Issue 16/50/86/114/115/139- Government should rely on their own judgement

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50) Government officials should rely on their own judgment rather than unquestioningly carry out the will of the people they serve.
Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the recommendation and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, describe specific circumstances in which adopting the recommendation would or would not be advantageous and explain how these examples shape your position.
相关题目：16/50/86/114/115/139

16) Some people believe that in order to be effective, political leaders must yield to public opinion and abandon principle for the sake of compromise. Others believe that the most essential quality of an effective leader is the ability to remain consistently committed to particular principles and objectives.
Write a response in which you discuss which view more closely aligns with your own position and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should address both of the views presented.

86) Some people believe that government officials must carry out the will of the people they serve. Others believe that officials should base their decisions on their own judgment.
Write a response in which you discuss which view more closely aligns with your own position and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should address both of the views presented.

114) Any leader who is quickly and easily influenced by shifts in popular opinion will accomplish little.
Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.

115) Government officials should rely on their own judgment rather than unquestioningly carry out the will of the people whom they serve.
Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.

139) Claim: Major policy decisions should always be left to politicians and other government experts.
Reason: Politicians and other government experts are more informed and thus have better judgment and perspective than do members of the general public.
Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim and the reason on which that claim is based.




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原有思路：
Government officials should rely on their own judgment rather than unquestioningly carry out the will of the people they serve, but the government officials should listen to people’s suggestions and try their best to carry out the will of the people. At the same time, some supervision systems should be built to make sure that government officials are not maximizing their own benefit rather than people’s.
Government officials should rely on their own judgment rather than unquestioningly carry out the will of the people they serve because people might not be able to see the importance of a policy in the long run.人民由于缺乏相关的专业知识，往往只会考虑政策的短期影响，对于政策的长期影响难以考虑到。因此，政府官员应该综合考虑一个政策的长期和短期影响，在听取人民的意见后独立进行裁决。举例：中国的改革开放，华盛顿制定总统的有限任期制。
While the government officials should rely on their own judgment, they also have to listen to people’s will and suggestions, and try their best to carry out people’s will.政府的职责是管理国家，而人民的福利水平是国家综合发展指标的重要组成部分。因此政府因该多听取人民的意见，了解民生情况以及大多数人的意愿，在国家良好发展的基础上尽量实现人民的意愿，做到民主治国。举例：美国普通民众的意见可以向议员反应，议员通过投票决定政策是否执行。
At the same time, some supervision systems should be built to make sure that government officials are not maximizing their own benefit rather than people’s.根据经济学中的委托代理风险（agent risk），政府官员可能会在治国时最大化自己的利益而不考虑人民的利益。例如，贪污腐败等问题。因此，应当建立合理的监督机制，人民监督政府，使得政府能够最大化国家整体利益，而不是用专制的手段最大化自身利益。
问题：我觉得我这一篇完全是在中国的体制下写出来的，请问这一篇需要提到美国的三权分立体制吗？

讨论后思路：
Government officials should rely on their own judgment rather than unquestioningly carry out the will of the people they serve because people may not have the ability to judge, the wills of different groups of people may contradict each other, or some national emergency or secrets cannot judged by people.
Government officials should rely on their own judgment rather than unquestioningly carry out the will of the people they serve because people might not be able to judge a policy in the lack of professional knowledge.人民由于缺乏相关的专业知识，往往只会考虑政策的短期影响，对于政策的长期影响难以考虑到。因此，政府官员应该综合考虑一个政策的各方面影响，听取各中意见，甚至可以咨询相关专家，然后独立进行裁决。举例：中国的改革开放，华盛顿制定总统的有限任期制。
What is more, the wills of different groups of people sometimes contradict each other so that the government officials should rely on their own judgment.举例：一项税收政策出台，穷人和富人往往持相反意见。此时政府需要自己做出决策。
Finally, faced with emergency or secret situation, government officials can only rely on themselves because common people cannot know the situations so that they do not have any will.普通民众难以接触国家机密，因此没有意愿，只能自己定夺。举例：尼克松执政时期基辛格秘密访问中国，日本偷袭珍珠港之前罗斯福秘密调离6艘航母。

感想：
在写Issue时需要直接回应题目，不要从侧面说应该如何。

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139题也是相关的

lisa_CUID: 2678347

Issue 16
16) Some people believe that in order to be effective, political leaders must yield to public opinion and abandon principle for the sake of compromise. Others believe that the most essential quality of an effective leader is the ability to remain consistently committed to particular principles and objectives.

