杨鹏“阅读集中突破大法”之GRE阅读NO题笔记

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昨天是修炼此法的第一天，只做了NO4的第一套。
我擦，本来想把每天的笔记发上来供大家批判，同时向大家请教，但是刚才试了一下，呈现的效果太差了。
No. 4-1SECTION A【18】By the time theAmerican colonists took up arms against Great Britain in order to secure theirindependence, the institution of Black slavery was deeply entrenched.【17-1】 But the contradiction inherent in this situation was, for many,a source of constant embarrassment. 【19-I】“It always appeared a most iniquitous scheme tome,” Abigail Adams wrote her husband in 1774, “to fight ourselves for what we aredaily robbing and plundering from those who have as good a right to freedomas we have.”（引用AA的话用于说明embarrassment的原因之所在——白人们在为自己的自由奋战，那些被白人所奴役的黑人们的自由呢？）
Many Americans besides Abigail Adams were struckby the inconsistency of their stand during the War of Independence, 【17-2】and they were not averse to making moves to emancipate the slaves. Quakers and other religious groups organizedantislavery societies, while numerous individuals manumitted their slaves. 【20】In fact, withinseveral years of the end of the War of Independence, most of the Eastern stateshad made provisions for the gradual emancipation of slaves.
结构类型：
单纯的现象描述，不涉及到正反观点，作者的视角客观。
TS：
“But the contradiction inherent in this situationwas, for many, a source of constant embarrassment.”
Vocabulary：
iniquitous
极邪恶的; 极不公正的
struck
Emotionally aroused
stand
（对某事物的）立场﹑
意见等;态度
renew
to do again
disillusion
使（某人）醒悟, 理想或幻想破灭
出题点：首尾句、人物、embarrassment

17.
Whichof the following best states the central idea of the passage?
(A) The War ofIndependence produced among many Black Americans a heightenedconsciousness of the inequities in American society.
错。本文主要描述的是独立战争对美国白人关于美国黑人奴隶境遇的矛盾心理。美国黑人并非文中着意描述的意识到不平等的主体。
(B) The War ofIndependence strengthened the bonds of slavery of many Black Americanswhile intensifying their desire to be free.
错。同上。
(C) The War ofIndependence exposed to many Americans the contradiction of slavery in acountry seeking its freedom and resulted in efforts to resolve thatcontradiction.
对。此处的contradiction是定位关键词，对应文中的constant embarrassment。读文章时对这类表示矛盾、冲突、对立的单词都应该非常敏感。
① The War of Independenceexposed to many Americans the contradiction of slavery in a country seeking itsfreedom——But thecontradiction inherent in this situation was, for many, a source of constantembarrassment
② and resultedin efforts to resolve that contradiction.——andthey were not averse to making moves to emancipate the slaves
(D) The War ofIndependence provoked strong criticisms by many Americans of theinstitution of slavery, but produced little substantive action againstit.
错。（C）
(E) The War ofIndependence renewed the efforts of many American groups towardachieving Black emancipation.
错。没有renew的概念。此外对文章的概括也不完整。
主旨题。
18.
Thepassage contains information that would support which of the followingstatements about the colonies beforethe War of Independence?
(A) Theycontained organized antislavery societies.
错。没有提到。
(B) Theyallowed individuals to own slaves.
对。They allowed individuals to own slaves.——the institution of Black slaverywas deeply entrenched
(C) They prohibitedreligious groups from political action.
错。没有提到。
(D) They wereinconsistent in their legal definitions of slave status.
错。没有提到。（B）
(E) Theyencouraged abolitionist societies to expand their influence.
错。没有提到。
细节题。正确答案：B。题干有定位提示信息，“before”提示时间对比，对应“by the time”。找到与原文精确对应的选项后应该果断的做出选择并做下一道题。
19.
Accordingto the passage, the War of Independence was embarrassing to some Americans for which of the following reasons?
I.
Itinvolved a struggle for many of the same liberties that Americans were denyingto others.
II.
Itinvolved a struggle for independence from the very nation that had founded thecolonies.
错。没有涉及到奴隶。
III.
Itinvolved a struggle based on inconsistencies in the participants’ conceptionsof freedom.
错。inconsistencies是个迷惑干扰词。
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) I and IIonly
(D) I and IIIonly（A）
(E) I, II, andIII
罗马数字题。正确答案：A。误选D，原因在与误选了干扰项III。embarrassing很重要，再次出题，定位回到AA的话，因其是对embarrassment的一个例证性的解释。
20.
Whichof the following statements regarding Americansociety in the years immediately following the War of Independence is bestsupported by the passage?
(A) Theunexpected successes of the antislavery societies led to their gradual demisein the Eastern states.
错。无法推断出antislavery societies是否在战后消亡。Eastern states是个强干扰。
(B) Some of thenewly independent American states had begun to make progress toward abolishingslavery.
对。
(C) Americanslike Abigail Adams became disillusioned with the slow progress ofemancipation and gradually abandoned the cause.
错。容易判断。
(D) Emancipatedslaves gradually were accepted in the Eastern states as equal members ofAmerican society.
错。此项的推理过大，从文中给出的信息难以做出此判断。（B）
(E) Theabolition of slavery in many Eastern states was the result of close cooperationbetween religious groups and free Blacks.
错。没有提到已经解放的黑奴在此过程中的影响。
看似是细节题，实则是推断题。因题干中所说的 “American society in the years immediately following the War ofIndependence” 在文中并没有提到。只能根据文中的信息作出推断。虽然选对了选项B，但是并无太大的把握，临场只是通过排除法作出答案。

