香港各大学CS专业介绍

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http://www.cc.gatech.edu/~shivers/hk-schools.html

  
Being a computer scientist in Hong Kong
Olin Shivers
10/94

I spent two years in Hong Kong, 1992-1993, as a professor at the University
of Hong Kong (my official title was "Lecturer," which is British for
"Assistant Professor";). I've written these notes to paint a picture of
what is like to be a young academic in Computer Science living and working
in Hong Kong, and to give some idea of what the opportunities are like at
the various universities in the Crown Colony. If you are considering seeking
a position in the Far East you might find this to be of some utility.

To save you the trouble of reading all the way through this note, the
bottom line is that HK is a *great* place to be a Computer Science professor.
I had a ball. I only left to start a position at MIT, and I still miss
my colleagues and my life in the East.

It goes without saying that these observations are colored by my personal
biases and peculiarities. I will make a claim to some degree of impartiality:
I no longer work in Hong Kong, and it is truly irrelevant to my career whether
or not I upset people at the various institutions in HK, so I am free to say
what I please. If I tend to favor HKU in my reviews, that's not accidental.
In 1991, when I was seeking an academic position in the Far East, all of
the HK universities were short-handed. I was lucky enough to have my choice
of all three, and I have no reason, looking back on things, to wish I had
chosen differently. (On the other hand, I will also say I would have enjoyed
time at either of the two institutions I didn't attend. By the time I left
Hong Kong, I had friends at all three schools.)

If you are considering moving to HK, you might also want to read a
companion piece I wrote, "Notes on Hong Kong," which discusses general
lifestyle issues in Hong Kong: restaurants, taxis, shopping, that kind
of thing.
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There are currently three universities in Hong Kong:
    The University of Hong Kong,
    Chinese University of Hong Kong,
    Hong Kong University of Science and Technology.
They were founded in the order listed.

The University of Hong Kong (HKU):
HKU is the oldest and generally most prestigious university in Hong Kong.  It
is where I worked.  I gather that ten years ago, a degree from HKU was a
ticket to guaranteed success in a HK career, more so than a US Ivy League
diploma. That has changed; wealthy families now frequently send their children
to US and British institutions. I noticed when I was at HKU that many of
my students were smart and poor. Smart enough to get through a very selective
admissions process; poor enough to be unable to afford harvard.

The CS faculties at all of the HK schools are small. I liked this: At HKU,
most of the department would have lunch together, being able to fit into two
tables. The HKU department is a friendly environment, and people work together
to handle department issues.

My teaching load was light: I taught a class a semester. I taught a large
service course on C programming one semester, and was encouraged to teach
the courses I enjoyed most my other semesters. Teaching C is easy;
the others courses were as time-consuming as I wanted to make them.

In 1993, the department had real strength in parallel processing, theory, and
operating systems.  Like all Far Eastern CS departments, there was serious
attention paid to character recognition and speech understanding. There was a
collection of other topics represented by the faculty: programming languages
and formal methods, simulation, graphics, and computer music were some of the
other areas in which my colleagues worked. No networking, AI, or architecture.

The department was in no sense short on computational resources. In 1992,
we were on the Internet, had multiprocessor servers for serious
processing (e.g., speech recognition and 3D rendering), and had a flock
of Sparcstations and SGI machines for the CS undergraduates to hack on.
There were full-time employees, not graduate students, who tended the
machines, retrieved your lost files from backup tapes, installed the latest
copies of gnu-emacs, and generally kept things running.

The structure of the department is very horizontal. One king; all others
equal. It is run by an insanely energetic and extremely intelligent
theorist. The rest of the profs are just "the guys." Our king, or rather
department chairman, tended towards consensus rule at department meetings
-- he would postpone decisions until the rest of us had talked ourselves
around to a fairly uniform position. It was all pretty reasonable; no
really evil politics.

Like any CS department in Hong Kong, HKU suffered from the problem that when
professors would find a really brilliant student, they'd try to ship him off
to Stanford. However, not all of them go. The graduate students I knew at HKU
were very smart and a pleasure to work with. The professors understand what
good research is; they publish in good journals; they know how to train
graduate students to be scholars.

I was not well-paid by US standards... but wait. As a HK resident, I
paid HK income taxes (15%). I also had housing as a benefit: I lived in an
apartment that was owned by HKU, and rented to me for a few hundred dollars a
month. In fact, its actual market value was worth more than my entire
salary. In effect, my salary was less than half of my real income. As a
result, almost all of my salary was disposable income.

HKU apartments are quite a fringe benefit. My apartment had a wall of glass in
the livingroom and bedroom.  When I woke up in the morning, I had only to turn
my head to see the South China sea, the island of Lamma, and the hills of
Mainland China rising into the mist. It was beautiful. My apartment was
enormous: families of five comfortably stayed in the other units.  This is
particularly remarkable in HK, where real estate prices are sky-high and space
is the ultimate luxury.  My Chinese friends would goggle when they visited my
place; people who made a lot more money than I did were still jammed into much
smaller places. In Hong Kong, a US million-dollar apartment is not very fancy.
This is why most HK-yan live with their parents until they marry: they are
saving like crazy so they can afford a down payment on an apartment.

