- 最后登录
- 2017-11-5
- 在线时间
- 152 小时
- 寄托币
- 74675
- 声望
- 4
- 注册时间
- 2003-7-15
- 阅读权限
- 175
- 帖子
- 11
- 精华
- 11
- 积分
- 6156
- UID
- 140370
   
- 声望
- 4
- 寄托币
- 74675
- 注册时间
- 2003-7-15
- 精华
- 11
- 帖子
- 11
|
语法笔记(转自:水妖的岛)
最后的总复习:把所有做错的题目写出来,把正确答案安上,熟读或背诵。
填空题的作题方法
1、先看句子的分界点(即连词,介词,分词和标点符号)
选择要看的兔子内容,即只关注空格所在句子
2、简化句子:
a-副词adv. b-介词短语(句首除外) c-作定语的形容词
d-作定语或者壮语的分词短语 e-与空格无关的句子
3、分析句子结构,判断空格中所缺的句子成分
捷径:可套用固定结构或句型
4、区分选项,结合句意和语感--------->确定答案
填空分类:
简单句,主从句(状语从句,定语从句),倒装句,平行结构,同位语结构
改错的做题方法:
敏感和熟练是唯一的秘诀
1、语法和句意并重
2、先看句子结构,边读句意考虑划线部分的语法知识点
3、熟练掌握各种错误类型,对特殊词形成特殊反应
4、读句子要读全,避免无谓失误
填空的固定结构
一、主句专一结构
任何句子只有一个主句,句子之间必须有连词连接
句子之间必须有连词连接
*句子,句子永远错
二、谓语专一结构
任何句子只有一个谓语,谓语之间必须有连词连接,谓语可以是两个动词的并列形
式
*主谓,谓 错
三、平行结构
A,B,or/and C
A, B,C三个元素必须对应
四、宾语从句结构
宾从:S+Vt+(that + SVO)
*看到这些Vt后,第一反应找that(讲义P21)
indicate, state, regard, demonstrate, find, estimate, show, hold,
insist, say, tell, believe, think, learn
宾语从句中,that在下列词后可省:
believe, think, suppose, presume, say, see, know, hear, propose, heat
understand, be told
五、what结构
(A) what=the thing that=all that,thing由句意决定
(B) what必须在前后句中都作成分
(C) noun.+what 永远错
(D) what 引导的句子等于一个名词,可以用作介词或者动词的宾语
what+V=the thing that +V
prep. + what + V
*prep. + what + 完整句子 永远错,改为which
Vt + what + V
(E) what的出题方法
(1) prep___________V
(2) Vt ___________V
(F)*what is now 永远对,做插入语成分
where + V 永远错,因为where是adv.
(G) what little = a little what
六、介词+which结构
which只能用于定语从句,在从句中必须作主/宾语
(A)SVO+which+不完整句(缺主语)
(B)SVO+prep.+which+完整句
*句子________句子,优先选择prep+which
(C)介词+which+to do 条件是主语必须一致
七、in that 结构
in that = because 连词,出现就是正确答案
不能位于句首:句子 in that 结构
~~~~~~~~~
*如果发现 句子_______句子,优先选择prep+which和in that结构
八、同位语结构
主同,宾同,n
同位语说明主/宾某一方面的内容
(A)主语同位语的三种位置
1. 主同,主谓宾--------------noun,SVO
逗号前的名词只能是主同
2. S,主同,VO
3. 主同主谓宾
(B)宾语同位语的两个位置
主谓宾,宾同 主谓宾宾同
*同位语从句是名词性从句:
.......+noun.+that+SVO that 是关系副词
SVO来说明noun.
*adv.不能修饰任何名词
但是adv.+同位语是正确的:...,(which is)approximately the distance .
九、形容词的并列结构--------->可参考改错类型十
(A) adj adj adj + noun.
n个adj不并列,有确定的先后顺序
(B) 当多个形容词用逗号连接时,这几个形容词完全对等,无先后顺序(逗号相当
于and)
*选项中有复合形容词即为答案
十、比较结构
(A)对称性:比较对象应该对称
* 选that/those/the one------泛指
不选it/them---------------特指
(B)省略性:相同的谓语结构可以省,be动词通常省
(C)倒装性:(more) than 后可以倒装也可以不倒装
十一、定语从句的省略结构
(A)定语从句中,主+系 可以同时省略
即 that+be, which+be, who+be 可省
(B)定从的特殊省略
eg:I do remember the first time I have heard the sweetest voice in th
e world.
1、the time后面通常+句子,因为(when,that)都省略
2、the reason (why, that)+句子
3、the way (in which) + 句子
(C)定从中,如果that/which在定从中作宾语(讲义P26)
that/which 可省略(作主语不可省)
SVO+(that,which)+S+Vt
...noun.+(which,that) noun. +Vt
*题目中两个名次连不上的情况即省略发生了(讲义No.27)。
十二、状语从句的省略结构
省略的条件:1、特定的连词(状语从句引导词)
when, while, if, Although, Even though,as
2、特定的从句
从句为主系表结构
3、从句主语必须与主句主语一致
省略方式:可以同时省略 主+系 (连词+adj/分,SVO)
十三、doing结构(现在分词/动名词)
Starring troops have to surrender.
~~~~~~~~~现在分词与名词为修饰关系,相当于adj.,作定语或状语,意为“……的
”,中心词为名词。
Doing exercise is a good habit.
~~~~~动名词是只有动词性的名词,做主语或宾语,意为“……的行为”,可以带宾
语,与名词之间是动宾关系,中心词是动名词。
*Doing 复数noun.+单V
十四、make结构
make +宾(noun.,代词)+宾补(noun.,adj), 必须加宾补
(A)make + noun. +noun.
make him president
~~~宾 ~~~~~~~~~宾补
(B)make +noun./pron + adj.
make it/the animal unique
(C)make it possible to do
make it possible that +宾从
~~形式宾语
(D)make sth. possible make possible sth.
~~~短宾语 ~~~~~~~宾语补足语 ~~~长宾语
(E)make 成为
They make pets. 它们成为宠物。
十五、the more, the more结构
根本上说,是复合句,条件状语从句。
(A)对称性: 结构中的名词(主语)必须有限定词,即指示代词/人称代词/冠词等。
the more the +noun., the more the +noun.
(B)倒装性:前面不可以倒装,后面可以。
the more ..., the more....
~~~~~~~~~状语从句 ~~~~~~~~主句
(C)省略性:
相同的谓语可以省略,be 动词常省
十六、表结果的伴随状语结构
SVO,thus/thereby + doing
~~~~~~~~~~~~adv.
SVO, doing
*但是thus后面不一定加doing
十七、形容词短语(常见的考点)
a distance equal to twice around the world
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~完全等同于省略which be no的定语从
句
noun.+(which be)+adj+prep+noun.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~此为形容词短语
animals capabale of secretions
十八、加名词或adj最高级的省略结构
...is the tallest (noun.) of the wading birds
the +adj.最高级+(单名)+of+复数
~~~~~永远省略
*the________of之间永远只有两种情况(1、名词 2、adj最高级) 考过很多次
其它皆错
a_________of之间只能是单数可数名词
十九、不规则动词的过去式作谓语结构
这部分主要是看不规则动词表
二十、规则动词的过分作后置定语结构
Automations programmed
比较下列各句:
We called him Bush.
He was called Bush. 过分,谓语
A person called Bush 过分,定语
先从逻辑上判断noun.和-ed的主/被动关系
若主动,则为过去式,谓语
若被动,有be动词,则为谓语
无be动词,后置定语
二十一、逻辑主语结构
现在分词,-┓
过去分词, ┝+SVO
介词短语,-┛
(A)分词本身应该有逻辑主语,必须和逻辑主语一致,如果不一致就一定要写出来,
即分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致,即独立主格。
即如果名词写出来的话,就应该是noun.+doing
(B)doing,SVO
作状语的分词短语前可加when,while等连词(7个)
While(he was)traveling in New York, Tom met many interesting People
.
(C)To do...,SVO
*不定式的逻辑主语与句子主语可不一致,但比较少见,绝大多数情况下一致。
To make stereo effects, two recordings are made the same performances.
To make stereo effects, the musician made two recordings the same performanc
es.
*when to do, SVO 永远错(不能加状语从句引导词)
when to do 只能做主语和宾语,不能做状语
eg: I don't know when to take the computer based test.
SVO,when to do . 错
*答案中有when to do 不要选
二十二、补足语
某些Vt.接宾语后句子意思不完整,必须加一名词或形容词来补充说明,即宾语补足语
。
Elect, consider, make, appoint, name, call
Elect: 主动形式:sb. Elect sb. Sth.
被动形式:sb. Be elected + 职务
+ to + 机构,意为“被选到”
+ to the office of + 职务
consider: 主动形式:sb. Consider + 宾语(名词1)+名词2 或形容词
被动形式:名词1 be considered to 名词2(形容词)
固定用法:consider + 名词1 + 名词2(应该优先选择)
name: name sb. Sth. Sb. be named sth.
二十三、宾语后置
make sth. possible -> make possible sth. 长宾语后置(讲义No.53)
bring sth. to sb.(sw.) -> bring to sb.(sw.) sth.
bring sth. together ->bring together sth.
bring sth. to light 揭示、发现、使看得见
二十四、it 结构
(A)强调句型
It +be+强调部分+who/that+其余部分
(1)强调人用who/that,其余只能用that
(2)只能强调主语,宾语,副词或副词性短语
不能强调形容词和动词,即谓语
(3)be的时态跟随原句
*强调部分与其余部分构成完整句。
(B)形式主语
It is 形容词/名词+ ┳to do
┗that +完整句(SVO)
It's likely that... It was once believed that...
形式宾语
make it possible to do sth...
(C) it is 和 it was:如果强调部分是句子,而且是过去时态,用it was 以保持一致
。
二十五、which引导定语从句结构
┏which +不完整句
SVO + ┣in which +完整句
┗数词 + of which + 谓宾 No.60/61:对其中的一部分进行解释
which在定语从句中做主语或宾语,但并不一定指代最近的名词
prep. + which + to do 也可以修饰名词,完全等同于定语从句,当主语一致时可以
代替 eg.:94?
二十六、倒装结构
只有主句才能倒装,任何从句都是正常语序。
倒装句中不能出现there be 句型,因为他本身就已经倒装了,不能嵌套。
(A)否定性副词用于句首倒装
not only, not until, hardly, scarcely, rarely, in no way, on no account,
no sooner than, under no circumsence
not only 前面倒装,后面不倒装
not until + 时间 + 主谓(倒装)
not until + 正常语序句子 +主谓(倒装)
*正确答案的首字母一定是助动词或系动词
(B)Only + 状语用于句首倒装
only 后面可以接 a.介词短语 only in recent years
b.副词 only recently
c.状语从句 only when...