The evolution of sex ratios has produced, in most （暗示对比）plants and animals with separate sexes,approximately equal numbers of males and females. Why should this be so? （提示是问题现象解释型文章）Two main kinds of answers have been offered. Oneis couched (表达) in terms of advantage to population. It is arguedthat the sex ratio (sex ratio: n.男女人口比例) will evolve so as to maximize the number ofmeetings between individuals of the opposite sex. This is essentially a “group selection (groupselection: 组选择, 群选择)” argument. The other, and【24】 in my view correct（非常重要，不但有态度评价，而且是作者的态度）, type of answer was first put forward by Fisher in 1930（人名首次出现，同时留意时间）. This “genetic” argument starts from theassumption that genes can influence the relative numbers of male and femaleoffspring produced by an individual carrying the genes. That sex ratio will befavored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have andhence the number of gene copies transmitted. Suppose that the populationconsisted mostly of females: then an individual who produced sons only wouldhave more grandchildren. In contrast, if the population consisted mostly ofmales, it would pay (对…有利) to have daughters. If, however, the populationconsisted of equal numbers of males and females, sons and daughters would be equallyvaluable. Thus a one-to-one sex ratio is the only stable ratio; it is an “evolutionarilystable strategy.”【26】 Although Fisher wrote before（阅读中所有before和after都要留心） the mathematical theory of games had been developed, his theoryincorporates the essential feature of a game—【25】that the beststrategy to adopt depends on what others are doing.
本段的逻辑结构：
现象：highly aberrant sex ratios
两种解释：“group selection (group selection: 组选择, 群选择)” argument vs
“genetic” argument
作者的倾向：后者
Since Fisher’s time, it has been realized thatgenes can sometimes influence the chromosome or gamete in which they findthemselves so that the gamete will be more likely to participate infertilization. If such a gene occurs on a sex-determining (X or Y) chromosome,then highly aberrant sex ratios（TW） canoccur. But（并非是强转折） more immediately relevant to game theory (game theory: 博弈论, 对策论)
are the sex ratios in certain parasitic waspspecies that have a large excess of females. In these species, fertilized eggs developinto females and unfertilized eggs into males.【23】 Afemale stores sperm and can determine the sex of each egg she lays byfertilizing it or leaving it unfertilized. By Fisher’sargument, it should still pay a female to produce equal numbers of sons and daughters.Hamilton, noting that the eggs develop within their host—the larva of another insect—andthat the newly emerged adult wasps mate immediately and disperse, offered a remarkably cogent analysis（正态度）. Since only one female usually lays eggs in agiven larva, it would pay her to produce one male only, because this one malecould fertilize all his sisters on emergence.【21】 Like（比较提示词，重要！） Fisher, Hamilton looked for an evolutionarily stable strategy, 【22】but he went a step further（态度）in recognizing that hewas looking for a strategy.
结构类型：
现象解释型。提示词是why疑问句，后面提到两个可能的answers。
couch
to phrase or express in a specified manner
21.
Theauthor suggests that the work of Fisher and Hamilton was similar in that bothscientists
(A) conductedtheir research at approximately the same time