Cheap domestic labor was another unexpected perq of living in Hong Kong.  I
had a full-time, live-in maid, who had a three-room suite to herself behind
the kitchen. When I was working under deadline pressure, I would call my maid,
have her cook dinner, pack it up, and bring it to school. She would wait while
I ate dinner, and then take the dishes home. At home, my dirty clothes would
vanish, only to reappear washed and folded. I had clean sheets on my bed every
day. My apartment was spotless. Fresh-squeezed orange juice for breakfast. You
can sleep an extra fifteen minutes while your tub is being filled. When I had
a date over for dinner, I could say after dessert, "Don't worry; the maid will
get the dishes."  This is apparently an extremely romantic thing to say.

Here at MIT, I scrub my own bathtub, buy my own groceries, take out my own
garbage, and wash my own dishes. When I'm under deadline pressure, which is
always, I eat delivery pizza, not curried shrimp and mangoes.

HKU housing is close to HKU, and convenient to the island of Hong
Kong. This last is important. HKU is the *only* university in Hong Kong
that is actually on the island. That means it is in the center of things.
Chinese U is way out in the New Territories; beyond the reach of the subway
(you have to take a commuter train). HKUST is in a beautiful, but remote
bay in Kowloon; it is even more difficult to reach by public transport.

To make an American analogy, living on the island of Hong Kong is like living
in Manhattan instead of Queens or Brooklyn. This made a great difference to my
lifestyle. It was a ten-minute bus or cab ride to Central, where I could have
incredible lunches, hook up with friends for dinner, go dancing or see
movies. From Central, I could use Hong Kong's great subway system to go
anywhere else I wanted.

Hemingway said that if you are fortunate enough to have lived in Paris as a
young man, then wherever you go for the rest of your life, it stays with you,
for Paris is a moveable feast. I would say that to be a young man in Hong Kong
counts for a close second.  If you are going to live in Hong Kong, you want to
be in the center of things.

But I digress. HKU is not without its problems. Its principal problem is that
it is a hidebound British bureaucracy that is coasting on its reputation.  The
students are noticeably worse than they were ten years ago.  It is very
difficult to buck the system or to make any kind of a change.  This is not
helped by the fact that within the University, the CS department counts for
very little. Seniority rules within the faculty; since the CS department is a
very young department, it has little weight at the university level.

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Chinese University of Hong Kong

In the '60s, some wealthy Chinese decided that HK desperately needed another
university. With their support, a bunch of smaller schools were unified,
creating CUHK. CUHK is a well-respected institution, one that perhaps is
somewhat more Chinese in orientation than HKU's British structure. (However,
that is not to imply a difference in racial makeup. At HKU, there were only
two other non-Chinese in my department, and all of our students, both
undergraduate and graduate, were Chinese.)

CUHK's CS department went through a bad patch, due to bad leadership.  I'm
euphemising wildly here. One result was that they hemorrhaged a lot of people
over to the competition, HKU. A lot of our smartest guys were CUHK refugees,
including our department chairman. Lunchtime at HKU would occasionally involve
CUHK CS dept horror stories; it was illuminating.

However, this is good if you are looking for a job in HK. After the old
department chairman left, CUHK brought in a sharp new dean for their entire
School of Engineering, and he also serves as the chairman of the CS
department. The new chairman has been energetically rebuilding the department,
which means that (1) they are in a growth phase, and (2) they have a lot of
new, fresh professors on board. You didn't want to be there then; you might
enjoy it there now.

You will still, however, be stuck out in the middle of nowhere.

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Hong Kong University of Science and Technology

This is the new school. The Hong Kong leaders decided Hong Kong was still
desperately short of tertiary education seats, so they spent an enormous sum
of money building a brand-new university from scratch, HKUST. HKUST is a tech
school, like MIT or Georgia Tech. CUHK and HKU, in contrast, are general
universities, e.g. Duke or harvard.  HKUST admitted its first freshman class
in 1990 or 1991. The campus is out in Clear Water Bay, a beautiful location in
Kowloon next to the movie studio where they make Jacky Chan movies (so your
hacking can occasionally be interrupted by enormous on-set explosions from
some firefight in a forthcoming action adventure epic).  The HKUST campus is
wild. It was designed by a very adventurous, modernistic architect. Fun to
look at; not clear you would want to live with it every day.

HKUST is a very aggressive school. They are the *only* university that
actually flies people out for an interview/job talk (HKU gave me a job offer
before I ever set foot in HK; HKUST flew me out). HKUST pays more. (They are
not officially allowed to do this, says every other professor I know in HK,
but they do.  So they frequently beat out HKU.) In structure and culture, they
have more of an American flavor than a British one. Because their student
pipeline was not full, they were aggressively expanding when I was there. In
1993, some friends of mine at HKUST told me they planned to hire twelve people
that year, and another ten or twelve the next year -- just in the CS
department!