(C)adj. 过去分词,现在分词作表语用于句首倒装:本质上是表、系、主的关系9608-15
adj.: typical / charactical
(D)So + adj. + be + 主语 + that + 主谓宾
*出现前四项,则找that
*so 位于句首几乎都是倒装,因为他本身不可以位于句首
(E)表地点的介词短语(做表语)用于句首,谓语动词是系动词,要倒装
*一些需要特别注意的介词:
In, At, Between, Among, Beneath
*一些需要特别注意的系动词:
be, lie, exist, rest, remain
(F)比较结构中,than 后面的部分可以倒装也可以不到装
(G)as 位于句中引起倒装
David is a good teacher, as are his family
二十七、双谓语结构NO.72-76
形式:_____V1...V2 两个谓语直接在一起
1.第一反应为主语从句:V1为从句谓语,V2为主句谓语
从句引导词+(SVO)+VO
S
2.Doing + 宾语从句引导词+宾语从句+V1...V2
S O V
3.what或名词都可以是答案
n. + of + what + V1 ... +V2
S O V
二十八、双宾语结构No.77
1. win, gain, earn
2. give, grant
sth. give sth. sth. eg.:内存给计算机以快速。
3. tell, persuade
tell sb. that 句子
persuade sb. that 句子 (新题第一册P196-13)
4. consider, make, call, appoint, elect, name 优先选择
二十九、三句子结构(新题第一册P183-12,P190-13)
形式:句子,句子,句子。
1.必须有两个连词
2.两个连词可以连在一起
句子,but when 句子,句子。
是并列连词,连接一个简单句和一个复合句
3.有连词的句子可以划掉不看
三十、as的几个用法
as...as出现就是正确答案
as far as is known 众所周知
as ...as possible
词性要点:
名词
一、重要的名词
(A)重要的可数名词
discovery, cloud, mineral, metal, material, substance, population, effort, e
ffect, animal, plant, mammal, insect, tree, herb, shrub, element, function,
feature, picture, result, clue, star, reason, audience, device, structure, h
uman , human being, system, fashion, kind, resource, source, origin, pioneer
, automobile, purpose, style, response, number, amount, variety, quantity, t
ype,influence, change
(B)常见的不可数名词
furniture, luggage, clothing, equipment, poetry, jewelry, machinery, weaponry, scenery, information, knowledge, homework, evidence, foliage, advertising, health
1. 流体不可数:water, coffee, oil
2. 自然现象不可数:rain, sunlight,
but a heavy rain 可以用
3. 颗粒状不可数: rice, salt, dust
4. 看不见摸不着的不可数-抽象名词
evidence(证据),intelligence(情报),advice (建议)皆不可数
5. 学科不可数
mathematics, economics, statistics, physics, politics, mechanics, genetics, geology, geography, chemistry, philosophy, biology, history
6. 疾病不可数: meales, munps(腮腺炎) , diabetes(糖尿病)
7. 总称不可数:poetry
(C)常见的不规则名词
*tooth, foot 一定错
man-men, woman-women, tooth-teeth, foot-feet, goose-geese,
basis-bases, analysis-analyses, crisis-crises, axis-axes,
hypothesis-hypotheses, alga-algae, lava-lavae,
fungus-fungi, stimulus-stimuli, datum-data, medium-media,
bacterium-bacteria, spectrum-spectra, mouse-mice,
child-children, phenomenon-phenomena
(D)常见的单复数同形的名词
aircraft, spacecraft 等 craft结尾的词
species, series, means(mean不加s不是名词)
sheep, deer, trout, carp, salmon, fish->fishes, fish
鱼类一般单复同形,且一律是复数
(E)单一复数意义有差异的名词
sky-skies(气候) water-waters(水系,永远不错)
good-goods(货物) part-parts(才能)
custom=customs(风俗) spectacle(风景)-spectacles(眼镜)
letter-letters(文字) arm-arms(武器)
force-forces (武装力量)
??:这些词加s后是另一个名词单数还是作为复数
(F)即可数又不可数的名词
不可数 可数
paper 纸 文件
rock 碎岩 块岩
collection 各种收藏品 同一种收藏品
sugar 砂糖 方糖
area 面积 地区
land 面积 区域
work 作品;工作 著作;工厂,工程,工事
room 空间 房间
time 时间 倍数,时代
* art, newspaper, food, beverage
art 泛指艺术 不可数
一种艺术 an art
各种各样的艺术 all arts
eighteen pieces of newspaper 十八张报纸
eighteen newspapers 十八种报纸
此类:强调种类就属于可数
**判断可数与否,1、有无“数”的概念,2、抽象或是具体
二、名词作定语的单复数问题
(A)名词作主语,即noun.修饰noun.,前面的名词必须是单数
color effects, employment agenenices, sentence form, tree trunks
例外:a sales girl, a sales tax
a greetings card, a sports car
a savings bank, a communications satellite
a systems engineering
(B)man或woman修饰noun.时,其单复数应该同时变
a woman boxer->women boxers, women nurses
(C)表示某一学科的教授、学生、教科书、实验室等教学要素时,只能用学科名本身修
饰
a mathematical professor 错
a biological textbook 错
the chemical lab 错
the highest scientific award 错
a mathematical model 对
三、重要的限定词
(A) many + 复数
much + 不可数n
看见many 去找Cn.,看见much 找 Un.
as many as
50 percent of the money
~~~~~~不可数 ~~~~~不可数
many和much可为代词
many of..., much of..., ...by many
(B)some,any 后跟单/复数, 不可数/可数 均可,some 一般用于肯定句
some object 某一物体
some objects 一些物体
some money 一些钱
也可作代词:some of..., any of...
(C)few/a few, little/a little
~~~~~~~~+可数 ~~~~~~~~~~~+不可数
a few of the books 也可以做代词
few+复数 是判断正误的技巧
(D)every/each + 单可
each major styles 错
each ten boys 对
every four years 对
(E)数词/several + 复数
five aircraft 对
several setting 错
*看见several就要找复数形式
(F)one of/among + 复数
* be considered (to be) +noun./adj.
be regareded as
be viewed as
(G)first/only/single + 单/复均可
the first school 第一所学校
the first schools 第一批学校
a single + 单可 two single rooms 两个单人间
no single + 复可
only 表示排他性,而不是表示“一个”
(H)hundred,thousand,million,billion
考察数词和量词的区分: 有数词时,量词一定加s
无数词时,量词一定加s+of
five hundred boys, hundreds of boys, hundred million boys
(I)another + 单可,也可以间接加复数名词:another two girls
other + 复名(纯粹的other)
例外:other part .(part 永远对)
(J) a number of + 复noun. + 复Verb
the number of + 复noun. + 单verb
The amount fo leisue time is increasing
冠词(缺失与多余为重点和难点)
(A)a/an 划线,80%都是错误的
1. a与an的区别 (发音而非字母)
an: herb undergraduate understanding oyster honest emotion atom
a : unique university unite yawn
2. a与复数名词的混用
an outstanding methods.
3. 不定冠词a的遗漏
(1)固定短语中a的遗漏
a set of, a piece of, a variety of, a series of,
a collection of , a wide range of
a wealth of + 不可数名词(information)
(2)强调可数名词的单数概念(每次都考)
且无其它限定词,必须用不定冠词
也就是说,单数可数名词前必须有限定词(指示代词,人称代词,不定代词,冠词,所有格)
* v+单数可数名词 错
prep+单数可数名词 错
of humid area area可数,所以错
of prize fighter fighter可数,所以错
of raindrop 亦然
例外:a. a part of= part of
part 永远对
b. 表示职务、身份、亲属关系的词可以单独使用
Little Bush, son of George Bush, is running for the office of
president.
c. 表示“种类”名词后所接noun可单独使用
type of , kind of, sort of, category of shoe
d. 表示某一方面的名词可单独使用,表示抽象的概念不可数
All cells differ in function, in size, in color, in shape
in + 单数名词 “在某一方面,领域”
e.固定词组中的名词不要改变:in response of in danger of
(B)定冠词 (the ,表特指)
the astronomy, the nitrogen, the iron, in the history,
in the nature, of the human body, on the right side
这些名词前都不能加the
1. 表示“独一无二”的事物
the Great Wall, the Sun, the Moon, the Earth,the Great Lakes
2. 关于序数词
* 序数词只有作前置定语修饰noun,才必须加the
年代:in the seventeenth century
排序:the eight(h) element (is)......
* 序数词考两点:a. 加不加the
b. 是eight或eighth (单词)
陷阱: a. Utah ranks first among...
b. A is second only to B.“仅次于”
3. adj.最高级作前置定语修饰noun,才必须加the.
the most desolate region(S)
the most ... area(s)
adj+est 后可以是复数。
4. 四大洋,河流,湖泊前必须加the
Winds from the Atlantic Ocean
5. “人体” the human body
“普通人” the average person
the common person
6. 表示“开始”与“结束”,必须加the
the beginning( 可以加s) the end
7. 学科前不加the
the astrology错
元素前不加the
Iron, Nitrogen
8. nature
a. 在自然界 in nature
b. ... of nature 本质上的
faith of nature 发自内心的信仰
9. history
a. 泛指“在历史上”,in history
b. 特指在某种历史上,in the history of NOS
10.乐器 play the piano(正确)
play erhu(正确)(二虎)
11.城市名,州名,国家名前不加the
in Beijing , in the city of Beijing
联合名词除外:the United States
the United kingdom
a United States boy.(用作形容词)
12.most的用法
a. 作为一个副词(adv.)修饰adj,adv,表示最高级
... are most plentiful ...
the most handsome teacher
b. adj. 大多数的
most animals 泛指
(不可以+the)+可数/不可数名词皆可
~~~~~~~~~~~~~决定谓语
c. pron.大多数,大部分
most of the animals 特指
d. a most beautiful girl
~~~~adv., very
e. most/mostly
均作副词时,most修饰形容词、副词
mostly修饰动词、介词 “大多数地,大部分地”
be composed mostly of
代词
一、代词的五种形式间的混用
he him himself self
主格<->宾格<-反身代词 名词
△
┃
所有格
his
(A)名词前面应该使用所有格
make she debut(演员的初次登台演出) 错
make one's debut
* 双宾语结构例外 won him prizes 对
(B)反身代词画线--->改宾格,几乎没有例外
要使用的反身代词必须与所在句子主语一致
he killed him. 他杀
he killed himself 自杀
(C)self ,是名词,“自我”,只用于哲学, 出现永远错
二、代词的单复数 him,her--> them, 注意一下
三、代词的性别
his/her himself/herself
四、代词的人与物
Although he is employed in hte scientific field, the metric system is not us
ed in the U.S.