Write a response in which you discuss which view more closely aligns with your own position and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should address both of the views presented.

Lisa’s


原思路

Thesis Sentence: The function of government is to guide the society to develop in right direction. But since a society is formed by various people, sometimes it is difficult to reach a consensus. It is the time governments should make a decision and keep firmly on the road it chose. Then the role of political leaders is not to please people but to make and push implement of policies which could benefit the whole society.

TS1: Yielding to public opinion sometimes makes political leaders’ life easy but it may cause a lot of problems.
（譬如公共物品）

TS2: The goal of government is to increase the welfare of society, and governments should keep firmly in pursuing this goal. With same belief, a strong political leaders can receive widely recognition.
（罗斯福）

TS3: Principles and objectives will be biased if decision is only made by one leader, so it also requires a think tank for a wise leader.
（怎么做）

　原观点问题及感悟：
　结构不清晰，陷入2+1试图升华模式，先分类清楚

讨论结果：

赞同第二点，从为什么第一种做法不可能入手，分情况讨论。

（１）        不可能满足public opinion，因为public opinion是divided的，对于一些问题各人利益有冲突。
（如为人民福利增加税收这个问题，一些利益集团会反对）
（２）        重大问题、复杂问题public没有办法给出靠谱的opinion。
（在高科技项目，普通民众懂的不多，还是需要依赖专家的意见和政客自己的判断）
（３）        在一些情况下，甚至根本不可能做到去寻求公众意见。
（譬如保密的国家安全项目，consult public是不可能的；紧急事件，政客需要立刻基于自己的判断下决定）

因而一个明确既定的目标和原则是需要的，政客基于这个目标和原则做判断。再补充讨论一下这该是一个怎样的目标。

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请王老师点评一下我写的大纲，多谢啦！祝您圣诞节快乐！

50. Government officials should rely on their own judgment rather than unquestioningly carry out the will of the people they serve.

Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the recommendation and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, describe specific circumstances in which adopting the recommendation would or would not be advantageous and explain how these examples shape your position.

TS (pt1, pt2, pt3, pt4): The suggestion that political leaders should make decisions by themselves instead of yielding to the public opinion without preconditions is beneficial only when the people who those officials serve are not well informed, are short-sighted, or have conflicting interests. By contrast, if the citizens have enough information, are far-sighted, or share the same interest, the government leader had better implement what the masses propose.

the suggestion that ... is beneficial 感觉有点多余 直接说 Political leaders should
你提出people的两种可能 但是在这里没有看到什么情况下people会短视 什么情况下会well-informed


ts (pt1): In the first place, a political leader needs to take the advice when the relevant intelligence is not accessible to the public. However, if nearly every member of the society knows the information, the official may consider the common persons’ ideas. 有些涉及国家机密的情报，大众不可能得知，那么领导人就得靠自己决断了。比如当获悉本拉登所在时，美国总统奥巴马和军方自己决定如何袭击他，不必听从，也无法听从平民的意见。然而有些信息又是人民大众可以得知的，那么政府官员在做决策的时候，就得考虑一下他们的想法了。就像当美国民众得知越战的战况时，掀起了大规模的反战运动，最终尼克松总统顺应民意，结束了越战。

take the advice这里是什么意思
感觉这里是两个point 可以分两段来写
例子挺好  



ts (pt2): Furthermore, a visionary politician’s judgment is likely to be more advantageous than millions of myopic citizens’ views, which justifies the recommendation, whilst the masses themselves may be more far-sighted than the government leaders, invalidating the advice. 例如Seward 极力促成了美国从俄国手里购买 Alaska，一时间许多人批评他，called the deal "Seward's folly"。不过后来在该地发现的金矿、石油，以及Alaska在二战、冷战中所发挥的巨大战略意义，证明了Seward的正确，说明有时富有远见的政府官员力排众议的做法是对的。然而这只限于远见卓识的领导人在特定的情况下做出的决定，在另外的情况下，人民的眼光可能远胜政府官员。最好的例子就是历史上但凡在被民主革命彻底推翻前进行过改良的专制政府，其中推行改良的官员是有些眼光的，但他们的眼光不及革命人民长远，认为改良就可使国富民强，所以难逃失败的命运。