(B) sought to manipulatethe sex ratios of some of the animals they studied
(C) sought anexplanation of why certain sex ratios exist and remain stable
(D) studiedgame theory, thereby providing important groundwork for the laterdevelopment of strategy theory（C）
(E) studied reproductionin the same animal species
正确答案为C。题干中的similar提示在原文中找相似，即 “Like Fisher”处，与此处论述无关的都不做考虑。
22.
Itcan be inferred from the passage that the author considers Fisher’s work to be
(A) fallaciousand unprofessional
(B) definitive andthorough
(C) inaccuratebut popular, compared with Hamilton’s work
(D) admirable,but not as up-to-date as Hamilton’s work（D）
(E) accurate,but trivial compared with Hamilton’s work
应为复杂态度，连词选but。
23.
Thepassage contains information that would answer which of the following questionsabout wasps?
I.
Howmany eggs does the female wasp usually lay in a single host larva?
没有提到
II.
Cansome species of wasp determine sex ratios among their offspring?
可以
III.
Whatis the approximate sex ratio among the offspring of parasitic wasps?
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) III only
(D) I and IIonly（B）
(E) II and IIIonly
正确答案为B，误选E。错误的原因在与误选了干扰项III，原文只是提到wasp的highly aberrant sex ratios，并没有提到大约的性别比例，因为只知道雄峰极少而雌蜂几多。考试时为此几多犹豫，最后还是错选了。
罗马数字题。围绕wasp考细节，题干的定位词是wasps。
24.
Itcan be inferred that the author discusses the genetic theory in greater detail than the group selection theory primarily because he believes that thegenetic theory is more
(A) complicated
(B) accurate
(C) popular
(D)comprehensive（B）
(E) accessible
看似推断题，实则态度题，不难。正确答案为B。
25.
Accordingto the passage, successful game strategydepends on
(A) the abilityto adjust one’s behavior in light of the behavior of others
(B) one’sawareness that there is safety in numbers
(C) the degreeof stability one can create in one’s immediate environment
(D) theaccuracy with which one can predict future events（A）
(E) the successone achieves in conserving and storing one’s resources
正确答案为A。
细节题。定位提示词为game strategy， “the ability to adjust one’s behavior in light of the behavior ofothers”对应原文 “that thebest strategy to adopt depends on what others are doing.”
adjust one’sbehavior——strategy toadopt；in light of——depends on
26.
Itcan be inferred from the passage that themathematical theory of games has been
(A) developedby scientists with an interest in genetics
(B) adoptedby Hamilton in his research
(C) helpful inexplaining how genes can sometimes influence gametes
g为下段的词，此处根本没有涉及，属无关干扰。
(D) based onanimals studies conducted prior to 1930（E）
(E) useful inexplaining some biological phenomena
推断题，定位友好，提示词为mathematical theory of games。
27.
Whichof the following is NOT true of thespecies of parasitic wasps discussed in the passage?
(A) Adultfemale wasps are capable of storing sperm.
(B) Femalewasps lay their eggs in the larvae of other insects.
(C) The adultfemale wasp can be fertilized by a male that was hatched in the same larva asherself.
(D) So few malewasps are produced that extinction is almost certain.（D）
(E) Male waspsdo not emerge from their hosts until they reach sexual maturity.
细节题，定位友好，提示词为the species of parasiticwasps。既然是选not，那么就找一个和文章论述的方向相反的选项就好。做这道题，如果一个选项一个选项的核对，肯定巨浪费时间，当看到D选项时，一下子就可以敏感到这是错的，因为对于wasp来说，这种异常的性别比率正是人家的特色，而选项的内容直接与之相反。因此，这道题看似困难费时，实际可以很快选出正确答案。