~~->it
五、关系代词
┏ which 指代物
┃ that 指代人或物 注意:who与which混用
┗ who 指代人
┏ who 主
┃ whom 宾
┗ whose 所有格
whom image --->只考过一回
~~~~->whose
*主要考who和whose的混用
who + noun. 错 whose + V 错
that 作关系代词在句子中充当成分,作副词时不做成分
介词
一、through/throughout
through: “穿过”、“通过”,强调动作
通过某种方式:through x-ray analyse
throughout: “贯穿”throughout his lifetime
“遍布”throughout the world
二、between/among
between the stars/trees 两两之间
among the two realms 错
三、in/inside /into
inside,in 静态,强调状态
into 动态,强调动作
air inside the house
shoot...into the sky
in + 单数noun.(无冠词),表示某一领域,某一方面,某一行业
in shape, in size
四、in/for/since
in + 1. 时刻点
2. 一段时间 in recent years(完成时态) in two days(将来时态)
for+ 1. prep. + 一段时间 for three years 可用于过去时,完成时
2. conj. 并列连词,不能位于句首 “因为”,引导原因状语从句
句子,for 句子
since+1. prep., “自从”+时刻点,完成时
2. conj., “因为”Since +句子,句子,引导原因状语从句
3. adv., a. 与过去时共用 = ago
...was...many years since ...
b. 与完成时连用,表示过去某个时间某个事件到现在
Tom was elected president last term, but he has since de
voted
little for his spare time to his responsibility.
五、of
遗漏 讲义NO.36/40
多余 讲义NO.38
误用 讲义NO.34 即of 做prep. 与其他prep.的区别。
Of 表示一种所有关系,with 表示一种工具的使用
六、by
1. be done by 只要不是固定词组,就改by 讲义NO.41/42
2. by doing 只要不是固定词组 讲义NO.43
3. 作品by 作者
publication by Franklin
七、固定搭配
together with = with 讲义NO.33
adv + prep = prep
谓语动词
一、主谓一致
1. 主谓的分隔原则
S, ---,VO
主谓之间可以用定从及省略形式的定从分隔 eg. P2-44
* 主谓一致与主语同位语无关,主语可以与插入语无关,二者是主语和表语的关系
2. 定语从句中的主谓一致 P2-45
...noun.+that/which+V
* that, which并不反映单复数,谓语动词的单复数由动作的发出者决定
one of 复n + that/which + 复V
the only one of 复n + that/which + 单V
3. 随前一致
together with, as well as, with, including, of,along with,accompanie
d with
4. 随后一致
not 单n. but 复n. + 复V
not noly 单n. but also 复n. + 复V
5. 就近一致
单n. or 复n.
either 单n. or 复n.
neither 单n. nor 复n.
is he or we... 对
he or we are... 对
6. 可数名词and可数名词+复数动词
不可数名词and不可数名词+复数动词
例外:war and peace is/was
black and white is/was
bread and butter is/was
to love and to be loved is/was
a layer and teacher is/was (同一个人)
7. 百分比结构
most, rest, half, majority, some, 50 percent, one percent
__+of+n.+V 名词做主语,决定动词的单复数
8. 倒装句中的主谓一致
There be...是表、系、主的全部倒装
between , among 等介词位于句首,即引起倒装
Between ...+ be + noun.
Among...+ be + noun.
主 + 系 + 表
主系关系要一致,系表关系可以不一致
9. The+ adj.
a. 表示“一类人”用复数V
The rich are ridiculous
b. 表示某一抽象概念
The good is attractive
10. one of + 复数noun. + 单V
more than one 单数noun. + 单数V
many a + 单noun. + 单V
a + 单noun. or + two + 单V: a day or two
news 单数 measles 不可数
the series 用is/are从上下文得出
二、时态
考察介词与动词之间的矛盾:时间决定时态,介词决定时间
1. in + 过去某一时间,用一般现在时
2. befort+ 过去年份,用过去完成时
3. for/since:
for后跟时间段,可用现在完成和一般过去时
since 后跟时间点,只能跟现在完成时
I have been a teacher for 3 years.
I have been a teacher since 1996.
I was a teacher for 3 years.
4. 自然现象、真理描述用一般现在时
时态:现在完成时和一般过去时混用
一般现在时和一般过去时混用
三、语态
常考主动的词:prove/range/rank/make/date/weigh/measure
常考被动的词:be dedicated to do sth(题词)
doing sth.(致力于)
be credited to 归因于、归功于
for
with
be based on
be noted for
be compared for
be called
be known for 因…而著名
to 对…而言
as 做为…而著名
一个证明,二个位于,三个需要,四个情感
1. 证明:prove(vi) + to be + n./adj.
prove(vt) + sth./that +句子
my advice proved to be wrong
2. 位于:locate永远考被动
situate 主动:把...放置;确定位置
”欢?何挥?
3. 需要:need, want, require,hatch,face=be faced with,feed on=be fed o
n
情态动词+动原
doing
need 实义动词 to do ...一般
to be done
n.词
My watch need repairing. 主动表被动
to be repaired.
require┏ to be done
want ┗ doing
4. 情感:please, annoy, surprise, move
I am pleased. 主语高兴
The news is pleasing. 令人高兴
使...高兴(心烦、惊讶、感动)
Franklin is so moved.
The story is so moving.
非谓语动词
一、现分与过分的区别
现分 过分 考与不考备注
___________________________________________________
主动 被动 90%(后置定语,状)
进行 完成 10%(前置定语)
动作 状态 不考
a retired general
a retiring general 错
a fallen fruit 在地下
a falling fruit 正在掉
二、现在分词与过去分词的用法
1. 用于名词后作后置定语,等同于定语从句,只考虑主被动
Indians who lived in
~~~~~~~~~~~~=living
》执 =从句
2. 用于句首,句末作状语,只考虑主被动
非?即彼 ┏included in/by
┗including 分,prep
┏involved in
┗involving
3. 常考的接doing的词
enjoy , finish, celebrate, suggest, advocate, forgive, mind, avoid,
escape, tolerate, delay, quit spend ... (in) doing
be capable of doing sth. play a role in doing sth.
have difficulty/trouble/a problem/a hard time (in) doing
三、动词不定式的省略用法
1. ┏help to do = help do 可省可不省
┗help sb to do = help sb do
2. 使役动词必省to
let sb do ; make sb do; have sb do ; bid sb do(吩咐)
have sth done
3. 感观动词必须省to
see, hear, notice, feel, watch,taste,know
┏see sb do 看见整个过程
┗see sb doing 看见动作正在进行
改被动后to 要加回来
┏be seen to do
┗be seen doing
四、动词不定式的固定用法
1. 第一“人”
the first (sb) to do
the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic ocean
2. 表“迫使/允许”的动词
allow sb to do allow sth
permit sb to do permit sth
enable sb to do enable sth
cause sb to do cause sth
force sb to do force sth
3. 表“倾向”的adj./V
tend to do
attemp to do
be (more) likely to do
that + 句子
be inclined to do
be apt to do
be liable to do
4. 表“目的”的名词,不定式作表语
The function + of sth. + is to do sth.
function, goal, purpose, aim, objective, reason, intention
5.与接不定式的V或adj. 同词根的名词也接不定式
be able to do -> ability to do
enable sb to do
decide to do -> decision to do
be ambitious to do -> ambition to do
try to do -> make great efforts to do
attempt(v.) to do -> attempt(n.) to do
五、动词不定式的其它形式
1. 动词不定式的将来式
主动:be to do
被动:be to be done
表示预计要发生或按计划要发生的事情
China is to be one of the most important countries in the world.
被动式与过去分词的区别
the surfaces to be glued
the surfaces glued
2. 动词不定式的完成式
主动 to have done
被动 to have been done
表示不定式的动作发生在谓语之前
I'm glad to have seen your son yesterday.
3. 某些adj. 后主动表被动 easy/hard/difficult/simple
This plan is difficult to come out.
Basic is relatively simple to learn.
形容词(比较级和最高级)
一、比较级和最高级形式上的重复
eg: most easiest 错
more greater 错
lesser... than 错
lesser: adj 次要的 是原级
二、比较级和最高级的混用
more与among/of all 等表示全体概念的词混用
三、原级和比较级的混用
原级和比较级搭配
四、adj.永远不可以修饰adj.
a tiny longer 错
a minute bigger 错
常考的修饰比较级的词:a little, a bit, slightly, far, much, a lot, still
*much总结
be much abundant in 错
be so much close to 错
much 只能修饰比较级和最高级,不能修饰原级,但还可修饰不可数名词
和过去分词
much money ; be much attracted by
*very总结:只修饰原级,不修饰最高,比较级
五、无than的比较结构
most often, junior to, senior to, superior to, inferior to
频度副词没有最高级和比较级
六、绝对形容词(极限)形容词,没有最高级和比较级
vertical, perfect, empty, unique, correct, absolute
例外:the most perfect. Most意为“极其”
七、倍数表达法
1. 倍数+ as + adj. 原级 + as
He is 3 times as old as I am.
2. 倍数 that/those of
His weight is three times that of mine.
~~~~~~~=as many as
*adj.不一样时必须都写出来,如深度与高度的比较
* 注意:that和those的单复数区别
3.倍数+noun. of
This house is three times the size of that one.
4. 倍数+more than more than修饰数量词时等于over
He is twice older than I.
Size/value通常是被比较的名词
八、定冠词the 与比较级的关系
比较级前可以加the,但通常有对照,(比较通常泛指,一般不加the)
The taller boy is much more attractive than the shorter one.
* the + 比较级 + of + the two +复数名词
Jones is the fatter of the two girlfriends of Bill's.
九、定冠词the 与最高级的关系
1. Flies lives longest in coldest weather. 对
~~~~~~adv.
adv.最高级前通常无the
2. adj 最高级做前置定语必须加the
3. adj 最高级用后置定语,不加the
a design most similar to that one
electrons most close to the nuclear.
4. 形容词最高级作表语,the 可加可不加
This is where the river is deepest.
The consumers consider the best fruit to be that which is the most attr
active.
