mooney的Issue习作贴(不要浮躁，真心出彩)

mooneyUID: 3452789

     要开始准备Issue了，开个帖子督促自己多写多练，同时汇集收集的各种好资料~
     现在初步的一个思路是：1、先写《新GRE Issue 题库分类和 重点题》中的重点题；
                                 2、参考李建林老师的破题思路
                                 3、参考essayjudge中的习作与点评......
     其他的边学边摸索哈，先开张再说！



谨记：“如果你能每次发文之前都仔仔细细地自己把文章先修改到“完美”----这个“完美”是指你自己看再多遍都觉得实在没什么可改的地方了----也即，发挥这次写作的一个极限，这时，其他板油给你改出的问题，才更有价值。因为这些“问题”一定是你在改自己作文的过程中不曾发现的问题。这时候你又得到了什么？是一次“极限”以后的再度提高。”

• 因果类：1 这个因果关系推理中的原因是否成立？
  

                  2 假设这个原因成立，从它能否推出结果？

• 建议类：1 题目中的建议可行性如何？
  

                  2 如果实施题目中的建议，是否会导致同初始目的相矛盾或其他荒谬的结果？
                  3 有无替代或折中方案？

• 是非类：1 这种价值判断的标准是什么？
  

                  2 这种价值判断的标准是否值得修正？

• 定义类：1 题目中的定义是否抓住了问题的本质？
  

                  2 能否给出我自己的、更为恰当的定义?

• 事实类：1 能否从公认的原则或事实中推出相反的判读？
  

                  2 能否举出相反的事例?

mooneyUID: 3452789

第一篇写 ISSUE 13：
Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study[compelling reasons,建议类]
(46[specific circumstances,建议类],102[possible consequences,建议类],140[both of the views,是非类]
70[reason,因果+建议],112[considerations,是非类];70和112都谈到truly educated的概念)

解题思路：
1 建议类:

• specific circumstances (universities are equipped with the budget, facilities and faculties to provide a well-rounded courses selection; a multiple courses requirement can help student to find interest and better understand his or her own major; a diversified knowledge background is acknowledged among employers in the job market.)
• possible consequences (help student to obtain compound abilities or become dilettante dabbling in a hodge-podge of a academic offerings; make graduate become more competitive when finding a job or pack them with non-persuasive abilities which would seem redundant.)
  

2 是非类: 充分鉴定truly educated的概念，truly educated means specialization in one field, multiple related knowledge and abilities and independent wisdom as a citizen all at the same time.
3 因果类：truly educated 的途径是否只有take a variety of courses in the universities？学生也应该通过intership,  volunteering, practise or even open a new company等多种方式达到educated的目的。

提纲：strongly support
1 能帮助学生习得复合知识，帮助对本专业理解，也帮助学生现实世界中获得成功
2 帮助学生找到适合自己的专业
3 帮助学生成为独立思考的公民
4 反驳最强objection：大学有社会义务培养符合社会就业需求的人才；大学有这样的义务，但它更肩负着培养改变社会、影响社会的复合型人才。

If you walk around any of the universities of science and technology in China these days, like my university, you would encounter every student, striding on road in campus between classes, shares similar curriculum with others: nearly all of them have advanced mathematics, most of them computer science and it seems that everyone is trying to learn at least one kind of languages of coding to command the computers and try to access to the virtual world. And since these courses also come in great help once students enter the job market, courses like the humanities or liberal arts cannot survive in here.

However, from my point of view, I strongly vote for the argument that universities should require their students to take various courses from different disciplines, both humanities and science. Because it is the diversified academic offerings that determine a true well-educated graduate after four years and eventually a civilized citizen.

First of all,  because a student who is just accessing the college might not be very known about his or her own interest and what would end up after rigorously training in a major, the administration of college should require a diversified curriculum  in the first or second year for the student and help him or he to wind up specified interest with reasonable consideration later on.

What's more, courses like psychology and sociology in college which are outside the study scope of a typical science and technology major student , can facilitate the understanding of his or her own major to a greater extent, and help he or her to become success in the real world, in which knowledge from multiple disciplines is indispensable. A student who is majoring in computer science these days must be well acquainted with the story about the success of the Facebook. Apart from his genius with coding in the developing process, Mark Zuckerberg is also a master of understanding people's need. The interface and usage settings of the Facebook are not only innovative but also considerate and friendly. And it is these functions, not the coding lines, that eventually help the Facebook to attract the later 10 hundreds million users around the globe. Mark's excellent ability of anticipating and catering users' need on the social network reflects his precise grasp of people's psychology, which must deprive from his diversified knowledge of psychology and sociology.

