我的构思是,一个正题:支持两者存在不可调和性,一个反题,两者可以互补、共存,以及一个对题目的新诠释。结论将是一个合题,作者巧妙的避免下简单直接的结论。这是英文学术作文最基本的技巧:把什么话都说到。根据我在国外写作的经验,英美人最注意文内是不是有counterargument:the capacity to incorporate plausible counterarguments into your argumentation. 因此绝对不要只提供一方的意见,那会被认为是intellectually naive。
The thesis that tradition and modernisation and/or modernity are two incompatible social patterns with differences irreconcilable…点明文章的目标…this essay will try to examine the validity of this thesis with reference to the complex pattern of interplay between them….导论十分重要
II) Tradition defined
按照传统习惯,要对tradition和modernisation分别定义。我考试时对tradition的定义是: a set of established and received
social pattern which includes social norms, values, faiths, practices, customs and ideologies, and most importantly, it is
commonly perceived as having a historical past. 具体的传统必须是对特定的社群才有意义:tradition(s) must be community/society-specific and relevant only within those cultural and communal boundaries.
举传统的例子: value references, religions and faiths, languages, customs such as dressing and food; folklores and legends; social-political ideologies; propensity of collective and individualistic cultural practices (which could refer to any social activity and performance) ; shared meanings and expectations etc.
III) Modernisation defined
现代化,即工业革命后的rationalisation, namely the ascendancy of reason and the belief in human progress; secularisation; the primacy of materialism over traditional spiritualism; the increased importance of economic life vis-a-vis other social activities and realms; individualism (vs traditional collectivism). The belief in liberty, democracy and natural/human rights. The decline of religious faith and mythicism. The unchallenged position and status of science in epistemology and methodology. Etc 指出现代化其实就是工业化和西化,是科技和意识形态一体的,贯穿整个社会生活。
b) 现代化经济生活带来个人主义和物质主义。传统价值观念,如家庭观念的缺失。列举战后各个社会家庭观的减弱:经济发展和现代化往往产生新的核心家庭(nuclear family),继之而来的是高离婚率、同居、低生育等等。The value placed upon family has faced a continual decline over decades; the conceptualisation of family as a spiritual anchor/sanctuary and is a foundational unity of social stability and coherence has been significantly challenged;
this social phenomenon has also been observed to have spread to many other communities and societies which is under the processes of modernisation…
c) 传统,如宗教和陈规陋习,对经济发展和科学研究带来的阻碍
d) 某的传统和现代性具有相当的不可调和性:举例:伊斯兰和现代化。先举土耳其在上世纪进行的世俗化、西化努力,但是最终没有完全成功;反之而来的是the rise of Islamic fundamentalism in the past decades…it can also be perceived as an implicit reaction against modernisation and modernity.
指出某的价值和现代性之间是根本的冲突,现代性必然摧毁传统,因为这些传统在意识形态上根本反对现代性。 引用Huntington的Clash of Civilisation理论,认为某种程度上它实际是一种传统和现代性(西化)的对抗。
小结论:肯定了传统和现代性存在冲突和不可调和性
V) 两者可以共存
a) 并非所有的传统都是意识形态的;many traditions are not ideological at all and can often find themselves sit easily with modernity. 比如:食品
b) 传统的不可替代的积极性:
★ provides shared meanings and consensus
★ leads to a convergence of expectations in social practices and performances (我偷用Krasner定义international regime的一段话);
★ provision of sense of belongings and identity (强调identity的重要性,为第六部分埋下伏笔); the basis of
distinctive communal/societal identity and culture. The basis of nationalism.
★ the basis of social coherence and unity
★ the connection between current and the past; the basis of all historical-mindedness.
现代化带来的现代性使人们更需要传统. Modernisation has effectively rendered new meanings and social functions to tradition. In a modernised world is believed by many that people are increasingly subjected to the feel