5. earliest的用法
a. 名词:早期
From the earliest of Tang Dynasty
b. adj.原级:很早的
from earliest times 从很早以前开始到现在,从远古时代
from earliest ages
c. adj. 最高级
the earliest language(s)
6. 所有格可代替the 修饰最高级 eg.: NO.81
7. most/mostly------>mostly修饰动词介词
most 修饰adj., adv.
most around the rocky coast
~~~->mostly
the mostly intense of...
~~~~~->most
8. ...or more 结构
thirty five years of age or more 对
an inch or be more 错
an inch or more than 错
an inch or more 对
结构
词序颠倒
一、单个的分词修饰名词时,可前置也可后置,通常后置
the region studied
the studied region
二、一个或两个介词的短语修饰名词时,通常后置
三、常考的最长的词序
the + 最高级+adv+(分词+adj)+noun.+noun.
~~~~~~~~~这两个前后不确定
the oldest continuously occupied permanent settlement
the highly respected zoologist
the most widely praised writer
两个词的位置不固定,分词和形容词可以调换位置,取决于二者与名词的亲近程度
the longest continuous marked footpath
the longest continuously marked footpath
四、动词短语为完成时或被动式,修饰动词短语的adv夹在中间
have already done
be well done
have not yet reach
be made originally from
be come chiefly from
如果动词短语中有个介词,副词应当放在介词前
五、以分词为中心的合成形容词,应将分词置于词尾
plant-eating animals
同样的还有:warm-blooded animals/smooth-skinned/bridge-built material/cu
p-shaped sculpture
*选项中的合成形容词便是答案
六、more still abundant 错
more修饰adj,adv时 应紧接在adj/adv的前面
more abundant
only, more than, less than修饰数量名词时,应紧接在数量名词前
The bridge is only three feet long.
七、主系表结构
当谓语动词为系动词时,便是主系表结构
主+系+表 对
主+表+系 错
表+系+主 对(倒装句中)
to stay warm...
rest motionless
remain committed to
became associated with
常考的系动词有:
rest, stay, remain, maintain, lie, exist, be, become, turn, get
以及感观动词:look, appear, seem, feel, sound, taste
* appear, seem 可接不定式:appear to do; seem to do
八、副词的位置灵活,不固定
your score depend largely on your hard work.
当动词短语为完成时或被动时,修饰动词短语的副词放在助动词之后,实义动词之前。
多个助动词时放在第一个之后。
I have already finished my work.
He has not yet reach the stage.
动词短语中有介词时,最好放在介词之前
be made originally of
has come directly from
九、多种修饰语的次序
限定词|+数词| +adj. | +noun.
| |描|大| 拢?。?。??
包括:指示代词|序数词|述|小|旧|颜|国|料|
人称代词|基数词|型|形| 啵?。? |结|
〔欢ù?? |形|状|少|色|籍|构|
〕诖? | |容| ぃ?。?。? |内|
所有格 | |词| 蹋?。?。? |容|
The man has the first two beautiful long old red French sports cars.
平行结构
有五到六道题 ..., ..., and ...
由平行连接词连接两个或两个以上的对等的对象构成
一、平衡连接词
1. 单一式:and, or, but
2. 短语式:as well as, rather than, other than, instead of,would rather t
han
weather or 可引导从句
3. 相关式:both...and, not only ...but also
from...to, either...or
between...and, from...until
the same as, such as, as ...as
neither... nor, not...but, neither...or
二、平行的形式
X and Y
X, Y and Z(不常考)
X, Y, and Z (常考)
三、平行的性质
1. 单复数的平行(不是绝对要平行)
比如:cells, organs, and tissues
a heart, veins, and arteries
2. 词性的平行
绝对,但是无adj的名词例外
local, state, and national government 对
city and regional planning 对
seasonally, or yearly 错
~~~~~~~~~~adv. ~~~~~~adj.
3. 时态的平行
可以不平行,但是必须有相应的不同时间
4. 结构形式的平行
doing, to do, adj+n, 动+宾 结构要平行
5. 语态的平行
Dallas, Texas, has become a national hub of bank,
~~~~banking
fashion, manufacturing and transportation.
6. 排列位置的平行
主 not only 谓 but also 谓 对
Not only 主谓(倒装),but also 谓 错
四、not only...but also的省略
1. ...not only...but (also)...
2. Not only 主谓(倒)but 主谓
3. Not only 主谓(倒),(;)主+also+谓
4. Not only... but...as well.(as well位于句末)
从句
名词性从句 主,宾 表,同位语
修饰性从句 定语从句
状语从句
从句=从句引导词+句子
从句引导词:标明从句的位置
连接代词+不完整句
连接副词+完整句(不作成分)
who + noun. 错
...noun.+which+SVO 错
which+noun. 错(但which group)--->在托考中不用
prep+which+Vt+O 错
noun.+what 错
prep what +SVO 错
when + V 错
where + V 错
that用法:
定语从句:连接代词,在从句中作为成分,+不完整句
主,宾,同位,从句
连接adv,不作成分,+完整句
that的省略用法
that:1,定从 that+be 可省
2,定从 在从句中作宾语可省
3,宾从 某些Vt后可省略 that
*当先行词中有:adj最高级,序数词,only,不定代词时,只能用that
weather to do
句子( 主,宾,表,同位语)
句子,wether +句子 。ú豢梢砸?甲从 从句)
句子,whether+句子+or not 对
词性混用
一、作表语:形容词和副词的混用
1. be + adv. -> be + adj.
eg: be rarely -> be rare
2. be + noun. + prep -> be + adj. +prep
eg: be value for -> be valuable for
be fame for -> be famous for
3. be origin based on 错 表语唯一
be forcibly 错
be completely enclosed 对
be originally a poem 对
be typically concerned with 对
be generally with 对
┏数+noun.
be + noun./adj./分词 +┃adj.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ┗分词短语
┗>adv.
二、作宾语时,名词和动名词的混用
*原则:名词比动名词优先
from their kinding 错
food supplying 错
区别:名词作宾语,后面不可接名词
《??首鞅鲇铮?竺婵山用??
《??是翱杉?he:the making of any work of art
动名词前加the 后变化为一个纯粹的名词,不可再加名词了
三、状语从句引导词与近义介词/adv.的混用
1. when, while/during, in
* when, while+ noun. 永远错
during + 句子 永远错
2. although/despite
despite + 句子 永远错
despite the fact that 对
3. even though/even
前者为连词,后者为副词
even + 句子 永远错
四、平衡连接词与近义副词的混用
1. and/also
前连后副
V also V 对
noun. also noun. 错
2. or / else
前连后副
by scant else by color 错
3. but/instead
前连后副
五、表示人的名词与表示物的同根名词的混用
architect -> architectural
inventor -> invention
sculptor -> sculpture
poet -> poem, poetry
novelist -> novel
educator -> education
settler -> settlement
composer -> composition
engineer -> engineering
六、作定语,名词和形容词的混用
原则:表示同一概念的形容词比名词优先
eg: certain 比certainty优先
当意义不同时,就无所谓优先
如: color monitor 彩显
colorful monitor 外观彩色的显示器
colorful effect 多彩的效果
color effect 彩色效果
例外:
1. 没有表示同一概念的形容词时,只能用名词修饰
the city or regional planning
Beijing city commercial bank
the state government
2. noun. + noun. 为特定含义时,不改为adj.
safty glass 防弹玻璃
exhibition flights 飞行表演
color monitor 彩显
3. noun.修饰noun.,表示后一个名词的本质属性,品质,种类时,不改adj.
***noun. + noun. 最后选
beauty salon 对
intelligence test 对
。?oun.+noun.在一起 a. 最后选
b. 有无同概念形容词
c. 看句意
七、作修饰语,形容词和副词的混用
1. 副词永远不能修饰名词
up arms -> upper arms
注意陷阱:adv. + 同位语
* special 永远改 especially
The common cold, (which is) normally a minor illness, can threaten
the health of patient.
2. adj. + adj. + noun.
依次修饰关系
an old red car
a frequent pretty girl(??)
3. adv. + 数 + noun. ; 数 + adj. + noun. 对
数 + adv. + noun. ; adj. + 数 + noun. 错
adv. + 数 + adj. + noun. 对
4. ┏ adj.
┃ V
adj. + ┃ prep.
~~~~ ┃ adv.
┗>adv. ┃ 分词短语
┗ 数词
句子成分的残缺与重复
一、 主语重复:
a) n.+pron.+v+o
b) 插入语的句子中,主语和谓语距离过于遥远
c) 定语从句中,which引导了完整句。
二、 主语缺失:
a) 状语从句引导词+V+O
until (it)has surprised by
b) prep+V+O
c) 新题第三册P9-39
三、 谓语重复:
a) 两个动词在一起
b) 多个逗号 新题第三册P24-20
四、 谓语缺失:
a) 句子中无动词
b) 句子中动词为非谓语形式
五、 宾语缺失:
六、 主句缺失:
七、 主句多余:
---------------------------------------
新东方TOEFL课堂笔记
土人,在路上 ...
__________________
-
惟天下之至诚能胜天下之至伪;惟天下之至拙能胜天下之至巧
TOEFL复习笔记(第二部分:语法笔记)
总叙:
1. 句子结构(句法)及书面表达(书面语) (1题1分)
2. 在语法改错中:alike-like another-other do-make special-especially
3. 情态动词,在TOEFL考试中永远不错。
…are could… √
虚拟语气,在TOEFL中永远不考。
具体词汇:
first在改错中划线,永远不错。
The first sb to do sth 第一个做…的人
purpose: The purpose of sth is to do sth 做…的目的
语法题的考试比重:
句子结构考填空(15条)
词法考改错(25条)
填空部分:
a) 先找句子分段点(即连词、分词、介词和标点),将句子分成几段,选择要读的那部分,即只关注与空格相关的部分。
1. 连词与标点:eg:《语法》P192 10
分词与标点:eg:《语法》P192 15
介词与标点:eg:《语法》P192 11
2. 句子:简单句 s+v.
