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大学英语四级语法精解 [复制链接]

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发表于 2005-7-6 01:11:19 |显示全部楼层

英语语法技巧辅导:非谓语动词之动词不定式

非谓语动词是近年四级考试中语法项目考查的重点,也是学习过程中容易混淆出错的一个方面。那么,什么是非谓语动词呢?学习非谓语动词应该注意哪些问题?下面我跟大家一起来分析一下。动词根据它能否单独作谓语可以分为谓语动词和非谓语动词。顾名思义,非谓语动词在句中不能单独作谓语。非谓语动词有三种:动词不定式、动名词和分词。在第27、28期报纸中,我们将对其一一分析,帮助同学们掌握其用法。

  不定式是一种非谓语动词,由"to+动词原形"构成(使用时有时不带to),在句子中不能单独作谓语。它具有名词、形容词和副词的特征,同时又保持了动词的某些特征,在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补足语。不定式的否定结构由不定式符号to前加not构成,即"not to+动词原形"。考试中的难点在于时态(一般式to +v、进行式to be +v-ing、完成式to have +v-ed、完成进行式to have been +v-ing)、语态(主动和被动to be +v-ed / to have been +v-ed)和带或不带to的问题。

  1.接不定式作宾语的动词和动词短语

  1)下列动词直接跟带to的不定式作宾语:afford, agree, appear, arrange, ask, attempt, bear, beg, begin, care, choose, claim, consent, dare, decide, demand, desire, determine, expect, fail, fear, forget, happen, hate, help, hesitate, hope, incline, intend, learn, like, love, manage, mean, neglect, offer, plan, prefer, prepare, pretend, promise, propose, refuse, regret, remember, seem, start, swear, trouble, try, undertake, want, wish等。例如:

  He has planned to study French next year.他打算明年学法语。

  2)下列动词可以接"疑问代词who, whom, what, which,疑问副词when, where, why, whether, how +to不定式"作宾语:ask, consider, decide, discover, explain, find out, forget, guess, imagine, know, learn, observe, remember, show, tell, think, understand, wonder等。例如:

  She can't decide what to do.她决定不了该做什么。

  该结构"疑问代词/副词+to不定式"还可以作主语、表语、宾语、介词宾语、定语等。如:

  What worries me most is what to say at the meeting.使我着急的是不知道在会上说些什么。

  3)believe, consider, feel, find, judge, make, think等动词后的宾语如果是不定式,补语是形容词或名词时,常用it作先行宾语,把不定式后置。例如:

  I found it impossible to answer all the questions within the time given.我发现在限定时间内回答所有的问题是不可能的。

  4)下列短语后接不带to的不定式:can't but(不能不), can't help but(不能不), can do nothing but(没有办法只好), can't choose but(不得不),had better(最好), would rather(宁愿), might(may) as well(还是……为好)。例如:

  I could do nothing but pretend that I didn't know it.我没有办法,只好假装不知道此事。

  另外,在but(除了), expect(除……外), save(除……外)等之前用了do,其后的不定式一般不带to;若用了别的动词,其后的不定式一般加to。如:

  They did nothing else except work.他们除了工作以外什么也不干。

  The windows were never opened except to air the room for a few minutes in the morning.窗子除了在早晨打开给房子透透气之外,从来不开。

  2.接不定式作宾语补足语的动词和动词短语

  1)可以接不定式作宾语补足语(即"动词+宾语+不定式"结构)的动词很多。下列为常见的接带to的不定式作补足语的动词(带*的表示在1.中出现过的):advise, allow, ask*, bear*, beg*, cause, command, desire*, compel, encourage, expect*, forbid, force, get, help, hate*, instruct, intend, invite, leave, like*, mean*, need*, oblige, order, permit, persuade, prefer, press, recommend, request, remind, teach, tell, tempt, trouble*, want, warn, wish*等。例如:

  Tell him not to wait any longer.告诉他别再等了。

  2)feel, have, hear, let, make, notice, observe, see, watch, listen to, look at等动词用于"动词+宾语+不定式"结构中作宾语补足语时,必须省略不定式符号to。但在不定式作help的宾语补足语时,不定式的to可以省略,也可以不省略。例如:

  Mrs. Brown made me stay in New York for two more weeks.布朗太太留我在纽约多住了两周。

  Did you notice anyone come in?你看到有人进屋了吗?

