请教一道阅读题NO.2-1 Section B

gwficbrUID: 3281917

NO中的一道题
Four legal approaches may be followed in attempting to channel technological development in socially useful direction: specific directives, market incentive modifications, criminal prohibitions, and changes in decision-making structures. Specific directives involve the government’s identifying one or more factors controlling research, development, or implementation of a given technology. Directives affecting such factors may vary from administrative regulation of private activity to government ownership of a technological operation. Market incentive modifications are deliberate alterations of the market within which private decisions regarding the development and implementation of technology are made. Such modifications may consist of imposing taxes to cover the costs to society of a given technology, granting subsidies to pay for social benefits of a technology, creating the right to sue to prevent certain technological development, or easing procedural rules to enable the recovery of damages to compensate for harm caused by destructive technological activity. Criminal prohibitions may modify technological activity in areas impinging on fundamental social values, or they may modify human behavior likely to result from technological applications—for example, the deactivation of automotive pollution control devices in order to improve vehicle performance. Alteration of decision-making structures includes all possible modifications in the authority, constitution, or responsibility of private and public entities deciding questions of technological development and implementation. Such alterations include the addition of public-interest members to corporate boards, the imposition by statute of duties on governmental decision-makers, and the extension of warranties in response to consumer action.
Effective use of these methods to control technology depends on whether or not the goal of regulation is the optimal allocation of resources. When the object is optimal resource allocation, that combination of legal methods should be used that most nearly yields the allocation that would exist if there were no external costs resulting from allocating resources through market activity. There are external costs when the price set by buyers and sellers of goods fails to include some costs, to anyone, that result from the production and use of the goods. Such costs are internalized when buyers pay them.
Air pollution from motor vehicles imposes external costs on all those exposed to it, in the form of soiling, materials damage, and disease: these externalities result from failure to place a price on air, thus making it a free good, common to all. Such externalities lead to nonoptimal resource allocation, because the private net product and the social net product of market activity are not often identical. If all externalities were internalized, transactions would occur until bargaining could no longer improve the situation, thus giving an optimal allocation of resources at a given time.
23.
The author assumes that, in determining what would be an optimal allocation of resources, it would be possible to
(A) assign monetary value to all damage resulting from the use of technology
(B) combine legal methods to yield the theoretical optimum
(C) convince buyers to bear the burden of damage from technological developments
(D) predict the costs of new technological developments

(E) derive an equation making costs depend on prices
小弟非常感谢！！

wsypbUID: 3209933

b?

gwficbrUID: 3281917

答案不是B

yita127UID: 3307079

E

gwficbrUID: 3281917

楼上也不对啊

liang0603UID: 3182007

错了。

liang0603UID: 3182007

When the object is optimal resource allocation, that combination of legal methods should be used that most nearly yields the allocation that would exist if there were no external costs resulting from allocating resources through market activity. There are external costs when the price set by buyers and sellers of goods fails to include some costs, to anyone, that result from the production and use of the goods. Such costs are internalized when buyers pay them.