复合句 主语+从句录 (任何句子只看一半)
并列句(分句+分句) sentence;sentence.(只看一半)
sentence and/or/but sentence.(只看一半)
b) 简化句子 (eg:《语法》P192 1)
简化原则:
1、ad、冠词、数词随时可以划掉不看
2、修饰n.的a.或者分词随时划掉不看
3、prep短语随时划掉不看
4、做状语的分词短语(位于句首或句尾),随时划掉不看
5、与空格无关的句子划掉不看
c) 分析句子结构、判断空格中所缺句子成分
捷径:可直接套用固定句型与结构(eg:《语法》P192 8)
倒装句型:倒装部分的首字为助动词或系动词。
1.句子成分 主、谓、宾、定、状、补、同谓
状:修饰谓语
定、补、同谓→主、宾
d) 区分4个选项,结合句意与语感确定选项,确定答案
思路:句子→简单句→主干→判断缺少成分→选择答案
2.状语:prep状语 状从 独立结构、n.+doing、n.+done inf doing/done分词
3.固定结构 《语法》P192 12
4. 固定结构 《语法》P192 12
…forms…,___,required elements.
即:sub,插入语,v+obj. 插入语:定从或者省略定从
定从省略:在定从中,sub+系动词,可以同时省略,即which be / who be / that be可省
√插入结构的答案标准形式
1. 定语从句或者省略定从
2. n.作主语同谓语
3. a.短语/分词短语/介词短语
eg:a)Bill Clinton,(who is省)the former president of the U.S.A,loves L.
b)《语法》P193 12
c)Pandas,(which are省)native to China,are loved by the people all over the world.
(形容词短语)
4. 填空的固定结构与句型
a)主句专一结构:(《讲义》P6 1 2)
任何句子只有一个主语,句子间必须有连词连接
eg:句子,句子。X(此结构误)
句子;句子。√
TOEFL语法中之考陈述句,任何从句均正常语气。
b)谓语专一结构:(《讲义》P6 2 4)
任何句子只有一个谓语,谓语间必须有两次连接
eg:主谓…谓…. X
主谓…,谓…. X
c)平行结构:(《讲义》)P6 5 6)(新题 P59 3 4)
A and/or B
A,B,and/or B
各元素必须一致
Sentence 1, sentence 2, sentence 3 and sentence 4. √ (排比句)
d)宾语从句结构:(《讲义》P6 7 8 《讲义》P21 91.8.10)
indicate、state等动词后面第一反应为that引导的宾语从句,即:sub+Vt+that+clause,所以indicate、state等Vt后面第一反应是找that。
e)what结构:(《讲义》P7 9 10)
1.缩合连接代词
what= the thing that/all that thing由句意决定(《讲义》P7 9 10)
2.What在前后句中必须同时做成分
what= the thing that
3.n.+what X what前面永远不要先行词
4.prep.+what+完整句(s.+v.+o.) X
→which
5. What is now √ (新题 9710.13) 可有可无的插入语
6. what little(不可数) what few(可数) (新题 98.10.14) what little = the little sth that what few = the few sth that
7. what引导的句子等于一个名词,且可以作sub或者obj,或表语
what+v = the thing (that+v)
8. what 90%以上的出题方式:
prep___v.:介词与谓语间用what (讲义 P7 9)
Vt___v.:及物动词与谓语间用what(讲义 P7 10)
f) prep+which结构:(讲义 P7 11 12)
1.S+vt+n.+which+vt+o. (which做主语)
主句
+s+vt(which做宾语)
√ which+不完整句
2.S+Vt+n.+prep.+which+s.+v.+o
主句 完整句
√prep+which+完整句(句子+prep+which+句子)
连接两句子
√句子___句子。*可优先选择prep+which或in that
定于从句与同位语的区别:
1.定从:sub+vt+n+that/which+不完整句
关系代词
同位语:sub+vt+n+that+完整句
连接ad.
2.定从的先行词是任何词,同位语的先行词只有:见《讲义》P23 94.8.6
3.定从与n的关系是修饰关系,同位语与n的关系是说明名词内容。
g) in that结构:(讲义13 14)
in that= because 因为 in that:连词+原因状语
但是in that不位于句首,句子+in that+句子,但是because可以位于句首。
答案中只要有in that,一定是选项。
h) 同位语从句:(讲义15-19)
同位语:主语同位语/宾语同位语→ n.
说明或者解释主语/宾语的某一属性/特性
1.主语同位语的三种位置:
1)主语同位语:主+谓+宾:n, sub+v+o 位于句首的孤立n,只能是同位语
eg:A famous GRE expert,Micheal Yu is a good teacher.
解题方法:由主语同位语找主语(讲义P7 15)
2)主同:主,n. ,v+obj (讲义 P7 17)
主,主同,谓宾
3)主同+主+谓+宾(没逗号)
eg:The teacher Feanklin has taught TOEFL for three years.
2.宾语同位语的两种位置:
1) 主 谓 宾,宾同:s+v+o , n 位于句尾的孤立n,只能是同位语 (讲义 P7 18 19)
ad+同位语(n)√
eg:Once a famous seaport, Shanghai is become a large city.
2) 主谓宾+宾同(不用逗号) (逗号可有可无)
eg:新题:P275 9
i) adj的并列结构:(讲义 P7 20 21)
an old red car √ an old,red car √ a red,old car√
a red old car X
当几个a.排成一列修饰同一个n.时,a.间不并列,则有明确的顺序。当几个a排成一列修饰同一个n.时,a.间并列,则没有明确的顺序。逗号连接两个a.,并且并列。
j) 比较级结构:(讲义P7 22-25)
Franklin plays tennis than LQX.(省略性)√
LQX does.(对称性)√
does LQX.(倒装性)√
1) 对称性:在比较结构中,比较对象一定要对等。
√eg:The climate of Alaska is much coller than that of Texas.
在比较结构中优先考虑选择that / those / the one,而不选it / them,因为that / those / the one是泛指,it / them是特指。 (讲义 P7 24 25)
*比较对象一定要泛指。
China has a long history than Japan. 不用its
2) 省略性:(讲义P7 24 25)
在比较结构中,相同的谓语可以省略,尤其是be动词带省
eg:He is a little old than I (am).
3) 倒装性:在比较结构中,than后面可以倒装也可以不倒装,但考试中是倒装形式。(讲义 P7 23)
k)定语从句的省略结构:(讲义 26 27)
1. 如果that / which在定从中作obj,可以省略.
sub+vt+n+(which / that)+sub+vt
→s+vt+n+s+v
s+vt+n1+n2+vt
*当做题时,若发现两个名词在一起,但是似乎连不上,则一定省略that / which,则动词为vt,做谓语。
2. 定从的特殊省略(新题 P92 13)
the way (in which) + 句子
the reason (why that)+句子 均为完整句
the time (that / when)+句子
I do remember the first time (that省) I ever heard the sweatest voice in the world.
By the time省that+句子,句子。
3.定从的主系省略(主+系可同时省)
即:which be , who be , that be可同时省 (讲义P7 17)
*在新题中难题常与which be的省略有关(新题 P196 15)
l)状语从句的省略结构:(讲义 P8 28 29)
Although (it is)native to Europe, svo.
Although (she was) affluted by…svo.
Even though (it is) costly,svo.
省略条件:
1) 特定的状语从句引导词:although though even though when while if as
2) 从句为主系表结构
3) 从句主语与主句主语一致。
Alought (主+系)+表,主谓宾。
省略方式:
a) 可以同时省略主+系→连词+表语(a. 分词 svo)
b) 主系必须同时省
c) Alough / Thouth / While / If / As / When +(系表)+a./分词,svo √ 一定是答案
m)doing结构:(讲义 30 31)
doing现在分词→ a./ad.作定于/状语
动名词→ n. 作主语/宾语
eg:1)Stranving troop have to surrender.
现在分词修饰n.,翻译为"…的"
2)Transforming faw materials into useful products is called maufacturing. (Transforming:动名词)
具有动词特征的n做主语或者宾语,但同时又可接宾语,动名词与n为动宾关系,中心词为v-ing,翻译为"…的行为"。
3)Starving troops is forbidden, sharving是主语,单数,谓语动词用is不用are
*在TOEFL中:
____n.(pl.)+v.(sing),一般空格内优先选doing (讲义 31)
n)make结构:(讲义31 32)
make+obj+宾补 obj:n/代词 宾补:n./adj.
1) make+n1+n2 make the boy president (班长)
2) make+n./代词+a. (新题 P78 11)
make it unique it:真宾语
3)make it possible to do it:形式宾语 (讲义 33)
that +句子
4)make sth possible sht:短宾语 possible宾补
make possible sth sth长宾语 possible宾补 (新题 32)
o)the more…the more结构
标准句式:the more sub+v1 the more sub+v2
!)对称性:结构中的n.前必须有限定词
the more the +n1 the more the +n2
2)省略性:结构中相同的谓语可省,尤其是be动词可省
3)倒装性:The more svo , the more svo .是一个复合句。
条件状从 主句
因此从句不能倒装,而主句(第二个the more)可倒装。
p)表结果的伴随状语从句结构: (讲义 36 37)
svo,doing….伴随状语
表结果:thus / thereby → svo,thus / thereby +doing…
*thus / thereby 后不一定加doing
*as f ar / long / early as 出现即为答案/
many / much
q)adj短语做后置定语结构:(讲义 38 39) *==等价于定从的省略
a door (close to the window) 省略which be
a distance (equal to twice)
n1+(a.+prep+n2) adj短语
foods (high in fat) √
leaves (rich in suger) √
n1+which be(比较级+than+n2) 相当于从句的省略
a temperature (highter than 50C)
r)adj最高级的省略结构: (讲义 40 41)
the most improtant of all books
the most elaborate of all birdnests
the+a.最高级+单数n. X +of 复数n. 一样错
*单数n.必须省略,则the+a.最高级+of+n.(pl.)
n.(可代替)→ ad. X / v.过去时X
a. n.(sing) of √ *the a.原级 of+ the restfulof X
the poor of √
s)不规则动词的过去式作谓语结构:(讲义 42 43)
She set set-set-set
It cost cost-cost-cost
It spread spread-spread-spread
t)规则动词的过去分词作后置定语结构 (讲义 44-46)
46条:Automatons programmed… 非谓语,整个句子少谓语
lack a. be lack of
vi. be lack in
vt. Sub+lack+obj
*如何判断n+v-ed是谓语还是非谓语?
eg:n+called call-called-called
We called him Bush. 主动,过去式,谓语
He was called Bush. 被动,过去分词,谓语
…a boy called Bush? 被动,过去分词,后置定语
根据主/被动确定,主动语态为过去式,被动语态为过去分词,被动式中有be即是非谓语。
*n+v-ed,先从逻辑上判断名词与动词过去式的关系,主动为过去式,是谓语,考试时留下,被动是过去分词,没有be,则是后置定语,考试时划掉不看。
u)逻辑主语结构: (讲义 47-50)
1) Doing…,svo.
Done…,svo.