alteraUID: 2724954

36套和NO题重合不？

diehardUID: 2547783

2# altera 当然重了，36套的前面很多套都是No题。不过陈虎平老师没有完全拿过来，有些长文章被缩短了。
SECTION B“I want to criticize the social system, and toshow it at work, at its most intense.” Virginia Woolf’s provocative statementabout her intentions in writing Mrs.Dalloway has regularly been ignored by the critics, 【17】since ithighlights an aspect of her literaryinterests very different from （实际上指的就是W作为realistic、satirist以及social critic的一面）the traditional picture of the “poetic” novelist concerned withexamining states of reverie and vision and with following the intricatepathways of individual consciousness. But （段首的But和However超级重要）Virginia Woolf was a realistic as well as a poeticnovelist, a satirist and social critic as well as a visionary: literarycritics’ 【18】cavalier
（18题的直接解题对应词）dismissal of Woolf’s social vision will not withstand scrutiny.
In her novels, Woolf is deeply engaged by thequestions of how individuals are shaped (or deformed) by their socialenvironments, how historical forces impinge on (impinge on: v.撞击, 侵犯, 紧密接触) people’s lives, how class, wealth, and genderhelp to determine people’s fates. Most of her novels are rooted in a【20】 realistically
（20题的定位提示词）rendered social setting（解题点）and in a precise historical time.
Woolf’s focus on society has not been generallyrecognized because of her intense antipathyto propaganda in art（这段话基本概括了全段内容，由此看来，段首句真的信息量丰富）. The pictures of reformers in her novels areusually satiric or sharply critical. Even when Woolf is fundamentally sympatheticto their causes, she portrays people anxious to reform their society andpossessed of a message or program as arrogant or dishonest, unaware of howtheir political ideas serve their own psychological needs. (Her Writer’s Diary notes: “the only honest people are the artists,”whereas “these social reformers and philanthropists … harbor … discreditabledesires under the disguise of loving their kind…”) Woolf detested what shecalled “preaching” in fiction, too, and criticized novelist D. H. Lawrence (amongothers) for working by this method.（注意此处只是提到反感preaching，没对L的人品是否诚实做评价。评价是否honesty是上面的论述，此处出了一个干扰项）
【21-1】Woolf’s own social criticism is expressed in the language ofobservation rather than in direct commentary, since for her, fiction is a contemplative, not an active art. She describes phenomena and provides materialsfor a judgment about society and social issues; 【21-2】 it is thereader’s work to put the observations together andunderstand the coherent point of view behind them. As a moralist（注意这句话，仍然强调W是关注moral的）,【22】 Woolf works by indirection, subtly undermining officially accepted mores, mocking,suggesting, calling into question, ratherthan
（必考考点的提示词，加以重视）asserting, advocating, bearing witness: hers is the satirist’s art（22题的定位提示词）.
Woolf’s literary models were acute socialobservers like Chekhov and Chaucer. As she put it in The Common Reader, “It is safe to say that not a single law hasbeen framed or one stone set upon another because of anything Chaucer said orwrote; and yet, as we read him, we are absorbing morality at every pore.”Like Chaucer, Woolf chose to understand as well as to judge（注意此处，已经说了两人其实也都会judge，只不过很subtle）, to know her society root and branch—a decisioncrucial in order to produce art rather than polemic.
Vocabulary
cavalier