Lastly, since a university acts as an institution nurturing citizens for the society, multiple rather than one value like science should be gained . The qualifications of a citizen border on the person's ability to reflect on various subjects, like law, economy, politics and so on. Therefore a comprehensive courses selection and the requirement for its students entailed should be a requisite for every university.

However，the strongest objection towards this argument come from doubt that students in the universities have to make practical choice between acquiring techniques that can enhance their competitiveness in the future job market and knowledge like the literature of 18 century France or the study of Socrates, which would definitely not qualified as a persuasive ability for the employer. And universities should hold certain social responsibilities to help with the employment rate in the economy. Nevertheless, it should be well aware among our society that a diploma of bachelor or master degree from colleges does not symbolize a qualification of the production of a "human product" which is able to make economical profits to the society, but convincingly indicates a graduate's potential to produce ideology profits in the world, in other words, he or she not only fit in the world, but also is able to change the world. What's more, a university should not take up the role as a long training program providing employment populations to the real world. it should offer knowledge and imagination at the same time. Thus, there should be no doubt against a universities' attempt to suggest its students to take varied courses to combine their techniques to their imaginations and eventually bring about innovations which are far more profitable to the economy.

From all of the reasoning above, I stand by with the argument from the topic.
(719 words)

mooneyUID: 3452789

第二篇写ISSUE 39：
College students should be encouraged to pursue subjects that interests them rather than the courses seem mostly to lead to jobs.[specific circumstances,建议类](20[both of the views,建议类],32[compelling reasons,建议类],129[specific circumstances,建议类]；32和129分别单独谈论一种选择)
建议类：

• specific circumstances: students are very well aware of their own interests and compeletely understand what it takes to achieve their goals rather than pursuing subjects to lead to jobs which would be very much likely leadig them to a promising economic situation after graduation; students are equipped with advantageous conditions like economic support, advantageous program in the university of the related subjects, support from parents and so on; the economy is booming.
• compelling reasons: the risk of failing to find a job and become economic resiliant is high if college students pursuing majors according to their own interests like arts, literature, philosophy, or math, and since many students are not free with choices concerning their future carrer outlook because of their finiacial background certain responsibilities of their social roles; what's more, if the economy is under depression, certain kind of jobs would become even harder to pursue and may not lead to a promising future, thus students should be encouraged to put priorities into learning subjects more practical first; students may not persist their interests and give up.
  

keywords：careerism
提纲：正-反-合

mooneyUID: 3452789

第三篇： ISSUE 15
Educational institutions should actively encourage their students to choose fields of study that will prepare them for lucrative careers.[compelling reasons,建议类](98和135[possible consequences,建议类],136与135很相似)
(和上一篇很像，这篇站在教育机构角度，论点应该基本相似，主要是多了对于教育机构职能和责任的界定和讨论。)
建议类(反对)：

• compelling reasons: educational institutions should prepare their graduates with proper trainning to enter the job market and even help with the employment rate in the economy; these institutions should help students to pursue a wealthy career, like busisness school or medical school, and lucrative lifestyle because these students pay a lot to enter such school and wish the outcome, let alone the benefits they will bring back after their graduation, it is an practical choice for the administration for the school.
  

• possible consequences:  1、jobs of carrers which are plenty or even lucrative at the time being are luctuating over periods and hard to predict in the future, thus students of majors which give a promising oppurtunies in the market when they are entering the school may find themselves facing a hard time because of the arrested development of the industry or an increasing number of competitors for the same job. 2、 institutions which put priority to help establish a good carrer for their students may divert more resources and staff to the related fields of study, such inbalance of investment may hinder the development of other disciplines and could result in an inferior and insufficient training for the students  related, which is very unequal and harmful to their carrers in the future. 3、if distinguished education institutions like the universities choose to put more effort in training their pupils to meet a relatively narrow demand from the society and pursue lucrative jobs, a biased or even toxic ideology of careerism and materism may monopolize among campus, which would greatly tapen the very purpose of their foudations which base on the principle to promote various and independent thinking abilities of students and apply their thoughts into the real world.
  

