对于句子理解的一些重要语法点

AlfredfengUID: 3439013

  之前楼主发过一篇8.31G的感悟，没有想到引起了大家的强烈关注，楼主心里也十分激动。楼主11.1G三战，每天也跟大家一样奋战在杀G的前线。在训练阅读的过程中，楼主根据自身情况，总结出了一些关于英语句子理解的一些难点（也就是“坑”）。发此贴的目的是希望这些语法点能够引起大家的重视 ，同时楼主也希望自己的绵薄之力能够帮助大家少走弯路。

  为什么楼主要在这里强调一下语法的重要性呢，因为语法是对英语思维的一种总结。单词和单词之间需要遵从某种规则才能用来表达连贯的意思。同时准确理解文章的必要条件一定有准确理解句子的意思。楼主希望大家在平时的练习中要有不断评估自己的语言基础的意识。最重要的是，楼主希望大家不要在语言基础上吃亏，也就是说，不要因为误读了句子，乃至文章而得到错误的结果。

好了，废话不多说，先上楼主开这贴要讲的语法点：

1.万万要注意 "and" 这个词。

2.不要忽视了英语时态的作用。

3.to do不定式

4.坑死人的省略句：

5.云里雾里的指代

6.if从句和when从句容易误解的地方。

1.万万要注意“and”这个词：

楼主之所以要把and这个词放在第一位讲（tu）解（cao），是因为and这个词害人不浅！and的用法看似简单，如果对其不加深入的理解和掌握，往往难以理清句子中的逻辑关系：以至于句子越长越难忍受，到最后直接崩溃掉

and的作用其实就是一点：起一个连接语义的作用，同时不改变句子的逻辑方向，即侧重点在事物间的相同处。


A.  and 用来连接两个独立的句子:

I. and连接两个独立的句子，简单的情况就是and连接两个简单句，复杂的情况就是and连接两个复合句。

e.g.   He is the man and I think you can depend on him.

e.g.   A frequent criticism of most online companies has been the snail's pace and at this pace they deliver their products.

II. and连接两个从句，这里举一个the economist上面的句子：

Thoughtful politicians have produced schemes for radical change in almost all of these areas, but their plans—like so much else—have fallen victim to America’s polarised politics. The Republicans stand in the way of loosening immigration rules, while Democrats fear that supply-side reforms are a plot to hurt the average Joe.Both sides hoover up cash from special interests keen to keep anticompetitive regulations in place. Barack Obama, the least business-friendly president for decades, has devoted far too little attention to the problem. So the odds rise that America’s economy will continue to lumber along at an underwhelming pace, and Americans will have no one to blame but their leaders.

这里的主句是 the odds rise.        that America's economy will continue to lumber along at an underwhelming pace 和 Americans will have no one to blame but their leaders. 是修饰 the odds 的同位语从句。 这里and Americans will have... 这个句子容易被误读为一个独立的句子，也就是说这整个句子容易被误解为：So the odds rise that America's economy will continue to lumber along at an underwhelming pace , [ and Americans will have no one to blame but their leaders.] 这会造成对句子理解的偏差，应该加以重视。

注意and还可以表示连续发生的动作：

e.g. Every day I get up at 7:30 am,( I ) brush my teeth ,( I ) have breakfast and  ( I ) go to school.

B. and 用来连接句子中的成分： 要正确找出and连接的成分并不容易，需要在平时阅读训练中多加思考。

这里举一个the economist上的例子：
The impact of a supply-side revolution, with immigration reform, an overhaul of disability and training schemes, infrastructure investment, deregulation and corporate-tax reform all high on the agenda would be gradual.

这个句子中 第一个and连接的是an overhaul of disability 和 training schemes， 用来修饰 immigration reform， 第二个and 用来连接 immigration reform , deregulation (reform) 和 corporate-tax reform，用来说明impact的内容。

2.不要忽视了英语时态的作用：

为什么楼主要这样说呢，因为在英语中时态起着说明事件发生的时间的作用，也就是说不同的时态会起着将不同的时间进行对比的作用。

这里需要注意三个最常见的时态： 一般现在时， 一般过去时 ， 现在完成时。
e.g. Back in the mid-1990s, America’s economic prospects suddenly brightened. Productivity soared. Immigrants and foreign capital flocked to take advantage of what was quickly dubbed the “New Economy”.The jobless rate fell to 4%, yet inflation remained low. All this led economists to conclude that America’s potential rate of growth—the speed at which the economy can expand while keeping unemployment steady and inflation stable—had risen sharply from its decades-long average of 3%, to 3.5% or even higher.
(这一段使用一般过去时来叙述美国过去的经济前景多么多么的给力）