动作的发出者/承受者为逻辑主语,*位于句首做状语的分词短语的逻辑主语,也就是句子的主语。(47)
2) n1+doing…,n2vo.
n1+doing…,n2vo.
分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致,即为独立主格结构,在n1前可加with / without
3)(n2)prep+n1,svo. (讲义 49 / 新题 P104 10)
前后主谓要一致
4)Alough +doing…,svo.
If+done…,svo.
位于句首,做状语的分词短语显然可以加状语从句引导词alough though even though if as when while
eg:When traveling in New York, Tom met many intrersting people..
5)To do…,svo. Inf的逻辑主语与句子主语可一致也可不一致:
eg:To made stereo effects, two recordings are made the some performances.
6)Alough to do…,svo. X
If to do…,svo. X
位于句首做状语的inf前不可加状语引导词。
*when to do,句子。X
句子,when to do. X
在TOEFL中,when to do一般不选。
v)宾补法则:(讲义 51-54)
We appointed him +CEO. (CEO:宾补)
主 谓 宾 宾补 (主动)
He was appointed +CES.
主 谓 主补 (被动)
主动为宾补,被动为主补。
补语:使句子完整。
宾补:某些vt接obj后,句意不完整,必须加一个n或者adj,所加的n.或者adj,即为宾补,分词也可以。这些vt为:appoint, elect, consider, name, call, make.
1) elect:主动:sb/sth elect sb sth.
被动:sb be elect a)+职位
b)+to+机构
c)+to+the office of+职务
2) consider:在TOEFL中,从不说consider as
主动:sb / sth consider n1+(to be)+n2/a.宾补
被动:n1+be considered+to be+n2/a.主补
*consider+n1+n2在考试中优先选择。
3)name 主动:sb/sth name sb sth
被动:sb be named sth
4)宾语后置:(宾语太长)
make sth possible = make possible sth
bring sth to sb / sw = bring to sb /sw sth
bring sth together = bring together sth
bring sth to light揭示…,发现… = bring to light sth
w)it结构 (讲义55-57)
*___ n. (新题P183 15 / 讲义 57)
答案一般选sub+谓语,优先选择there be,一定不选it is /they're,it is不位于句首:It is a book. X一般TOEFL中考:
1) 强调句型
It's / was +被强调部分+that / who +其余部分
被强调部分+其余部分=句子。
a) 可强调主语、宾语、状语,但是不可鄙强调定语、谓语。
b) 强调人时,that / who均可,其余均用that
c) 后面句子为过去时态,用was,其余用is
*___ who…,___that… (讲义 55)
优先选择it is / was +ڤ
2) 形式主/宾语
it+be+adj/分词+ to do it:形式主语
that clause
eg:It is easy to pass TOEFL.
It was once believed that+句子
形式宾语:s+vi+it+adj. / 分词+ to do / that clause. It:形式主语
sub+make+it+possible+to do / that
x)which引导定从的三种形式:
1) sub+vt+n+which+sv2 / v2o *which不一定指最接近的n. (j讲义 P9 58)
2) s.+vt+n.+[prep+which]+svo. (讲义 59)
*prep+which+vo X → prep+which+svo √
3)SVO, 数/n. +of which + VO
主语 谓语
对部分进行解释
* all
both
SVO, each _____ VO.
either
five
five persent
three quater 这类题一定选of which.
y)倒装结构:一般考1~2条,在第13~15之间 (讲义 62-67)
原则:只有主句才可以倒装,答案的首字母一定为系动词。
1. 否定ad位于句首,引起倒装:not only, not until, haedly, scarcely, seldom, rarely, no sooner…than
1) not until + 时间 + 主谓倒装,not until + 句子+主谓倒装
2) only+状语位于句首
only +ad. eg: recently
prep.短短语 eg: in rencently years
从句 eg: when clause
only一个词本身不倒装
3) 形容词短语/分词短语位于句首,引起倒装
adj+prep+n.+系动词+n.
表语 系 主
*typical of characteristic of
分词短语+prep+n.+系动词+n.
表语 系 主
*coinciding with + n
4) so位于句首 (so…that…)
sub+be+so+a.+that clause
so+a.+be+sub+that clause
5) 表示地点范围的介词短语位于句首,谓语动词为系动词,一定引起倒装
In…(表语)+系动词+主,主同。 (新题 P144 14)
*在倒装句型答案中不能出现there
*常考介词要倒装:among between in at beneath
常考的系动词:be lie exist remain rest
6) 在比较级结构中,than后面可以倒装,也可以不倒装。
7) as位于句中:
eg: Jerry is a good teacher, as are his family. as在句中
Jerry is a good teacher. So are his family. so在句首
z)双谓语结构: (讲义 72-76)
___ v1(从句谓) + …… + v2(主句谓)
结构特征:两个谓语直接在一起,第一反应应为主语从句。
即:主从引导词+sv1o+v2o
1. 主语从句引导词+主语从句 V1+…+V2 (90%)
2. Doing+宾从引导词+宾从主语+v1+…+v2
3. N.+of+what+v1+…+v2
二十七、双宾语结构: (讲义 77 新题 P196 13)
1. gain win earn
sth gain / win / earn+sb+sth
2. tell persudade
sb tell sb that+句子
sb persuade sb that+句子
3.give grant (新题 P130 12)
sth give sth sth
sth/sb grant sb/sth sth
4.Appoint hame call elect consider make
*v2+n1+n2 优先选择
二十八、讲义 68-71
1. Like / unlike + n , svo.
2. Pioneer in 只考被动
3. What to do what不要obj
How +句子 how要有obj
What one says.
How one says it.
What to do. (what is pron)
How to do it (how is ad)
注:在讲义上P21 91.5.8加:which, whereas
*在空格前为完整句,空格后为名词,95%以上的空格是定语从句
S+Vt+n.+定语从句(95%)
改错部分:
a.改错题做题要点:
1. 语法与句意并重,一定要通读全句
2. 一边读句意,一边思考划线部分的语法知识点是否正确
b.改错题出题方向:
一、名词:
A、名词做定语的单复数问题:
1. 名词做定语,即n1修饰n2, n1必须为单数。(讲义 P1 10)
a twenty-four hour period √
例外:a greetings card √
a savings bank √
a communucations satellite √
a sports car √
a sales girl √
a systems engineering √
2. many woman修饰名词,单复数与后面的名词的单复数一致,比如:women boxers (讲义P1 11)
3. the highset scientific lab X a chemical lab X a mathmatics(n.) professor √ a biological textbook X 当表示某一学科的教授、学生、教科书、实验室、系等教学要素,应该用名词修饰,而不是用形容词。eg: a physics student
the scientific and technical field (用形容词因为field不是教学要素)
B、限定词与名词单复数:(讲义P1 4)
1. some / any / all 单复数均可,可数不可数均可
如:some kind 某一种 some kinds 某些种
some time some money
any of the books / some of the books →any / some作代词
Would you like some coffee?(想要得到肯定的回答)
2. Many + pl
Much +/Λ / (见讲义P1 3)
As much as 2,000 kms. √ 永远作单数
As many as 50 precent of the income. X precent /Λ /
As much as 50 precent of the income. √
2000 kms is a long distance. √
many are…
by many… many也可以作prep (讲义P1 13)
3.few / a few 可数,肯定 (讲义P1 2)
little / a little 不可数,否定
(a)few +n.s
4.each / every 单数,可数
eg each ten boys √
each major styles X
each major style √
5.数词 / several + pl.
five aircraft √ several settings √
several + n.s
6.one of+pl (讲义P1 7)
among+pl (讲义P1 11)
7.first / only / simple 单/复数均可
the first school 第一所学校
the first schools 第一批学校
the only university 唯一的大学
the only university 唯一的几所大学
single: a single +n.(sing) / no single +n.(sing)
也可pl: two single rooms
8.another+sing (复数也可以,但不多)
other + pl (单数也可以,但不多)
anyother +sing
another two boys other part t
the other+sing / pl
any other state = any of the other states
9. Hundred / thousand / million数量词=数词+量词
five thousands pieces X → five thousand piece (five:数词 thousand 量词)
一亿本书:hundred millions books X
hundreds million books X
hundreds millions books X
(a) hundred millions books √
数 量
10.a number of + pl + v(pl) (讲义P1 8 9)
the number of +pl+v(sing)
11.Various / diverse / numerous +pl.
C、可数与不可数名词:
1. 常考的可数n. (讲义 P23 5)
a chance discovery 一个偶然发现
population:人口数/Λ / 各地的人口数/c/ 人群/c/:a sample population
make great efforts to do
color effects
a clue 一条线索
an amount of + /Λ /
2. 常考的不可数名词: (讲义 P10 1)
a. 流体:air smoke oil water…
b. 总称名词:poetry foliage… [集合名词:family people police…+are]
c. 抽象名词:wisdom knowledge information…
d. 自然现象:sunlight darkness weather rain…[但是:a heavy rain 前有adj.,raindrop雨滴,可数]
e. 颗粒装物体:rice salt parder(颗粒)…
f. 疾病:measles mumps diaheties…
g. 学科:讲义 P10 2 statistics:统计学,不可数;统计数据,可数
3. 常考的不规则单复数: (讲义P10 3 4)
*tooth划线,这个答案一定错。
foot-foot 单复数一样:步兵 horse-horse:单复数一样:骑兵
4. 常考的单复数同形的名词:(讲义P11 4):
*a mean这答案一定错。
5. 单复数名词意义有差异:
mean:中庸,均值-means:方法,手段,财富
water:水-waters:水域(water加s一定不错)
part:部分-parts:部分,才能 other part:其他部分,以免歧义。
good:好-goods:货物
force:;力,力量-forces:武装部队
custom:风俗习惯-customs风俗习惯,海关
spectacle:光景-spectacles:眼镜
arm:手臂-arms:武器
6. 既可数又不可数的名词:(讲义P21 91.1.21.n.c.&u.)
rock:大块岩石,可数;小的岩石,不可数
suger:方糖,可数;沙糖,不可数
area:面积,不可数;地区、区域,可数
collection:由同种物品构成,不可数;由不同种物品构成,可数
eg: his art collection /Λ / his three collections of short stories /c/
time:时间,不可数;此数、倍数,可数
*当不可数表示种类的时候,就是可数的。
可数/不可数的区别:有无可数的概念,抽象(不可数)还是具体(可数)
advertising /Λ /
advertisement /c/
the meaning of life /Λ / 生命的意义
their lives /c/ 他们的生命
二、冠词 (讲义P1 12-23)
A、不定冠词 (a与an划线80%错)
1. a与an的混用:(讲义12) 发音而非字母
a university a unit a unique an undergradute an understanding an atom an emotion an electrical lamp an hour an honest boy an herb a yawn
2. a与pl.n.的连用
出题方式:a/an+adj+pl.n
an outstanding boys X an outstanding boy √
3. 不定冠词的遗漏:(讲义 14)
①固定词组中a的遗漏
a set of a serics of a piece of a variety of a group of a wealth of a wide range of a collection of
②单数可数名词,前面必须有限定词
It is book. X
It is good book. X
It is very good book. X
It is a very good book.√
限定词:冠词a an the 人称代词his her… 指示代词that this… 所有格Tom's… 不定代词any some…
I have times.√
规律:⑴v+单数可数名词 X
…is still practical medium…X
…is still a practical medium…√
…operated sewing machines
…hired women
form grid X→…form grids/a grid
⑵prep+sing./c/ X (讲义 16)
…the manufacture of automobiles
…of hamid areas
…in poor neighbouhoods
…through falling raindrops
例外:all cells differ widely in function"在功能方面",不可数。
in color in science等
*in+sing.n.表示在某一方面,某一领域,某一行业
in stage:在舞台这个领域
part of = a part of (讲义 P1 17)
在考试中,part划线,永远对
⑶(a /the)founder of
表示职位、身份、亲属关系的名词可以单独使用
…is chief of
Little Bush,son of George Bush,is running for the office of president.