n. 骑士；adj. 殷勤的，傲慢自大的
17.
Whichof the following would be the most appropriate title for the passage?
(A) Poetry andSatire as Influences on the Novels of Virginia Woolf
错。我误选了此项，在寄托上查了一下，貌似好多人都如此，除了首段外，文章中很少谈及W小说的Poetry一面，而是探讨其为评论家所忽视的一面——对社会问题的关切。
(B) VirginiaWoolf: Critic and Commentator on the Twentieth-Century Novel
错。文中确实提到了W对DHL和Chaucer的观点，但是是围绕着文学家是否应在作品中做社会批评和教化这个角度来讲的
(C) Trendsin Contemporary Reform Movements as a Key to Understanding Virginia Woolf’sNovels
错。文中貌似连提都没提。
(D) Society asAllegory for the Individual in the Novels of Virginia Woolf
错。此项具有一些迷惑性。allegory让人联想起satire。但是此项的主体是W小说中的人物（虽然这一点略微谈及）显然是错了，文章谈的是W和她的小说，（E）
(E) VirginiaWoolf’s Novels: Critical Reflections on the Individual and on Society
对。当时在A项和此项上犹豫，最后还是选错了，当时主要觉得Individual有些多余，现在看来显然是把satire理解的偏狭了。此项作为标题还是不错的。首先主标题明确了论说的主体，副标题明确了文章的论述重点，critical对应着Satire，而reflection则对应着W小说的
正确答案为E，误选了A。
18.
Inthe first paragraph of the passage, the author’s attitude toward the literarycritics mentioned can best be described as
(A) disparaging
对。disparage这个词除了“轻蔑”和“诽谤”的意思之外，还有“（间接地）轻视to depreciate by indirect means (as invidiouscomparison) : speak slightingly about”这个意思，做题时受到以前的错误观念的影响，认为这个词很难是正确答案。
(B) ironic
(C)facetious
(D) skeptical butresigned
(E) disappointedbut hopeful
错。误选此项是因为从原文中读出了些微遗憾，但其实作者对那些批评家貌似确实没抱什么希望。
19.
Itcan be inferred from the passage that Woolf chose Chaucer as a literary modelbecause she believed that
(A) Chaucer wasthe first English author to focus on society as a whole as well as onindividual characters
错。看到first就可以停止了。
(B) Chaucer wasan honest and forthright author, whereas novelists like D, H, Lawrence did notsincerely wish to change society
错。虽然作者在原文总提到W在小说中表达了对某些社会改革家的怀疑，但是具体到评价两位文学同行时并未涉及到对其真诚性的质疑。L和C的主要区别在于是否在作品中直接进行教化和说教。
(C) Chaucer wasmore concerned with understanding his society than with calling its acceptedmores into question
错。这个选项是在发现了D选项中的If之后而被迫做出的。实际上当时也觉得可能不对。因为从文中是不能推出C不那么倾向于质疑已被接受的mores的。文中说的是C对于传递mores的精巧性（subtly）见原文的“weare absorbing morality at every pore”。也就是说，C仍然对社会的mores表达了自己的看法。
(D) Chaucer’swriting was greatly, if subtly, effective in influencing the moral attitudes ofhis readers
第一次选对了此项，第二次注意到了if，从而动摇误选了C。此处“if”的用法为【用于形容词之前, 以引导一对比情况) although also 虽然; 尽管: It wasthoughtless if well-meaning. 用意虽好, 考虑欠周. * He's a realgentleman, if a little pompous at times. 他可是个正人君子, 虽然有时略显得傲慢了些.】（D）
(E) her ownnovels would be more widely read if, like Chaucer, she did not overtlyand vehemently criticize contemporary society
各种错。首先，没有提到W对于自己作品是否被广泛阅读的关切，其次W对于社会的critic主要是subtly的，而非overtlyand vehemently
正确答案为D，误选了C。
20.
Itcan be inferred from the passage that the most probable reason Woolf realistically described the socialsetting in the majority of her novels was that she
(A) wasaware that contemporary literary critics considered the novel to be themost realistic of literary genres
错，文章没有提及W在乎评论家的看法
(B) wasinterested in the effect of a person’s social milieu on his or her characterand actions
正确。定位到第二段，找到realistic这个词，与此项对应的原文就在该词后面的“renderedsocial setting and in a precisehistorical time.”，当然从该词前面的长段描述（即二段段首）也能推出此项为正确答案。
(C) needed tobe as attentive to detail as possible in her novels in order to supportthe arguments she advanced in them
(D) wanted toshow that a painstaking fidelity in the representation of reality didnot in any way hamper the artist