没有external的话就是把它internalized，那就是给buyer，为啥怎么都觉得应该选C
但是上面是 internalized的方法。。。


题目貌似还是有自己的道理。。。

liang0603UID: 3182007

Four legal approaches may be followed in attempting to channel technological development in socially useful direction: specific directives, market incentive modifications, criminal prohibitions, and changes in decision-making structures. Specific directives involve the government’s identifying one or more factors controlling research, development, or implementation of a given technology. Directives affecting such factors may vary from administrative regulation of private activity to government ownership of a technological operation. Market incentive modifications are deliberate alterations of the market within which private decisions regarding the development and implementation of technology are made. Such modifications may consist of imposing taxes to cover the costs to society of a given technology, granting subsidies to pay for social benefits of a technology, creating the right to sue to prevent certain technological development, or easing procedural rules to enable the recovery of damages to compensate for harm caused by destructive technological activity. Criminal prohibitions may modify technological activity in areas impinging on fundamental social values, or they may modify human behavior likely to result from technological applications—for example, the deactivation of automotive pollution control devices in order to improve vehicle performance. Alteration of decision-making structures includes all possible modifications in the authority, constitution, or responsibility of private and public entities deciding questions of technological development and implementation. Such alterations include the addition of public-interest members to corporate boards, the imposition by statute of duties on governmental decision-makers, and the extension of warranties in response to consumer action. 四种法律途径可以用来引导科技向对社会有用的方向发展：具体指令，市场激励改进，犯罪防止，和决策制定结构的变化。1.具体指令涉及到**对控制科研、发展、或一项新科技实施上的一个或多个方面的辨认。影响这些方面的指令会在从对个体行为的行政管理到**对一个科技集团的拥有上有所不同。2.市场激励改进是对市场的深思熟虑的改变，这类市场中包含有关于个体行为对科技发展和实施的决定。这种改进会包含用来弥补一项科技对社会所造成的代价的税，给对社会提供有益处的科技一定补助，创造要求停止某项科技发展的权利，或者简化那些用来恢复由科技的应用造成破坏并提供补助的手续。3.犯罪防止会改进那种影响社会基本价值的科技行为，或者改进由科技运用造成的一些人类行为后果，例如为了提高车辆性能而去除污染控制装置的行为。4.改变决策制定结构包含了所有的在权威、宪法、或个体和集体经济实体责任上可能的改变，这些改变决定科技发展和实施的问题。这种改变也包含了对公众感兴趣的成员和集团董事会，通过法定责任对**决策制定者的强求，和对消费行为保证的扩充。" R$ @" F2 c; |& Q2 i. q1 |3 S' p Effective use of these methods to control technology depends on whether or not the goal of regulation is the optimal allocation of resources. When the object is optimal resource allocation, that combination of legal methods should be used that most nearly yields the allocation that would exist if there were no external costs resulting from allocating resources through market activity. There are external costs when the price set by buyers and sellers of goods fails to include some costs, to anyone, that result from the production and use of the goods. Such costs are internalized when buyers pay them.8 [  T7 G: i5 l3 U1 G! q  j: J 能否有效的使用这些方法来控制科技决定于法定的目标是不是最佳的资源分配。当对象是最佳的资源分配，与法律结合的方法应该被使用，这种方法最能产生那种如果本来没有来自于通过市场活动分配资源所造成的成本代价时应有的分配。当购买者和出售者制定的价格没有包含来自于制造和使用这些物品的成本，外部成本就会产生。这种成本会被内部化当购买者支付它们。7 i* i& a: o1 P2 g2 f+ T) Q Air pollution from motor vehicles imposes external costs on all those exposed to it, in the form of soiling, materials damage, and disease: these externalities result from failure to place a price on air, thus making it a free good, common to all. Such externalities lead to nonoptimal resource allocation, because the private net product and the social net product of market activity are not often identical. If all externalities were internalized, transactions would occur until bargaining could no longer improve the situation, thus giving an optimal allocation of resources at a given time. 机动车辆造成的空气污染对所有受到危害的人强加了外部成本，通过污染、破坏材料、和疾病的形式：这种外部效果由于不能够补偿空气所引起，因此就成了一个对所有人免费的物品。这种外部效果会带来非最佳资源分配，因为私有的净产品和社会净产品不相同。如果所有的外部效果都被内部化，交易将会发生直到讨价还价不能改进形式，从而产生一个最佳资源分配。

gwficbrUID: 3281917

标准答案是A啊，大家有没有分析出来的？

alteraUID: 2724954

Effective use of these methods to control technology depends on whether or not the goal of regulation is the optimal allocation of resources. When the object is optimal resource allocation, that combination of legal methods should be used that most nearly yields the allocation that would exist if there were no external costs resulting from allocating resources through market activity. There are external costs when the price set by buyers and sellers of goods fails to include some costs, to anyone, that result from the production and use of the goods
定位到这一段段首。发现没讲什么才算是 optimal allocation。再往下看，不难发现，这句话的意思是  NO external cost=optimal allocation，再往下看，
external costs= fail to inculcate all cost toXXXXX。
于是不难发现 optimal allocation=NO external cost= inculcate all cost 2

然后选项A显然就是这个意思的改写。

gwficbrUID: 3281917

非常感谢楼上的回答，我再好好研究一下！