⑷固定词组的名词可以单独使用
in response to in honor of…都对
⑸(新题 P58 29)
表示各类的名词后所接的名词,可以单独使用,不用加定冠词或变复数。
type of sort of kind of
B、定冠词
1. 表"独一无二"的事物前加the
the Sun. the Moon (the)earth The Summer Palace
2. 叙述词:只有做前置定语修饰名词,才必须加the
the first university
陷阱:①Utah ranks first among… 不是前置定语
rank first among词组
②A is second only to B. A仅次于B。
3. 最高级:只有做前置定语,才加the(新题P67 29)
the most handsome teacher
Pandas are most plantiful in China, 做定语,不用定冠词。
陷阱:most的非最高级不一定要加the.(讲义 23)
4. 表示"开始""结束"一定加the (讲义 19)
5. 表示"人体""普通人"加the (新题 95.8.40)
人体:the human body
普通人:the average person , the common person
6. 城市名、洲名、国家名不加the (国家的联合名词除外,如USA)
in Paris = in the cith of Paris
in Texas= in the city of Texas
7. 河流、湖泊、海洋,前加the
the Changjiang River winds from the Atlantic Ocean
8. Nature
1) 若是指在自然界 in nature 不加the
2) 特指…of nature 本质的,发自内心的
faith of nature nature考试时一定不加the
9. 一般气体前不加the (除非有特定范围)
the nitroger X the nitroger of the box √
学科前面不加the
the astronomy X
元素前面不加the
the copper X the matal copper √铜牌,间接加可以
10.history
1) 泛指"在历史上" in history,不加the
2) 特指"某种历史",in the history of Suzhou University
11.most的用法
①代词,"大多数"
most of +n.(必须特指) 单数
复数
不可数
most of the mammals 这些哺乳动物的大多数
most前不用定冠词,但是名词前必须用定冠词。
②adj."大多数的"
most+n.(泛指) 复数 / 单数
most mammals 大多数的哺乳动物
most 及名词前都不用定冠词。
③ad.修饰形容词或者副词的最高级,加the
the most beautiful girl 最漂亮的女孩
④ad.修饰形容词或者副词,表示very
a most beautiful girl = a very beautiful girl
most often = very often
eg 1. _a__William's books.(特指)
a. most of
b. most
2. _b__ ballet dancers.(特指)
a. All of
b. All
all of 与all和most og、most用法相似。
⑤most & mostly区别
the mostly intense of … X
…be composed most of water …X
most: adj. / pron / ad
mostly: ad. 大多数的,修饰prep/ v
mostly:adj修饰名词,ad修饰形容词和副词
12.乐器前加定冠词(但中国乐器不加,洋鬼子的乐器才要加)
play the violin
play erhu(二胡)
三、代词:(讲义 P2 24-32)
TOEFL中,代词的错误率非常高
1. 代词间五种形式的混淆
主格he↔宾格him←反身代词 himself
↕ ↨ ↑
所有格his 名词.self (箭头为改错方向)
①名词前应该使用所有格(新题 P92 27)
eg Who style X → whose style
make she debut X → make her debut
②反身代词(改为宾格)
反身代词必须与所在句子主语一致 (讲义 24)
eg He killed him. (他杀)宾格与主语不一致
He killed himself.(自杀)反身代词与主语一致
③双宾语结构、名词前不一定是所有格
eg His studies is genentics won him prices. √ 双宾语
④self自我、本我,n. → 出现在哲学中,self划线永远错。
2. 代词的单复数的混用 (讲义 25)
it→them its→theirs that→those he→them one→those himself→themslves
3. them & those, it & the one的区别(讲义 27)
them与it特指,they与the one泛指
4. 代词的性别的混用 (讲义 28)
5. 代词的人与物的混用 it / he…
6. 关系代词的混用:
a. who代人,that代人/物,which代物。*一般考点为who / which(讲义 30)
b. who代人,主格;whom代人,宾格;whose代人/物,所有格。*一般考点为who/whose(讲义 31)
7. 从句引导词(讲义 19 36)
①从句引导词:代词性:在从句中做成分,代词+不完整句
who / whom / that / which / how many
形容词:whose / how much / how many *在句中不做成分,ad+完整句
ad.:if / because / why / when…
that即是代词性,也是副词性引导词
*that的用法:
a)that ⑴关系代词用于定从,在从句中做主语或者宾语。
…n.+that+不完整句
⑵连接副词,用于主从,宾从,表从和同位语从句。在从句中不做成分
…that+完整句
b)that省略 ⑴在定从中,that做主语可以省略。That+be可以省略。
⑵在宾从中,某些及物动词后可省:say/ see/know /here /think /believe /betold /understand / propose / hear
②prep+which+不完整句 X
prep+what+完整句X
when+n(孤立)X
n+what X
whose +v. X
where+v. X
③状语从句引导词+完整句
④介词+which+完整句
连接副词(that)+完整句
⑤如果先行词中有序数词、最高级、不定代词、only中,只用that不用which
8. 从句:从句是主句的一个句子成分,从句=从句引导词+句子,从句引导词表明从句的位置。
㈠主语从句:从句是主句的一个主语
sub clause+v+obj
从句引导词+句子+v+obj → 标准形式
That TOEFL is a piece of cake is known to all.
㈡宾语从句:从句是主语的宾语
主语+谓语+从句
sub+vt+从句引导词+句子→ 标准形式
We known that TOEFL is a piece of cake.
㈢表语从句:从句是主句的一个表语
主+系+表
sub+系动词+从句引导词+句子→ 标准形式
The fact is that TOEFL is a piece of cake.
㈣状语从句:从句是主句的一个状语
状语。Svo.
从句引导词+句子,句子.→ 标准形式
*引导词决定句子的性质,如if是条件从句,when是时间从句等.
㈤同位语从句:从句是主语的同位语
主语+谓语+宾语+从句 完整句
sub+vt+obj(n.)+从句引导词(ad)+句子→ 标准形式(宾同)
We know the fact that TOEFL is a piece of cake.
㈥定语从句:从句是主句的一个定语(以宾语定语为例)
s+v+n+从句引导词(代词)+不完整句→ 标准相识
We know the fact that is not known to Jerry.
四、介词(讲义33-43)
1、through / throughout
through 穿过(某一具体物体):through the earth
通过(某一具体方式):through x-ray analysis
throughout +时间:贯穿 throughout his lifetime/their existense
+地点:遍布 throughout the world =all over the world = all across the world
2、between / among
the distance between the stars / trees. √
distance表示两者的距离
among the two separate realms. X
among三个/三个以上之间
3.In / inside / into → 动态的,强调动作、过程
air into a house X→ air in a house
shot arrows inside the sky X → shot arrows into the sky
in/inside表示静态的,强调的状态
into commerve X → in commerve
4.In / for / since (与时态有关)
in:时刻点 in 1979 过去时
时间段 in recent years (完成时)/ in two days(将来时)
for:介词+一段时间:for three years (完成时,过去时)
连词: 自从,因为
并列连词:不位于句首,句子,for+句子
since:介词+时刻点:since 1954(完成时)"自从"
连词:自从
因为(常考)+原因状语从句 since+句子,句子
副词:与完成时连用,表从过去的某个时间或某个事件至今
与过去时连用=ago
Tom died many years since… √
5.of考法:多余、遗漏、误用:A common use with gold is…X with→ of
prep → of , of → prep.
With强调某种工具的使用,of强调所有关系
6.by be done by 被动语态的标志
by doing通过…方才…
作品by作者 / 电影by导演 / 研究by研究人员
7. 固定搭配(3-4个)
五、动词(讲义44-73)
㈠谓语动词
1. 主谓一致(与插入语无关)
1主谓的分隔原则:主谓之间可以用定语从句或者省略的定语从句分隔。
s1→vo
2定语从句中的主谓一致:…n1+that+v
…,one of +n(pl)+that+v(sing) / v(pl) 通常
…,the only one+n.(pl)+that+v(sing)
…,n1 of n2 +that+v(由动词发出者决定)
3随前一致:
n. + together with n2+v与n1&n2一致
as well as
including
along with
with / of
accompanied with / by
4就近原则:n1 or n2 +v(就近原则)
either n1 or n2
neither n1 nor n2
eg: He or we are… Is he or we…?
5可数n1 and 可数n2+v(pl)
不可数n1 and 不可数n2+v(pl)
例外:war and peace is… war and peace是一个整体
表示一个整体的两个名词例外,类似的还有:law and order bread and butter black and white
To love and to be loved is …
A lawyer and a teacher are…
A lawyer and teacher is …
6随后原则:not A but B / not only A but also B+v.(与B一致)
7百分比结构:most , half , rest , some , majority , one+persent of+n1+v.(由n1决定)
数词与谓动无关
8倒装结构的主谓一致:
a)There be +n 由名词决定动词
b)Among , between等介词位于句首引起倒装结构:
Among / Between …+系动词+n. (由名词决定动词)
9The+adj的主谓一致:
a)当表示"一类人",则+v(pl)
The rich are always ridiculous,
b)当表示某一抽象概念时,则+v(sing)
The good is always attractive.
