感觉写的最好的一篇 issue 127

sailwingsUID：153212

今天上午模考的时候写的，晚上改了一下（几乎是重写了一遍）
不过感觉是我最好的一篇了，尤其是观点的展开上。
在这里与大家分享，也希望大家多提意见

Issue127:
Facts are stubborn things. They cannot be altered by our wishes, our inclinations, or the dictates of our passions.


1 从概念上区分事实，事实分为三个层次：
Objective facts: 假定是客观存在本身
Empirical facts: 人们从所谓的”objective facts” 感觉到，感知到的事实
Statement facts: 人们将经验事实用抽象的语言所表述出来的时候的事实
2．有一种先入为主的观点（朴素的唯物主义）认为人们的经验事实就代表的事objective facts（假设存在的话）认为经验事实等同于reality or material objects. (比如我们看到一个绿色的，近似于圆形的硬物体，可以吃，有甜味，我们就认为客观存在一个苹果与之对应。人们认为客观事实是唯一的，不以人和人的主观意愿所改变。但是我们不难发现一种现象：不同的"objective facts"经由不同的人感知可以得出不同的"empirical facts"（比如正常人和色盲人对于颜色的认识）事实上，每个人都只能够通过观察，经验获得事实，每个人得到的事实都是从自身处发得到的经验事实。并不存在一个完全独立于人主观意愿之外的stubborn facts.人只能从自身现有的感观，认识能力出发去观察，认识世界
每个人都只能够通过观察，经验获得事实，每个人得到的事实都是从自身处发得到的经验事实
3.另外，在经验事实再语言中变为statement facts的时候，有经过了人主观的变形。语言并不能完全表现经验事实，或者客观事实。语言都是高度的抽象，对细节的省略，主观意愿的融合
4。结论：到底存不存在一个完全独立于人的objective facts是人类理性不能解决的（kant）这种objective facts只能够作为信仰。这是人类认识的局限。


To better understand and analyze this issue, we should firstly distinguish three different levels or forms of facts. Those in the first level are “objective facts”, which is to mean the purely objective existing objects or things, if they really exist. In the second level there are “empirical facts”, which are gained by observation, perception and all other experience of people. In the last it follows “statement facts”-facts that are stated by the abstract tool of language.

There is a natural, but wrong idea (the original or simple appearance of materialism) held by people that their empirical facts-those gained from experience-can truly stand for and represent the “objective facts.” They easily equate empirical facts with reality or “objective material”. If we “see” an apple-a green, approximately round, hard, comestible object that tastes sweet and succulent-we naturally believe that there is a sheer objective existence of “apple” according to our visual experience. What we see is what actually the apple is. Further on, for people believe that “objective things” are unique, stable, unchangeable, and can not be altered by our subjective intentions, they infer that facts are also stubborn things, which can not be altered by our subjective mind-our wishes, inclinations, values, beliefs or passions.

However, as a matter of fact, people often hold different understandings, opinions and concepts toward a same “objective fact”. Different historians often offer different descriptions of a certain historical case, while scientists interpret the same experimental results with different perspectives. This is to mean, from the same “objective facts”, different persons can reach different “empirical facts”. A normal person can identify various colors in our world while in a color-blind patient eyesight, there are only two colors of black and white. This is a good example of that we form different perceptions of a same “objective object”. We can not refer any of the different perceptions to be right or wrong. Actually, people can only gain facts through perception and observation. All those facts are “empirical facts” from their subjective senses. There are no facts existing outside human beings’ subjective realm.

If you and your friends go to have dinner in a Chinese restaurant, all of you would hold different opinions about Chinese dishes. Some one may think they are delicious and it’s a pleasant to enjoy them while some one may regard them to be totally unpalatable. Some one may think the “Hot and Spicy Soap” to be really pungent, while some one may think it’s just moderately proper. Different people, from their own subjective senses, inclinations and values form different opinions and perception of a same object. Thus, there are no “stubborn facts” that without being affected by human subjective inclinations. What we can do is to understand and perceive the world with our own intentions and senses.

When “empirical facts” turn “statement facts”, those facts are being reshaped by our subjective intentions-our wishes, inclination and so on-again. When we state the facts, we must use the language as a communication tool. However, those “statement facts” carried by language can neither represent “empirical facts”, nor “objective facts”. Every language is deeply abstract. The language statement is a mixed product of the omittance of details, abstractness of objects or things, and subjective intentions. If some one tells a fact, “I see a boy.” Actually you know nothing. How is the boy? Is it a tall one or short one? Is he fat or thin? Is he black or white? All detailed information is omitted by the language. And also, we only get a vague, blank depiction and conception of “a boy”. It can not stand for or portray the objective existence the boy. We will never say, “I see a tall, fat, black, lovely…boy.” Even in that way, we can not cover all the details. Meanwhile, the “statement facts” reflect our subjective inclinations, wishes and values. To describe a same boy, one may say, “I love him” while other one may give, “I hate him”, though they refer to the same person. Thus, “statement facts” are also not “stubborn” and altered by our subjective intentions.

In conclusion, what people can gain are only “empirical facts” that are subjectively perceived and formed. Those “empirical facts” are not “stubborn”, and they are the products of our subjective intentions. Whether there are any “stubborn fact”-those truly objective and beyond our subjectivity is in doubt, for we can never demonstrate the existence of “objective facts” by our “empirical facts” that are supposed to be derived from them. We can, As Kant once remarked, actually never knew whether there are such “objective facts” existing. They can only serve as beliefs, either scientific or religious. This is the limitation of human epistemology.

lakeqianUID：157560

晕倒。。。楼主看来很懂哲学。。。

underseaUID：158944

这篇文章论点比较新颖，从三种不同但又相联系的fact进行展开，得出objective facts是不变的，但人们只能得到empirical facts, 这是因人而异的。
这种先定义，再分别论证的方法值得借鉴
但你所论证的statement facts在结尾段中怎么没有提到，那么一大段论述了，怎么也应该涉及到吧

nittanyUID：174712

我的疑问是objective facts应该是客观存在不可改变的，比如下雨下雪，房屋建筑等等。。要论证没有objective facts那就只能是唯心主义了。

sailwingsUID：153212

究竟存不存在objective facts是人类理性所不能解决的问题，这是康德的观点
无论唯物主义抑或唯心主义其实也没有进行论证
“客观”是否真正存在是一个无法用人类主观解决的问题，因而其只能够作为一个信仰和假定

我并没有否认objective是否存在，但我们确实不能指导它是否存在，这就是我的结论


undersea：
最后一段应该写到empirical facts  谢谢你的建议：）