你的主题句里同时出现两个相矛盾的论点 这是大忌
而且你这里的点和上段的点之间没法连接起来


ts (pt3): Finally, the leader should depend on their own judgment once the people’s goals collide, yet she needs to satisfy the common demands of the society as a whole. 政府官员常常面对国民的利益冲突，这时他们就得自己权衡利弊以定夺政策了。比如穷人向来期盼政府向富人收高税、向自己提供高福利，而富人总是期望政府向自己收低税、向穷人提供低福利。面对这种难以调和的分歧，政府官员就不能完全听从两派人马的意愿了，因为他们的争论不会有结果。唯有根据经济情况来定税率和福利才是上策：经济形势好，向富人征高税，向穷人提供高福利，保证穷人的生活水平；经济形势差，向富人征低税，激发他们投资创造更多财富，向穷人提供低福利，鼓励他们去努力工作。然而面对社会大众目标一致的时候，政府官员就得听他们的话了。比如“珍珠港”事件前，大多数国民不想卷入世界大战，只想保持中立，罗斯福政府就只推出租借法案，不直接参战；“珍珠港”事件后，大多数国民决定参加世界大战，罗斯福政府就向轴心国全面开战。


问题同上  一段话只讲一个点 不要想讲太多 尤其是不要讲相互矛盾的点
你要考虑中间三段的点能否连起来形成一个完整的观点和论证

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王老师好，我按您的意见，分了四点做讨论，每点只涉及一种情况，不会自相矛盾了，还请您再看一下，谢谢！

50. Government officials should rely on their own judgment rather than unquestioningly carry out the will of the people they serve.

Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the recommendation and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, describe specific circumstances in which adopting the recommendation would or would not be advantageous and explain how these examples shape your position.

TS (pt1, pt2, pt3, pt4): Some people suggest that political leaders should make decisions by themselves instead of yielding to the public opinion without preconditions. This advice is beneficial only when the people who those officials serve are not provided with the information that threatens the public safety or national security, or have conflicting interests due to different socioeconomic statuses. By contrast, if the citizens are well informed of the innocuous news, or share the same interest when facing the common enemies, the government leader had better implement what the masses propose.

这句话总体不错
有些细节的表达还是需要推敲
This advice is beneficial only when the people who those officials serve are not provided with the information that threatens the public safety or national security
innocuous news指代不明



This advice is beneficial only when the public cannot be fully informed about the issues due to public safety or national security


ts (pt1): In the first place, a political leader needs to determine what to do when the relevant intelligence is not accessible to the public.有些涉及国家机密的情报，大众不可能得知，那么领导人就得靠自己决断了。比如当获悉本拉登所在时，美国总统奥巴马和军方官员就得自己决定如何袭击他，不必听从，也无法听从不知道该情报的平民的意见。

要在中间段中指出如果要听从民众意见 就得公开信息 会带来怎样的后果

ts (pt2): However, if nearly every member of the society knows certain information, the official may consider the common persons’ ideas. 然而有些信息又是人民大众可以得知的，那么政府官员在做决策的时候，就得考虑一下他们的想法了。就像当美国民众得知越战的战况--美军自己伤亡惨重，而所杀死杀伤的大多是越南平民--时，掀起了大规模的反战运动，最终尼克松总统顺应民意，结束了越战。


ts (pt3): Furthermore, the leader should depend on their own judgment once the people’s goals collide. 政府官员常常面对国民的利益冲突，这时他们就得自己权衡利弊以定夺政策了。比如穷人向来期盼政府向富人收高税、向自己提供高福利，而富人总是期望政府向自己收低税、向穷人提供低福利。面对这种难以调和的分歧，政府官员就不能等待两派人马那无休止的争论有了结果再行决策。例如上世纪八十年代，英国经济不振，时任首相撒切尔夫人当机立断，向富人征低税，激发他们投资创造更多财富，而向穷人提供低福利，鼓励他们去努力工作。后来的结果便是英国经济大有起色，重新成为一个“值得尊敬的国家”。

ts (pt4): Notwithstanding, government officials need to satisfy the common demands of the society as a whole. 然而面对社会大众目标一致的时候，政府官员就得听他们的话了。比如“珍珠港”事件前，大多数国民不想卷入世界大战，只想保持中立，罗斯福政府就只推出租借法案，不直接参战；“珍珠港”事件后，大多数国民决定参加世界大战，罗斯福政府就向轴心国全面开战。

可以写全文 O(∩_∩)O谢谢

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感谢分享！！