请问阿罗约？？？

liangzhimingUID: 173138

偶快考了，学校图书馆又没开门。宿舍上不了网。好多想要的东西查起来很困难！请xdjm 帮帮忙，能否提供点关于阿罗约与美国，伊拉克微妙关系的资料。还有沙尘爆的？厄尔尼落？THANK YOU ！

[ 本帖最后由 iq28 于 2007-10-5 02:01 编辑 ]

dezhiUID: 156141

来自Encarta:
El Niño, oceanic and atmospheric phenomenon in the Pacific Ocean, during which unusually warm ocean conditions appear along the western coast of Ecuador and Peru, causing climatic disturbances of varying severity. The term originally was used to describe the warm southward current that appears in the region every December, but it is now reserved for occurrences that are exceptionally intense and persistent. These occur every three to seven years and can affect climates around the world for more than a year. The name El Niño, Spanish for “the child,” refers to the infant Jesus Christ and is applied because the current usually begins during the Christmas season. Because a fluctuation in air pressure and wind patterns in the southern Pacific accompanies El Niño, the phenomenon is known as the El Niño Southern Oscillation, or ENSO.

The climate disturbances caused by El Niño occur when sea surface temperatures in the southeastern tropical Pacific are unusually high. Normally, the warm waters are confined to the western tropical Pacific, with temperatures more than 10 Celsius degrees (18 Fahrenheit degrees) higher than the eastern waters of coastal Peru and Ecuador. The air pressure is quite low over the warmer waters. Moist air rises in the region, causing the clouds and heavy rainfall characteristic of southeastern Asia, New Guinea, and northern Australia. In the eastern Pacific, the water is cold and air pressure is high, creating the typically arid conditions along coastal South America. The trade winds blow from east to west, pushing sun-warmed surface waters westward and exposing cold water to the surface in the east.

During El Niño, however, the easterly trade winds collapse or even reverse. As the slight weakening of the winds causes a modest change in sea surface temperatures, the change in wind and pressure increases. The warm water of the western Pacific flows back eastward, and sea surface temperatures increase significantly off the western coast of South America. As this happens, the wet weather conditions normally present in the western Pacific move to the east, and the arid conditions common in the east appear in the west. This brings heavy rains to South America and can cause droughts in southeastern Asia, India, and southern Africa. It can also bring unusual weather to large parts of the United States.

Economic effects of El Niño are felt particularly in coastal Peru and Ecuador. These cold-water zones normally support large populations of fish, especially anchovies. The fish are caught commercially and also provide food for seabirds, whose guano is an important component of the regional fertilizer industry. However, during El Niño a layer of warmer, nutrient-depleted water from the west covers the nutrient-rich eastern coastal waters. The fish and birds die or leave the area in search of food, thus upsetting the economy of the region.

The El Niño events that began in 1982 and in 1997 were the most severe of the 20th century. Other recent occurrences began in 1972, 1976, 1987, 1991, and 1994.

liangzhimingUID: 173138

感谢dezhi.你的十句名言，现实性好强！N个月前被我打印贴在GRE扉页，一并谢了！

dezhiUID: 156141

哈,那是GTER论坛上早就流传的:)
下面是关于沙尘暴的,有点长.注意,要学会活用例子,即找到一个例子后,看看能不能用在多篇文章里,这才是最高效的方法

From Encarta

Dust Changes America

By Margaret Bourke-White


Vitamin K they call it—the dust which sifts under the door sills, and stings in the eyes, and seasons every spoonful of food. The dust storms have distinct personalities, rising in formation like rolling clouds, creeping up silently like formless fog, approaching violently like a tornado. Where has it come from? It provides topics of endless speculation. Red, it is the topsoil from Oklahoma; brown, it is the fertile earth of western Kansas; the good grazing land of Texas and New Mexico sweeps by as a murky yellow haze. Or, tracing it locally, "My uncle will be along pretty soon," they say; "I just saw his farm go by."


The town dwellers stack their linen in trunks, stuff wet cloths along the window sills, estimate the tons of sand in the darkened air above them, paste cloth masks on their faces with adhesive tape, and try to joke about Vitamin K. But on the farms and ranches there is an attitude of despair.


By coincidence I was in the same parts of the country where last year I photographed the drought. As short a time as eight months ago there was an attitude of false optimism. "Things will get better," the farmers would say. "We're not as hard hit as other states. The government will help out. This can't go on." But this year there is an atmosphere of utter hopelessness. Nothing to do. No use digging out your chicken coops and pigpens after the last "duster" because the next one will be coming along soon. No use trying to keep the house clean. No use fighting off that foreclosure any longer. No use even hoping to give your cattle anything to chew on when their food crops have literally blown out of the ground.


It was my job to avoid dust storms, since I was commissioned by an airplane company to take photographs of its course from the air, but frequently the dust storms caught up with us, and as we were grounded anyway, I started to photograph them. Thus I saw five dust-storm states from the air and from the ground.