Sadly, the New Economy is no more. The recovery from the recession of 2008-09 has been the weakest of the post-war era, and evidence is mounting that America’s potential growth rate has plummeted. Its two big determinants, the supply of workers and the rise in their productivity, have both fallen short.Performance in the past year has been particularly feeble:America’s labour force has not grown at all and output per hour worked has fallen. The  IMF recently cut its estimate of the country’s potential rate of growth to 2%. Other economists put it as low as 1.75%.
（这一段使用一般现在时和现在完成时来说明美国现在的经济前景是多么的悲剧，与上一段形成了时间上的对比）

这个语法点可以用来在填空题里面出时间对比的考题

3. to do 不定式：它到底是修饰谁的呢？
楼主只是想强调，to do最坑人的地方就是它到底是用来在句子中作状语，修饰谓语动词，还是作定语，修饰某个名词呢？

且看下面的栗子们：

e.g.1 :  In order to grow , to travel new roads , people need to have a willingness to take risks , to confront the unknown , and to accept the possibility that they may "fail" at first. How we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is essential to our ability to grow.

这里标出来的to do不定式都是作定语，这类情况需要注意，修饰的名词实际上是从那些要求与不定式连用的动词或形容词演变来的： 比如 claim , decision, able, hope ,plan ,failure.

e.g.2 ： Lessons from the European Union’s embarrassing failure to settle its top jobs

这个例子来自the economist， 注意这里的to settle its top jobs是用来修饰failure， 即fail to settle its top jobs ，不要误读成了Lessons from the European Union's embarrassing failure in order to settle its top jobs (为什么不能这样读呢， 因为逻辑主语不明确，即 in order for whom to settle its top jobs? )

4.坑死人的省略句:

为什么要说省略句坑人呢，因为它是造成误读的重要原因之一。

e.g.  They are more affected by annual fluctuations in atmospheric temperatures than they would be if they were less salty.

这里的than they would be 其实就是一个省略句: than they would be ( affected by annual fluctuations in atmospheric temperatures )

e.g.In his novels these various impulses were sacrificed to each other inevitably and often. Inevitably, because Hardy did not care in the way that novelists such as Flaubert or James cared, and therefore took paths of least resistance. Thus, one impulse often surrendered to a fresher one and, unfortunately, instead of exacting a compromise, simply disappeared.A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give way abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower. In this instance, the new impulse was at least an energetic one, and thus its indulgence did not result in a relaxed style.

这里的that never was 就是一个省略句 , 还原则是 a light was never thrown over reality （这是请教了学校一位高手才知道的 ）

5.指代：指代的重要性不言而喻： 楼主将其分为： 诸如 this, that, these , those , it , such 这样的代词 , 以及定语从句中的各种关系代词和关系副词 ( who , which , that , when , where , why ) 。指代的难度不大， 但是需要在平时练习的时候找到这些词指代的事物，对填空题的提高有着不可替代的作用。


6.状语从句的一个细节：楼主在之前写的那篇帖子里面也说到过这个问题，当时当时还没有找到解答，后来请教了几位老师才得到了答案。
句子是：They are more affected by annual fluctuations in atmospheric temperatures than they would be if they were less salty.

为什么句子不能断句成 They are more affected by annual fluctuations in atmospheric temperatures [ than they would be ] if they were less salty? 这是因为诸如if , when引导的句子就近修饰谓语
如果if they were less salty 要修饰主句的话，那么应该接在主句旁边而不应该接在than从句后面。

以上就是楼主在阅读训练中总结出的”坑“ ， 希望通过这帖能够引起大家对于语言基础知识的重视。祝愿大家能够在申请中收获理想的offer~~~

AlfredfengUID: 3439013

沙发~~~ 楼主的意思不是要大家纠结这些语法，而是不能忽视了我们是non-native的事实，了解这些语言规则是有好处的~~

Tony_WuUID: 3558582

赞一个，筒子加油！

AlfredfengUID: 3439013

Tony_Wu 发表于 2014-9-9 20:48
赞一个，筒子加油！

我不是有意把后面的文字全部加粗的，不知道这是怎么回事，其实写的时候只想突出里面的一部分。

另外谢谢版主支持