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先说点题外话,这学期刚开学时我常来这里,gter给了很多启蒙的东西,后来就埋头准备了。现在这里都是生面孔:)不知道imong还挤不记得我,很谢谢他,还有很多前辈,galaxysong, Isunshine, pooh...很多都不记得了。现在终于轮到我发几经了,说说我的想法把,或许也只是碰运气而已,还是那句话: 尽信机井不如无几经。不过用来考前冲刺还是有用的。
几经的来源:
飞跃,gter,日月光华bbs,饮水思源bbs, 尤其是飞跃,我的主要观点就是再看了飞跃几经后形成的。建议gter 把编排方式改称飞跃那种,不同地区日期的一目了然。不过飞跃几经更新实在太慢了。
我总结的规律:
我是4.1。在看过3.1的高频题后我发现,3.1号的题在2.17-18; 2.25-27大量出现。也就是说考前两个时间段内题目值得参考 1)往前推3-4天;2)往前推12-13天。以此类推4.1的题目最容易在3.15-19, 3.25-27这两个时间段内出现,我最后一天产生的冲刺提纲就是针对这些最有可能出现的题,结果我考的就有一题(41)在里面。
我的冲刺提纲:
提纲,用得上的人名、词汇,都是自己总结的。有些例子和比喻我觉得还不错,可惜没用上。对最近的g友或许有些帮助。
10"Governments must ensure that their major cities receive the financial support they need in order to thrive, because it is primarily in cities that a nation's cultural traditions are preserved and generated."
写过
主要城市往往不是经济中心就是政治中心,他们容易受到外来事物的影响,并不是与保护与继承文化传统。
1主要城市往往是流行文化与趋势的最好表现者。
2在繁荣地区不可能有文化遗址,即使有也被现代文明破坏。偏远地区往往保存大量文化遗产,pyramid, Great Wall, Greek ancient temple.
文化传统只不过是虚构的概念和习惯代代相传,而实在的古文化遗产帮助保存这种文化传统。
3事实上经济支持对发展经济繁荣社会有好处,但这导致外来文化的入侵(更多接触和融合)不利于文化传统的保存。
207"Rituals and ceremonies help define a culture. Without them, societies or groups of people have a diminished sense of who they are."
写过
1Rituals and ceremonies在宗教或祭祀中形成,这正代表了一个文化发展早期的状况,对根源的理解 cult礼拜, 祭仪culture文化。
2典礼仪式可以用来区分不同文化社会的特征。西方和亚洲的婚礼服饰的颜色不同,黑和红。庄重的grand和喜庆festival。costume装束, 服装
3还有很多其他方式帮助定义文化,文化遗址,语言。
93"The concept of 'individual responsibility' is a necessary fiction. Although societies must hold individuals accountable for their own actions, people's behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making."
提纲
anarchic无政府主义的;despotic专制的
1个人责任的概念是必要的,社会政治家庭问题或多或少都来源于责任感的缺乏。
2社会正是通过在人们头脑中建立责任感来维持秩序保证平等。
3责任感是一种约束来源于教育舆论或内在情绪。
185"Scandals—whether in politics, academia, or other areas—can be useful. They focus our attention on problems in ways that no speaker or reformer ever could."
写过
1政治中有丑闻Nixon Watergate, reappointment连任, dictograph侦听器
2学术界也有绯闻,bell实验室一科学家fabricated数据。
3丑闻有助于监督非法或不诚实的行为,现代传媒为绯闻创造了条件。
144"It is the artist, not the critic,* who gives society something of lasting value."
*a person who evaluates works of art, such as novels, films, music, paintings, etc.
两者都有作用
1艺术家表达作品让人们感受到美melody;exquisite。音乐,绘画,雕塑,文学。表达美。
表达对人性对社会的看法。Titanic, Wuthering Heights, 促使人们的思考。
2批评家在public和艺术家间搭起put up桥梁,帮助民众理解Picasso, Van Grogh.
3帮助艺术家吸引民众的注意力,指出作品的缺陷帮助改进,让艺术家了解到民众的看法.
93"The concept of 'individual responsibility' is a necessary fiction. Although societies must hold individuals accountable for their own actions, people's behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making."
见前.
95"People work more productively in teams than individually. Teamwork requires cooperation, which motivates people much more than individual competition does."
现代社会合作不是效率高的问题,而是不合作几乎不行.
1现在社会的问题往往需要各方面的才干,而一个人难以照顾许多方面.
2闭门造车导致信息闭塞,每个人的思想可以相互启发illuminate.
