decay). element 143(43) doesn't last very well(long). and therefore if de(it ever) have(had) been present on earth, it would be decave(have decayed) ages ago. so the m people out to be(were obviously) wrong. and the t people were right. right? what that then(well, that was then). now we know that the element 143(43) does occur naturally, it can be naturally generated from u matter(atoms) that sepontanis it's exlate(have spontaneously split). and guess what? the ore sample of(the) m group were(was) working with at planning(had plenty) of u(uranium in them). enough to explain(split) into m(measurable) amounts of m. so t’s team might very well have found small amounts of m of o(in the ore) samples. just that once of(it was) generated from d u(split uranium), indicate(it decayed) every quickly. and you know here's an incredible e(irony). i'd been talked the chemistry that m remain(Ida Tacke, the chemist who led the m team). she was the first to suggest that u to(could) break up into small pieces, but she didn't know that was the defence(defense) of her own discovery of element 143(43).

so, is my version of the period(periodic) table wrong? should element 43 really be called m?

maybe, but, no(but you know), it's hard to tell for true after all this time if i’s group did discover element 143(43).they didn't publish enough detail on the m frastrad no for true(their methods or instruments for us to know for sure). but i’d like to think that element 143(43) with discover(was discovered) twice. as m they(it) was the first element discovered that occured(occurs in) natural(nature) only from spontaneous fishin(fission) and as t it was first element discovered elabortory(in the laboratory). and of course it was an element that peroid(periodic) table let us to expect existed before anyone had found it and(or) made it.