In the last several years there have been droughts and sand storms and dusters, but they have been localized, and always one state could borrow from another. But this year the scourge assumes tremendous proportions. Dust storms are bringing distress and death to 300,000 square miles; they are blowing over all of Kansas, all of Nebraska and Wyoming, strips of the Dakotas, about half of Colorado, sections of Iowa and Missouri, the greater part of Oklahoma, and the northern panhandle of Texas, extending into the eastern parts of New Mexico.


Last year I saw farmers harvesting the Russian thistle. Never before had they thought of feeding thistles to cattle. But this prickly fodder became precious for food. This year even the Russian thistles are dying out and the still humbler soap weed becomes as vital to the farmer as the fields of golden grain he tended in the past. Last year's thistle-fed cattle dwindled to skin and bone. This year's herds on their diet of soap weed develop roughened hides, ugly growths around the mouth, and lusterless eyes.


Years of the farmers' and ranchers' lives have gone into the building up of their herds. Their herds were like their families to them. When AAA [Agricultural Adjustment Administration] officials spotted cows and steers for shooting during the cattle-killing days of last summer, the farmers felt as though their own children were facing the bullets. Kansas, a Republican state, has no love for the AAA. This year winds whistled over land made barren by the drought and the crop-conservation program. When [Henry] Wallace [secretary of agriculture from 1933 to 1940] removed the ban on the planting of spring wheat he was greeted by cheers. But the wheat has been blown completely out of the ground. Nothing is left but soap weed, or the expensive cotton-seed cake, and after that—bankruptcy.


The storm comes in a terrifying way. Yellow clouds roll. The wind blows such a gale that it is all my helper can do to hold my camera to the ground. The sand whips into my lens. I repeatedly wipe it away trying to snatch an exposure before it becomes completely coated again. The light becomes yellower, the wind colder. Soon there is no photographic light, and we hurry for shelter to the nearest farmhouse.


Three men and a woman are seated around a dust-caked lamp, on their faces grotesque masks of wet cloth. The children have been put to bed with towels tucked over their heads. My host greets us: "It takes grit to live in this country." They are telling stories: A bachelor harnessed the sandblast which ripped through the keyhole by holding his pots and pans in it until they were spick and span. A pilot flying over Amarillo got caught in a sand storm. His motor clogged; he took to his parachute. It took him six hours to shovel his way back to earth. And when a man from the next county was struck by a drop of water, he fainted, and it took two buckets of sand to revive him.


The migrations of the farmer have begun. In many of the worst-hit counties 80 per cent of the families are on relief. In the open farm country one crop failure follows another. After perhaps three successive crop failures the farmer can't stand it any longer. He moves in with relatives and hopes for a job in Arizona or Illinois or some neighboring state where he knows he is not needed. Perhaps he gets a job as a cotton picker, and off he goes with his family, to be turned adrift again after a brief working period.


We passed them on the road, all their household goods piled on wagons, one lucky family on a truck. Lucky, because they had been able to keep their truck when the mortgage was foreclosed. All they owned in the world was packed on it; the children sat on a pile of bureaus topped with mattresses, and the sides of the truck were strapped up with bed springs. The entire family looked like a Ku Klux Klan meeting, their faces done up in masks to protect them from the whirling sand.


Near Hays, Kansas, a little boy started home from school and never arrived there. The neighbors looked for him till ten at night, and all next day a band of two hundred people searched. At twilight they found him, only a quarter of a mile from home, his body nearly covered with silt. He had strangled to death. The man who got lost in his own ten-acre truck garden and wandered around choking and stifling for eight hours before he found his house considered himself lucky to escape with his life. The police and sheriffs are kept constantly busy with calls from anxious parents whose children are lost, and the toll is mounting of people who become marooned and die in the storms.


But the real tragedy is the plight of the cattle. In a rising sand storm cattle quickly become blinded. They run around in circles until they fall and breathe so much dust that they die. Autopsies show their lungs caked with dust and mud. Farmers dread the birth of calves during a storm. The newborn animals will die within twenty-four hours.


And this same dust that coats the lungs and threatens death to cattle and men alike, that ruins the stock of the storekeeper lying unsold on his shelves, that creeps into the gear shifts of automobiles, that sifts through the refrigerator into the butter, that makes housekeeping, and gradually life itself, unbearable, this swirling drifting dust is changing the agricultural map of the United States. It piles ever higher on the floors and beds of a steadily increasing number of deserted farmhouses. A half-buried plowshare, a wheat binder ruffled over with sand, the skeleton of a horse near a dirt-filled water hole are stark evidence of the meager life, the wasted savings, the years of toil that the farmer is leaving behind him.

dallowayUID: 156640

其实例子可以不甚多的说，关键是角度，最强的是听过一个学哲学的准备issue，例子准备了不过10个，通用的说

liangzhimingUID: 173138

很多时候没话说，或一时紧张思维不严，找点例子总可以缓冲一下吧， 论起来实在点，又能凑字，呵！！！！