10To do/doing/主从+v(sing)
*More than one+n(sing)+v(sing)
many a +n.(sing)+v(sing)
a day or two +v(sing)
news不可数,抽象 economics不可数,学科 mumps不可数 species由句意决定 draughts不可数,跳棋
2. 谓语动词的时态与语态:
时态:一般现在时,一般过去时,现在完成时
prep(in/for/since)→时间→时态→动词形式
矛盾(考点)
语态问题::只考陈述句,情态动词在TOEFL中永远对,嘘拟语气在TOEFL中也不太考。
*89-96年的虚拟语气共考过4次:(新题 P91 10 P65 10)
sub+insist / require +that +s+v
sub+make +it+impertive that+sub+v
主被动语态是TOEFL中的重点:句意,by,动词用法。(讲义P3 61)在TOEFL中have done by一定错
3. 常考的谓语动词:(讲义 58)
①常考主动态的动词:prove: vt+obj / vi+to be +n. / adj.
eg: My advice proved to be wrong. √ (主动表被动)
prove / seem / occur / take place / rank / range / weigh / measure / date(date back to)…都是主动表被动
②常考被动态动词:(讲义 59)
*locat在TOEFL中常考被动
eg: Bats can locat the obstacles. "确立…位置"
My school is located near a river."位于"
*concerned be ~ with
compose be ~ of
compared be ~ to / with 在TOEFL中to/with一样
noted be ~ for
based be ~ on
known be ~ for / as / to
eg: Li Ao is known for his books.
Li Ao is know as a writer.
Li Ao is know to us.
decicated be ~ to do 被用于…、被题词… / to doing 致力于…事业中
credited be ~ with(因)(被认为)导致了…/有利于…(果)
for
to (果)归功于…,归因于…(因)
called be ~ …
③主动=被动的词:
hatc=be hatched feed on=be fed on face=be faced with need/want/require need doing=need to be done'
④情感动词:(讲义 60)
please annoy move surprise 都有"使…"的意思
please:主动:be ~ing (物)使人高兴的
sht be ~ing
被动:be ~ed (人)被使得高兴
sb be ~ed
move: Franklin is so moved.
The story is so moving.
㈡非谓语动词
1.现在分词与过去分词的区别:
主动 被动→后置定语/状语→90%
进行 完成→前置定语 →10%
动作 状态→不考
eg: the boiled water 开水
the boiling point 沸点
2.现在分词与过去分词的用法:
⑴可以位于句首/句末做状语,正确与否取决于主被动
句首:Doing…, svo. 主动 (讲义 66)
Done…, svo. 被动
句末:svo, doing… 主动 (讲义 65)
svo,done… 被动
⑵可以位于名词后,做后置定语修饰名词,且等同于定语从句。正确与否取决于主被动
n+doing… 主动 (讲义 58) … people claming to… 主动
n+done… 被动 (讲义 58) … reports received … 被动
eg: the sites occupied by early human… 被动
*常考的+doing的动词:
mean enjoy finish mind celebrate forgive tolerate suggest advocate quit delay avoid escape spend be capable of play a key role in keep/prevent from have difficulty in have trouble/a hard time/a problem in
3.关于不定式的省略用法:
⑴help to do = help do
help sb to do = help sb do
⑵使役动词:let make have bid后的inf必须省to
let sb do make sb do have sb do have sth done bid sb do sth吩咐…做…
⑶感官动词:see watch notice heat后的inf必须省to
see sb do sth see sb doing
be seen to do/be seen doing 被动
4. Inf固定用法:
⑴做某事的"第一人":the first sb to do
⑵(讲义 68)表"允许""迫使"的动词后接inf
allow sb to do permit sb to do force sb to do cause sb to do enable sb to do
allow the fruite to ripen
allow the ripening of the fruit
⑶表示"倾向"的形容词或动词后接inf
tend to do attempt to do be more likely to do/that be inclmed to do be intended to do be liable/apt to do易于…
⑷表"目的"的名词后接inf做表语
the + purpose / goal / aim / objective / intention / reason / function+of sth is to do sth
⑸与接不定式的动词或者形容词,同词跟的名词后也接不定式
able to do → ability / enable to do
decide to do → decision to do
attempt (v.) to do → attempt(n) to do
(讲义 71)
be ambitious to do sth → ambition to do sth
try to do → make afforts to do sth
5. Inf的其它形式:
1)将来式:
主动:be to do
被动:be to be done
eg: China is to be one of the most important countries in the new century.
* to be done & done的区别:
the surface to be glaued 表将来
the surface glwed 表完成
2)完成式:
主动:to have done
被动:to have been done
表示不定式的动作发生在谓语前
eg: I am glad to see you again. 动作同时发生
I am glad to have seen his sons yesterday. am glad表示现在的动作 to have seen表示昨天的动作
3)The problem is easy to solve.
The problem is difficult to carry out.
在easy difficult hard simple等形容词后的不定式主动表示被动
六、形容词的比较级与最高级:(讲义 P4 74-81)
考点:形容词的词性混用,两个近义形容词的混用(small pressure→low pressure)(讲义P22 92.5.36),原级、比价级和最高级的混用,词序问题。
1.形容词的比较级与最高级形式上的重复:
eg: more sreater X
most easiest X
lesser…than X
2.形容词比较级与最高级的混用:
⑴more… of all +n(pl)/in the world/among…
这里的more错,more→most
⑵most…than X → more…than
eg: Pennsylvania has the more institutions of higher learning than any other state.
⑶常考的修饰比价级的词:
a little a bit slightly far (more) much (more) still (more than) a lot (more than)
eg: be much abundant in…X → very
so much close to …X → very
much&very:much修饰比较级,very修饰原级,不可以互换
very/much…be much attracted by…√
⑷形容词原级与比较级的混用:
adj原级…than X → adj.比较级
less+原级…+than
as+原级+as 同级比较
⑸the most often X → most / very often
more conect X
more perfect X
绝对/极限形容词或者副词,没有比较级、最高级,如:round vertail othen perfect unique empty wrong absolutely等
例外:the most perfect √ 表示极其完美之意,由口语引入到书面语
⑹倍数表达法:
a 倍数+as+a.原级+as
Tom is three times as old as Jerry. (Tom的年龄是Jerry的三倍)
The care is threee times as deep as the building is high.
b 倍数+more than
Tom is twice older than Jerry..
c 倍数+n.+of (名词为比较的方面)
Tom is three times the age of Jerry.
d 倍数+that / those of
His weight is three times that of mine. That of=as much as
⑺定冠词the与比较级的关系:
Alarska has the lower temperture than Texas. X →Alarska has lower temperture than Texas.
*比较级前可以加the,.但得有对照,比如:the newer…the older…
eg: The taller boy is much more attractive than the shorten one.
*the +adj-er+of+the two +pl.
eg: Tom is the taller of the two boys.
Joans is the fatter of the two girlsfriends of Bill's.
⑻the与最高级的关系:
a Flies live longest in cold weather
副词最高级前通常没有the
b 当形容词最高级做前置定语修饰名词时,加the
the largest school
c 当形容词最高级做后置定语时,不加the
a design most similar to that one
d 形容词最高级做表语时,the可加可不加
This is where the river is deepest.
The consumers considers the best fmit (to be) that which is the most acteacture. that=that fruit,代词
e 所有格可以代替the修饰最高级(讲义 P4 81)
f earliest的三种用法:
1)"早期",n.
… from the earliest of Tang Dynasty.
2)形容词原级,"很早,非常早"
from earliest times/ages 从远古年代
(可以不加the)
3)形容词最高级
the earliest language(s) is/are…
⑼…or more结构
thirty-five years of age be older X → thirty-five years of age or older
一英尺以上:an inch or more √
an inch or more than X
an inch or be in more X
七、平行结构(讲义P4 87-89)
由平衡连接词连接的两个以上的对等对象构成
㈠平衡连接词:
1. 单一式:and but or
2. 短语式:as well as other than rather than instead of would rather…than instead of
3. 相关式:from…to between…and not…but from…until either…or(引导从句) weather…or(引导从句) such as as…as the same as not only…but also neither…nor
㈡平行式:
1.A and B not A but B A as well as B…
2.A, B ,and /or C(常考) A,B,as well as C
3.A, B and C(不常考)
㈢平行的性质:一致性问题
1.词性平行(讲义P4 84)
city and regional planning
*在平行结构中,词性必须一致,但是无同义形容词的名词例外,如city没有同义词(urban不表示"城市的"意思")
eg:local, state, and national government
2.时态平行:时间决定时态,在平行结构中,时态可以不一致也可以不一致,如果时间相同,则时态同;时间不同,时态也可以不同。
3.单复数平行:在平行结构中,单复数可以一致也可以不一致,一致与否取决于客观事实及上下文
4. 结构形式的平行:a.+n doing to do v+obj done
5. 语意的平行:
Dallas,Texas,has become a international hub of bank,fashion.manufaturing and transportation. X
→bank改为banking (讲义 P20 89.8.35)
6.排列位置的平行:
主语 not only 谓语 but also 谓语
not only+主谓(倒装)+but also 谓语 X → Not only 主谓(倒装)+but also +主谓 √
八、词性的混用(25条改错中占6-8条)(讲义 90-96)
1. 做表语:n / adj / ad的混用:
表语:限定词+n. / 形容词 / 分词 / 介词+n,可做表语
⑴be+ad. X → be + adj. √
ad,永远不做表语。
⑵be+n.(抽象)→ be+adj.
抽象名词永远不做表语
eg: The books are no use. X 抽象名词不做表语
have no use.√
are not useful.√
are of no use.√ prep+of+抽象名词=形容词
⑶be+n+prep→ be+adj+prep
be fame for X → be famous for √
⑷are typical concerned with X → are concerned with
be +表语,表语唯一原则,只能用一个表语,出现两个表语,要把一个改为副词:
be completed closed X → be completely closed
2.做定语,名词与动名词的混用
原则:同义名词比动名词优先
eg: food supplying X time and laboring X
名词与动名词的区别:(讲义 P5 96)
名词做宾语,其后不可以接宾语。动名词做宾语,其后可以带宾语。
*动名词前可加the,但加the后变成纯粹的名词,因此其后不可以加宾语,常接of
eg: the learning of English
the making of any work of art
3.状语引导词与近义介词或者副词的混用:
1)when / which(连词+时间状语)与during / in(介词+宾语)的混用。
*when/which+n.(孤立)X
例外:When/Which (he was) a young man, Humin had several books published |
|