干扰项。只有reality是贴边的。划线的两处都没有提。（B）
(E) wishedto prevent critics from charging that her novels were written in an ambiguousand inexact style
各种明显错误。属于低级干扰项
正确答案为B，属于本文的简单题。
21.
Whichof the following phrases best expresses the sense of the word “contemplative”as it is used in lines 43-44 of the passage?
(A) Gradually elucidatingthe rational structures underlying accepted mores
错。W主要是observer，没有主动elucidate
(B) Reflectingon issues in society without prejudice or emotional commitment
前面的reflecting很像样，但是后面的部分没提。
(C) Avoidingthe aggressive assertion of the author’s perspective to the exclusion of thereader’s judgment
看到答案后才发现C真的很对。Avoidingthe aggressive assertion不就相当于“notan active art”？而且后面还提到了对读者的影响。
(D) Conveying abroad view of society as a whole rather than focusing on an isolated individualconsciousness
值得注意的干扰项。因为此项描述的内容确实描述过（第二段），不过对于题目来说显然是无关的。（C）
(E)Appreciating the world as the artist sees it rather than judging it in moralterms
误选了此项。原因在于看到了artist。现在看来这个选项错在划线部分。因为W并非不对mores发表看法，而是她自己的social criticism是以观察者的方式这种不直接的方式表现出来的，见“rather thanin direct commentary”
正确答案为C，误选了E。此题对应的原文是“Woolf’s own social criticism isexpressed in the language of observation rather than in direct commentary,since for her, fiction is a contemplative,not an active art”
22.
Theauthor implies that a major element of the satirist’sart is the satirist’s
(A) consistentadherence to a position of lofty disdain when viewing the foibles of humanity
错。此项的描述完全没有提到，可能是为了诱骗没有认真读文章的人，凭着自己对于satirist的印象来误选。
(B) insistenceon the helplessness of individuals against the social forces that seek todetermine an individual’s fate
容易排除。二段曾提到过社会和历史大环境对个体的影响，但是其描述与定位处的原文不符。
(C) cynicaldisbelief that visionaries can either enlighten or improve their societies
没有针对visionary的cynical disbelief。
(D) fundamentalassumption that some ambiguity must remain in a work of art in order forit to reflect society and social mores accurately（E）
(E) refusal toindulge in polemic when presenting social mores to readers for their scrutiny
对。
正确答案为E。此题由于但是没能定位到提干的提示词，因此随便蒙了一个。此题对应的原文是“Woolfworks by indirection, subtlyundermining officially accepted mores, mocking, suggesting, calling intoquestion, rather than asserting,advocating, bearing witness: hers is the satirist’sart”核心是对于officiallyaccepted mores，W做的是subtly undermining、mocking, suggesting, calling intoquestion，没做的是asserting,advocating, bearing witness
做这道题的教训是，一定要留意rather than这种词。
23.
Thepassage supplies information for answering which of the following questions?
(A) Haveliterary critics ignored the social criticism inherent in the works of Chekhovand Chaucer?
划线处换成W就是正确答案了。划线这两人就是一例证，非论证主体。
(B) Does theauthor believe that Woolf is solely an introspective and visionary novelist?
对，主旨句。
(C) What arethe social causes with which Woolf shows herself to be sympathetic inher writings?
没提到。
(D) Was D. H.Lawrence as concerned as Woolf was with creating realistic settings for hisnovels?
没提到，关于L，文中只是说W反感他在作品中说教（B）
(E) Does Woolfattribute more power to social environment or to historical forces as shapersof a person’s life?
shapers of aperson’s life不就是“socialenvironment or to historical forces”吗？
泛指化细节题。还好，正确选项是B，找到后就不必浪费看其他选项的时间了。

w_wbyUID: 2942658

标题党

水蜜桃tbUID: 3036767

不管怎样都放上来看看吧，让我们感受感受

diehardUID: 2547783

5# 水蜜桃tb
很多关键元素都无法呈现，像是我把和解题直接对应的原文都做了灰度标记。
此外，每个干扰项我都用删除线做了标记。还有一些颜色，也都丢失了。