In technical circles, HKUST was clearly the energetic challenger. They had a
large faculty and big resources. They brought in Nobel prize winners for guest
lectures. It was obviously an exciting school that is going places.

HKUST has some down sides. The campus is nice, but you are still out in the
middle of nowhere. It's pretentious. The school had been around under two
years when I was there, and they talked very seriously about being/becoming
(the distinction was always a little blurry) the top science institution in
the Far East. Not Hong Kong; the whole half of the planet. I had the feeling
the large department was more hierarchical than my friendly group of
colleagues at HKU. I do not believe you can hire 10 computer scientists a year
and make every decision a good one. In general, the university had a
reputation for having a revolving-door faculty, who would take visiting
positions for nice salaries and then return to their US posts.

On the other hand, if it was a revolving door, they had top-flight guys
rotating through it. I also expect this phenomenon is a transient, and will
fade as the school matures.

The graduate students and professors I knew at HKUST were sharp cookies.

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Three new U's:

There are now three universities in Hong Kong. It's still not enough.
So the Hong Kong government is upgrading three more colleges and polytechs
to university status: City Polytech of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Polytech, and
Baptist College. They should be coming on line as universities starting this
year or next year. (I believe CPHK becomes the City University in November
1994, a month from now.) This means that they have to hire new professors.
Newly-minted PhD's might keep that in mind.

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Several of my observations about Hong Kong universities are not specific to
any one school. First, the schools tend to operate on the British model of
tenure (aka, "superannuation";). You can become unfireable without too much
difficulty. Instead of denying you tenure and booting you out after seven
years, you stay on at a particular grade/salary level, and never move up
again. The frantic US tenure hustle isn't there. This is good and bad.  

It's good: If you aren't lazy, and like to solve problems, you can hang out,
think about things that interest you, write them up, then loop. It's a
pleasant life. You aren't going to have megabuck ARPA grants, but your grant
proposals are going to have a much easier time getting through the government
organisation that doles out grant money. If you can do good research without a
big-dollar empire, you'll be fine. You'll have the time and leisure to be a
scholar. *This is not always true in the US.* US professors frequently live
vicariously through their grad students; they themselves are busy being
entrepreneurs and managers.

It's bad: guys that *are* lazy hang out and do nothing but occupy slots.
It is hard to flush them. As long as you do your minimum teaching requirement,
and don't care too much about promotion or your non-consulting salary, you
can roll along doing nothing for an entire career. There are profs that do
this.

Fortunately, most of the professors I knew in Hong Kong were working scholars,
so the British system worked just fine. HKUST seemed to have the least of this
sort of culture; they had performance reviews every few years, and were
willing to let people go if their publications lists weren't up to spec.
That's good. And bad.

Another influence of the British university system is that instead of taking
classes for four years in a variety of fields (as an American student
would), HK students take classes for three years in a single subject.
(They go to high school for an extra year, so they come out even.)

This is just plain bad. At HKU, students were not allowed to take classes
outside of their major. (Strangely enough, this rule is suspended for CS
students, who may take up to half of their courses outside the department.)
Further, I do not believe three years is enough time to train good computer
scientists and engineers. Four years is a minimum.  My students were immature
as hackers; I feel the three year program is somewhat at fault.

I was not overwhelmed by HK college students. Blinded by stereotype, my naive
expectation was a crew of hard-working, super-diligent Chinese nerds, being
whipped to new levels of dedication by education-crazed parents at home. I
could throw anything at them; they'd do the work.

No way.

Allow me to overstate the case: something about the Hong Kong secondary
education system manages to grind any vestige of intellectual curiosity out of
kids. They come to university for a degree, not an education. The culture is
that after working like dogs to actually get into a good school, they are
entitled to a three-year vacation, before they have to go back to the grind of
making a living.

My students cheated like crazy. On one occasion, I caught 35 out of 100
students cheating on a programming assignment. This is not specific to HKU.
My friends at HKUST had problems of a similar magnitude. I believe this is
partially due to the dark side of HK culture. Hong Kong is not about
intellectual achievement. It is about profit; making money; success in the
material world. Half of the shelf-space in HK bookstores is devoted to books
on business, marketing, negotiation, and so forth. Cheating is in some sense
a profitable activity: maximum return for minimum outlay.

On the other hand, you will consistently find in your class a core of
kids that take your material and run with it. The ideas go into their
minds, and they light up. This is the great pleasure of teaching, and
if it only came to me via a few of my students, that has also been the
case for me at CMU and MIT.

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My general assessment of the three HK universities is that they are all
good. They are also all understaffed and were looking to hire when
I left Hong Kong. *Plus* Hong Kong is starting up three new universities!
Hong Kong is one of the few places on the planet that is hiring new
professors in Computer Science. And it is a really fun place to live.
To put it mildly.
    -Olin Shivers
     shivers@lcs.mit.edu
     Cambridge, 1994

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