3在团队内部也是有约束的,不像个人竞争只是个人的问题,在团队中一个人将影响到其他人,因此责任更大.经济人力资源的集中利用.
4"No field of study can advance significantly unless outsiders bring their knowledge and experience to that field of study."
写过
1学科与学科discipline之间是相通的,尤其是同类学科思考方式.即使不相通也可以打破思维定势,带来生机.
2处理问题的方法相似的统计学应用到经济学当中.
3交叉学科的发展,解决问题需要综合多种手段,计算物理学需要及动物里又懂计算机编程.
16"Although many people think that the luxuries and conveniences of contemporary life are entirely harmless, in fact, they actually prevent people from developing into truly strong and independent individuals."
1消磨人们的意志力,古代人们没有空调甚至电扇没有暖气一样熬过来了.为了生存历尽艰辛,锻炼出坚强毅力.
2增强了依赖性,高度自动化是人们都不用动手,强烈的依赖导致没有独立性.automobile 培养懒惰,懒于思考,没有创见.
3不过仍然需要,没有计算机的帮助人们不可能计算大数.不能快速的作出结果.
41"Such nonmainstream areas of inquiry as astrology, fortune-telling, and psychic and paranormal pursuits play a vital role in society by satisfying human needs that are not addressed by mainstream science."
写过
1非主流研究和主流科学相比只不过在于被人们接受的程度.从这点上,非主流学科和宗教没有区别.
过去由于科学的不发达宗教很能被人接受,因此占了上风被大多数人接受,随着科学占据人们的思想,科学城了主流的东西.
2在现在社会和自然界中,不确定的因素太多使人迷茫(confused)的因素太多,需要精神寄托,就像以前的宗教一样.
3到现在为止,科学仍是影响人们的最大因素.技术提升生活.深刻的理解社会.
165"In any given field, the leading voices come from people who are motivated not by conviction but by the desire to present opinions and ideas that differ from those held by the majority."
Dali达利(西班牙超现实主义画家); Gandhi and Martin Luther King civil disobedience
各领域中那些领导潮流的确由标新立异unconventional者所引起,但并不简单的只是追求不同.
1艺术上,Dali,Picasso,
2政治上,Gandhi,Martin.Luther.King civil disobedience
3科学上,Einstein,Newton得到自己的观点,批判的审视.都有深刻的信仰.Einstein信仰宇宙是完全规律性的,上帝不会掷筛子.God never dice.
单单只是追求不同,提不出真知灼见worthy,很多伪科学经不起检验被淘汰.
48"The study of history places too much emphasis on individuals. The most significant events and trends in history were made possible not by the famous few, but by groups of people whose identities have long been forgotten."
提纲
历史的确有人民群众完成并作为载体.
1可用于研究的材料往往围绕个人展开,个人可代表当时的情况.
2事实上没有必要探究到底是谁什么团体或个人引起了社会事件和变革,我们关注的是历史发展的趋势,可借鉴的事例.其实既使不是某个人导致 某个事件,也会有另一个人来完成,只是名字不同而已.
3历时以故事的形式展开更有趣味,易于理解,否则只能建立在空洞的想像上.
116"With the growth of global networks in such areas as economics and communication, there is no doubt that every aspect of society—including education, politics, the arts, and the sciences—will benefit greatly from international influences."
写过
legalized使合法化; Switzerland; belonging to terrorists; Coca-Cola; abject; assimilate同化,吸收
1现代通讯技术的确带来方便和快捷.进行远程操作,节省成本和资源.
2不过也带来了有危害的一面.带来经济犯罪,国际恐怖主义,方便他们转移资金.
3另外,全球化趋势被加强.导致文化的同化,不利世界的繁荣. 文化影响Coco-Cola, Nike
95"People work more productively in teams than individually. Teamwork requires cooperation, which motivates people much more than individual competition does."
见前.
152"The only responsibility of corporate executives, provided they stay within the law, is to make as much money as possible for their companies."
提纲
股份公司中,执行官的目的是位股东带来利益。
1应关注环境影响,尤其是在欠发达国家。
2树立良好的公司形象,McDonalds,reflect a positive image. Wal-mart charitable program.
3保持公司的长期生存能力。Enron energy company; Arthur Andersen
46"While some leaders in government, sports, industry, and other areas attribute their success to a well-developed sense of competition, a society can better prepare its young people for leadership by instilling in them a sense of cooperation."
见95前两点.
1与人交往的能力至关重要E-Q
2竞争感也的确是必不可少的.压力催人进步.生物界中,动物的竞争导致生存,反之衰败.狼和鹿
127"Facts are stubborn things. They cannot be altered by our wishes, our inclinations, or the dictates of our passions."