提纲：
开头：不赞成这一建议
1：infeasible proposal that cannot lead to wanted consequences.
2：the responsiblity and the function of distingushied educational institutions like universities demand their educational purpose for students not confined within objections of lucrative carrers or practical working techniques.
3：however, educational institutions should prepare their graduates with proper trainning to enter the job market and even help with the employment rate in the economy; nevertheless, such intention should not extend beyond the even critical principle of universities to benefit our world not only economically but also ideologically and provide the society with graduates not only fit in the world but also change the world.
结尾

mooneyUID: 3452789

第四篇 ISSUE 97
Colleges and universities should require their students to spend at least one semester studying in a foreign country.[compelling reasons,建议类](82[specific circumstances,建议类],100[possible consequences,建议类],124[consideration,建议类])建议类（支持）

• compelling reasons: 1 not every students can afford to study aboard 2 not every student is suited for studying aboard and they may face obstacles in forein countries thus end up learning little 3  it is not a feasible requirement for all of the students to study aboard because the resource is limited and the requirement is high.
• specific circumstances: 1 students are either equipped with money or suited intelligence to go aboard 2 colleges establish cooperation programme with foreign colleges which will help its students to go study aboard 3 it would definitly helpful for students of certain major to study aboard for better education experience, otherwise it may not worth it.
• possible consequences: the benifits of providing oppourtunities to college students to study aborad is somehow obvious: 1 it surely help students to get in touch with the development of their majors on a international scope once they study in another university aboard, and keep them in pace with the frontier advancement 2 it surely will help students to enhance their spoken and communication skills in Enligsh, which can be great help either when they wish to pursue in academics or enter into the job market  3 it will help them to better understand the process and effect of globalazation, which definitly facilitate their abilities to reflect on questions towards their future and objectives on a boarder picture.
  

• consideration:
  

提纲：正—反—合
开头
1 the benifits of such proposal is obvious and shoud be encouraged:
2 however, there are certain drawbacks of this well-intentioned but ill-considered plan, for example, there a few compelling oppositions towards its implementation:
3 nevertheless, the intention of these measures should be enouraged, thus a comprehensive and considerate plan must be rasied considering specific circumstances under which such propasal would be feasible and realized.
结尾

mooneyUID: 3452789

第五篇 ISSUE 6 A nation should require all its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college. [specific circumstances,建议类](14[possible consequences],96[compelling reasons],116[considerations])

• specific circumstances
• possible consequences
• compelling reasons
• considerations
  

mooneyUID: 3452789

第六篇 ISSUE 49
Claim: We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than from those whose views contradict our own.
Reason: Disagreement can cause stress and inhibit learning. [reason,因果类]
(76、118[consideration,事实类])position: objection

• reason: it is with certain truth to say that disagreement in a group would bring about tension and cause stress among group members, however such consequences are not necessary to be the inhibitive factors in the learning and innovating process, some extreme examples suggest that stress and pressure brought by incompatible opinions can generate forces dragging people out of their conventional thinking modes and motivate them to create by converging differential views; what's more, diversified ideas are totally indispensable in the desicion process as brain storming, by providing varied even contradictive opinions into a disccusion, group members can examine different possibilities and find the best solution towards a problem; above all, organizations which enourage disagreement exsit within have better chances finding mistakes and providing a democratic enviroment crucial for innovation and personal development for junior employee, otherwise, such are in the danger of breeding bureaucratism by rejecting constructive disagreement and likely to encounter arrested development.
• consideration:  it is convinient and advantageous for us to choose people whose views are on our side to become our friends, colleagues and allies, because we can gain more supports from them to progress ideologically and emotionally. However, in terms of the chances to step out our comfort zone and find mistakes, criticism sometimes can help us to learn more. Our enemies sometimes have a point! What's more, even our closest friends or allies do not agree with all of our values, thus, we must always leave open hearts to objections and understand the significant role of opponents.
  

提纲：正-反-合
开头
1 不同意题中观点，三点原因。
2 人们倾向于接受相同观点较为常见的和有理的。
3 反对意见可能造成压力和沟通不畅，但是不能仅仅因此阻止反对意见，应该更加重视反对意见表达方式，以及为反对意见提供合理渠道。
结尾

mooneyUID: 3452789

第七篇 ISSUE 40 Claim: When planning courses, educators should take into account the interests and suggestions of their students. Reason: Students are more motivated to learn when they are interested in what they are studying.

issue 3：Educational institutions have a responsibility to dissuade students from pursuing fields of study in which they are unlikely to succeed.

issue 24：The best way to teach is to praise positive actions and ignore negative ones.

issue 81：All parents should be required to volunteer time to their children's schools.

ISSUE 92：Educators should base their assessment of students' learning not on students' grasp of facts but on the ability to explain the ideas, trends, and concepts that those facts illustrate.

issue 128：Some people argue that successful leaders in government, industry, or other fields must be highly competitive. Other people claim that in order to be successful, a leader must be willing and able to cooperate with others

issue 58：Learning is primarily a matter of personal discipline; students cannot be motivated by school or college alone

issue 101：Although innovations such as video, computers, and the Internet seem to offer schools improved methods for instructing students, these technologies all too often distract from real learning.

issue 42：Students should always question what they are taught instead of accepting it passively

issue 37：Society should identify those children who have special talents and provide training for them at an early age to develop their talents.

issue 142：Claim: Colleges and universities should specify all required courses and eliminate elective courses in order to provide clear guidance for students. Reason: College students—like people in general—prefer to follow directions rather than make their own decisions.

ISSUE 54 In order to become well-rounded individuals, all college students should be required to take courses in which they read poetry, novels, mythology, and other types of imaginative literature.

mooneyUID: 3452789

ISSUE 45 Competition for high grades seriously limits the quality of learning at all levels of education[considerations,是非题]
(138[是非题],both of the views)position:approve
解题思路：
是非类

• considerations: drawbacks--limit the quality of education; raise equality; cannot achieve its very purpose.
• both of the views: there are a few benefits for educational institusions and students to pursue higher grades: current system; motivation; culture and society elements.
  

提纲：正-反-合

mooneyUID: 3452789

第八篇：ISSUE 12 Governments should offer a free university education to any student who has been admitted to a university but who cannot afford the tuition.[possible consequences,建议类](25[specific circumstances,建议类])
建议类(支持)：

• possible consequences:
  

  good ones: provide chances to citizens to accquire free university education which would be attaintable    without a decent payment before or help out students under student loans which must be paid back soon
  after their graduation and be disadvantages to their choices of jobs; university education often promise a
  good career path in the futhure, thus such policy would help them to choose or divert to rewarding jobs  
  after their graduations; more enrollments to the university would spur the development of the unversities,
  leading to more employments as staffs and teachers and economic revenues brought by constructions.
  possible drawbacks: without a income from the tuition of students, universities may lose financial income
  to support their multiple expenditure for their staffs and facilities, which are also vital for a favourable
  teaching quality.

• specific circumstances: there may exsit some restrictions towards the implementation of such policy because of a somewhat limited budget from the government, especially in developing countries like China. Due to a relative lower share of investment into education in the total domestic revenue, Chinese government has to divert more money into the development of elementary and secondary education since these two are fundamentary and still underdeveloped; thus because of the acroscopic education policies from the government, not all universities in China possess solid economic revenue for their operations, many of them rely on the sources of tuitions from students.
  

提纲：
开头：支持这一建议
1：the implementation of such policy would bring great benefits both to the society and the students in following ways:
2: however, there are possible drawbacks regarding to the limited resources, especially in the developing countries like China.
3: concerning the specific circumstances of a developing economic, such policy should be alterd in developing world, like China, in order to achieve its purpose: continuing reduce to standard tuitions from students; target on the most impoverished students and cut their tuitions and continuing expand such financial support; privide multiple subsidizing programm and schoolarships for students to cover their expendictures.结尾

mooneyUID: 3452789

第九篇： ISSUE 30 Teachers' salaries should be based on their students' academic performance.[compelling reasons,建议类](83[specific circumstances,建议类])
建议类(反对)：

• compelling reasons: due to the varied background, like some students may come from broken families while others come from families having long supported the education of their offsprings, and other factors affacting the academic performances, students may not be equally treated if the degree of teachers' salaries is directly attached to their test scores; some teacher may be disencouraged  if they are more inclined to help with students' lives not only academically and become their spiritual mentor, according to the salary schedule, their works may not be adequately valued and accessed; the administration of the school may encounter obstacles if they operate this salary schedule among teachers because a certain mount of teachers may be very competitive in order to achieve better score results from their own students thus are relunctant to share resources with other teacher, and if these teachers are the seniors, both the junor teachers and the students may be affacted. what's more, since only a small amount of students will achieve outstanding academic performance, encouraging a biased piority on test scores from teachers may tapen the development from other students with other strengths, thus may limit a comprehensive achievements of the school and compromise its very educational responsibity.
• specific circumstances: a comprehensive assessment schedule rather a biased one should be proposed in respect to teachers' salaries.
  