写过, 提纲
1人的智力,历史事件,自然规律难以改变,人们想掩饰有些既成事实根据自己的意愿,整形手术。cosmetic surgery
2科学实验中,事实就是唯一的判据。二十世纪初,物理学中两个实验无法与经典理论吻合,bell实验室舞弊事件。
3有些是事实可以改变的,这种事实只是在某个时候的客观状态。另外,事实是以人脑中的概念为依存的,从这点上讲也没有绝对性.
古人不可能想象的到外太空旅行.但已成事实.
196"Technology creates more problems than it solves, and may threaten or damage the quality of life."
assembly-line manufacturing生产线; two-eged sword
1技术进步带来了生活的提高,将人从繁重的劳动中解放出来.
解决了很多问题,吃穿住行.不一而足.
2不过也带来危害,对生活质量污染的影响,整天用电脑手机对健康有害
3对社会也带来危害,见116第二点.
186"Practicality is now our great idol, which all powers and talents must serve. Anything that is not obviously practical has little value in today's world."
写过tedious单调乏味的, 沉闷的, 冗长乏味的; utilitarian功利的; soccer
人们过于关注使用性,忽略了
1在科学领域,应用科学只关注实用性.因为往往由企业资助.而只有应用科学是显然不行的.
2人们追求实用性是为了低风险,快回报.企业投资往往看重能否受益.这就像炒股票时实用性的短线操作,和有远见长线操作后者更好.
3足球比赛中,只为了胜利而追求实用性的踢法,会导致tedious比赛.98世界杯决赛Brazil vs France
225"People often look for similarities, even between very different things, and even when it is unhelpful or harmful to do so. Instead, a thing should be considered on its own terms; we should avoid the tendency to compare it to something else."
有坏处但是一种好的思想方法。celestial, astrology占星; oneiromancy解梦
1人们的确倾向于寻找相似之处,因为这样至少表面上可以解释人们的疑虑。占星,人们将命运和天上星星运行相比较,做出预测。
2事实上人类也就是通过比较来学习和发现的,Developmental psychologists agree that人遇到新事物时将新事物与已认识的事物类比来认识 新事物,小孩子看见蓝颜色就说这是天的颜色。
3科学领域,Rutherford将原子内部结构和卫星绕天体运转类比,为打开原子世界的大门作出开创性(initial)贡献.
51"Education will be truly effective only when it is specifically designed to meet the individual needs and interests of each student."
提纲
在value上education应该conformity,在个人兴趣,个人要求上,education可以因人而异.
1value应该被一致的灌输。
2调动学生积极性,激发热情。唤起兴趣。而conformity带来no creativity
3不同学生有不同程度,要因人而异,因材施教. wonder child 维纳
206"People are too quick to take action; instead they should stop to think of the possible consequences of what they might do."
1现代告诉社会不允许人们太多的思考时间,学术界出成果讲就快,超前。
2做任何事情思考是必要的。就像写文章,必须有一个提纲挈领的构思才有全文。
3人们难以预见到长远和深刻的后果,有很多后果是相互促成的,间接的,原子弹。
203"The best way to understand the character of a society is to examine the character of the men and women that the society chooses as its heroes or its heroines."
写过
1政府往往通过塑造英雄及到宣传效果.Ramble in Vietnam War
2public中间也有偶像idol,bill gates.往往反映公众的价值标准.
3事实上社会的性格特征还可以从很多其他方面看出来.语言穿着媒体.
187"It is easy to welcome innovation and accept new ideas. What most people find difficult, however, is accepting the way these new ideas are put into practice."
1革新和创见是必要的,推动发展。社会进步来自于变革。社会制度,科学技术。
2应用转化的道路是漫长的,新想法到新理论到广泛承认再到实际运用。Faraday, ampere, Maxwell,电磁理论electromagnetism应用到存储技术。
3新技术是双刃剑,总有弊端,人们想办法约束管理他们,public也会长期争论。核能,clone technique
240"Although it is easy to respond positively to the work of another person or group, it is far more worthwhile to give negative feedback."
1正面肯定使人们放松对问题的完善一个政府高官成天面对赞扬和不切实际的正面报告,思想松懈,不思进取。
2负面质疑引起深入的思考,缺陷--〉发展完善。大的发展很有可能蕴含在一个小小的质疑中,两朵乌云
3不过正面鼓励有助于提高士气,干劲。教育,培养自信心。一味的否定打击人们的积极性。 |
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