提纲：

1、开头
2、反对这一观点
3、说明这一观点其实也有存在的道理(academic performance is the paramount index deciding a good student, good teacher and a good school; bounding the academic performance with the salary may encourage assessment of teachers based on merits rather than senoirity and retain young capable teachers to stay. )
4、合
结尾

mooneyUID: 3452789

第十篇 ISSUE 68 Some people believe that the purpose of education is to free the mind and the spirit. Others believe that formal education tends to restrain our minds and spirits rather than set them free.[both of the views,定义类](ISSUE 17 Formal education tends to restrain our minds and spirits rather than set them free.[considerations, 事实类])
定义类：the purpose of education
事实类：formal education not necessarily tends to restrain our minds and spirits
提纲：
1 开头：同意
2 formal education作为一种社会功能，与个人自我实现相对，会有restrain our minds and spirits的缺陷
（1、formal education, which is typically implemented in elementary school, secondary school and even in universities, often adopt the method of a teacher lecturing towards a few students with different levels of  knowledge from textbooks and students accumulating these knowledge often by memorizing and understanding with little practice. Such is not the best way to educate, there is a wise saying in Chinese "teach people to fish instead of just give them the fish", the foremost instruction students should learn in classes is the method to discover, testify and eventually acquire knowledge, merely accumulation of axiom and theorem from books only makes for walking dictionaries.  So instead of being lectured, students should be encouraged to find, ask and solve question on their own with knowledge being learned naturally and critically.
  2、what's more, the final assessment of formal education often requires tests among the students and some of the tests, like the test of college entrance in China or SAT in America, even determine students' future. Nevertheless, test may be a good evaluation of students output and teachers' related input at the same time and motivate the desire to learn, yet formal education tend to put overwhelmingly emphasis on test which make the technique of testing for better score rather then general knowledge more appealing in class. Thus the paramount characteristic of formal education seem to compromise the effect of education by misleading the outcome and measures.
  3、formal education acting as one of the critical social function carries itself with certain principles and values from the society, along with the process of delivering knowledge and technique for students to survive in the bigger cultural colony, principles to behave as a member in a society of culture, history and country are often being taught. And sometimes such principles may not be advantages towards the growth of an independent mind and even inhibit the process of education) 常与the true purpose of education()相矛盾。
3 但是the purpose of education是一个发展的过程，历史上有各种的作用，如今对于它的定义其实十分多元；再者，formal education作为一种对于社会资源的分配手段和社会功能的实现，是有其关键意义的，尽管有时显得弊病重重，但是已经开始有了许多良好的发展。
4 合
5 结尾：

mooneyUID: 3452789

第十一篇 ISSUE 73：Colleges and universities should require all faculty to spend time working outside the academic world in professions relevant to the courses they teach.[possible consequence, 建议类]
建议类：

• possible consequences:good ones:1、may help to improve the quality of teaching in class since working outside can help teachers to get in touch with more practical techniques and leading development in the fields. 2、may also help students even, because they may get more real time information from the field of their major and help them to better informed with the required technique they should study in compass thus make them more motivated.
  

                             bad ones: 1、the college may not posses the resource to help their teachers to go to the field 2、some of the majors are not suited to work in the real world but rather need experiments or mentally analysis 3、not all faculty members are suited to work in professions since their strength may lie in research not in practice, thus such mandatory policy may inhibit their abilities and hider their qualities in class.

提纲：
开头：反对这一建议(the improvement of quality in classroom are not directly dependent on the experinces from teachers to work in professions.)
2：drawbacks
3：possible beneficial outcome
4：a modified solution
结尾

mooneyUID: 3452789

第十二篇 ISSUE 31 Society should make efforts to save endangered species only if the potential extinction of those species is the result of human activities[possible consequences,建议类](63[considerations,是非类],67[both of the views,建议+是非])
1建议类：

possible consequences

: good ones: it may save up the enormous cost、time and effort to try to save all kinds of endangered species and put emphasis on the some of the most suffered ones which are linked to humans, like the pandas, thus governments can use the limited resources to save the most endangered lives with greater efficiency.
bad ones:
1 首先你无法准确定义人类活动及其对生态系统造成的影响，科技的巨大力量帮助人类实现了伟大的进步，并对自然界产生了广泛深远的影响，大部分的生物灭绝都是直接或间接由于人类活动对于生态系统的影响造成的。
2 即使是看似并不由人类活动影响进而灭绝的生物，人类也应该有施加保护的义务，这不仅是由人类意图主宰地球的责任赋予，也是人类更好了解生命了解自我了解自然的需要。更重要的是，由于生态系统的息息相关，人类应该对其他物种的发展高度关注，以保障自己的生存。
3 再次，仅仅保护可能灭绝与人类相关的物种的方法是无效的，物种灭绝的直接因素很复杂，往往牵涉到生态链和整个栖息地的影响。

both of the views

:

considerations

:
2是非类：what is human activities
提纲：同意
1 开头
2 同意需要将保护动物的资源进行合理分配，优先保护那些与人类相关，受人类影响深重的动植物，这种优先保护政策更加符合发展中国家的情形。
3 不同意。缺点。
4 折中方案。
5 结尾