  当这些动词用于被动语态时,后面的不定式就成了主语补足语。要注意的是,作主语补足语时不定式符号to不能省略。例如:

  They were made to work day and night.他们被迫日夜干活。

  3.带逻辑主语的不定式

  1)不定式的逻辑主语由"for+名词/代词"构成。该结构"for+名词/代词+不定式"可用来作主语、宾语、表语、状语等。例如:

  Experts say walking is one of the best ways for a person to stay healthy.专家说散步是保持身体健康的一种最佳方法。

  2)在有些形容词之后的不定式的逻辑主语常用"of+名词/代词"结构。该结构"of+名词/代词+不定式"一般仅用于"It is +adj. +名词/代词+不定式"结构,而且it可以改为this或that。这类形容词有:good, kind, nice, foolish, polite, wise, clever, cruel, rude, clever, stupid, wrong, careless, brave, generous, thoughtful等。在这种结构中,形容词既表示性格特征,又表示行为特点。如果形容词仅修饰不定式,表示对名词或代词评价则用of,若是与名词或代词无关,则用for。试比较:

  It was nice of Xiao Wang to lend Xiao Zhang the book.小王真好,把书借给了小张。(既说明小王好,又说明小王借得对。)

  It was nice for Xiao Zhang to get the book.小张拿了书真好。(只表示小张拿了书对,不说明人的性格。)

  4.不定式的完成式

  动词不定式的完成式用于表达发生在位于动作之前的动作或状态,也可以表达预计在将来某一时刻之前完成的动作或状态。除此之外,不定式的完成式还常用于表达本该发生却没有发生的事。常带这种不定式的谓语动词有:pretend, intend, mean, appear, seem, should like, expect等。如:

  I should like to have gone with them.我本来想和他们一道去的。

  5.不定式+介词

  作定语或状语等用的不定式,常根据上下文的需要,后接介词。尤其在不定式是不及物动词时,需带介词,后不接宾语。如:

  She is easy to get on with.和她相处很容易。

  不定式与介词连用,可以有另一种结构:介词+whom(which)+不定式。如:

  Mary needs a friend to play with.或:Mary needs a friend with whom to play.玛丽需要有一个朋友一起玩耍。
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发表于 2005-7-6 01:11:46 |显示全部楼层

语法讲座:从句

一 名词性从句: 
1. 主要包括主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句和同位语从句. 一般由that 引起,也可由who, what, when, why, which, whom, whether, how 引起.
What you need is more practice.
The question is whether it is worth doing.
We must find out who did all this.
We expressed the hope that he would come to China again.
2. 主语从句很多情况下都可以放到句子后面,而用代词it作形式上的主语. 例如:
It isn’t likely that I should accept such an offer as that.
It is still a question when we shall have our sports meet.
3. 形式宾语
I think it best that you should stay here.
She took it for granted that he would receive it with shame.
4. 由名词性关系代词whatever, whoever, whichever 等引起的宾语从句
He will do whatever the teacher asks him to do.
I’ll take whoever wants to go with me to the theatre.
Take whichever you like best.
5. whether and if 都能引导从句, 但用法有所不同. 当主语从句直接位于句首时,应用whether,而不用if. Whether 后能直接or not, 但if 不能.
Whether he will come or not is not known.
6. 在名词reason后的表语从句必须用that引导, 不可误用 because.
The reason why he is often late for class is that he has the bad habit of getting up late in the morning.

二: 定语从句
1. 引导定语从句的关系词有who, whom, whose, that, when, where, why and which. 在非限制定语从句中, 只可用which, who, whose, where , when., 如果指代前面整个句子, 多用which.
The dog that/which was lost has been found.
Those who are in favor of the proposal are expected to discuss it in detail after the meeting.
There are many organizations whose purpose is to help the homeless.
The days when we had to rely on wool, cotton or silk for our clothes have now passed.
Air moves from places where the pressure was high to places where the pressure is low.
This is the reason why he refused to help us.
He was born in 1976, when an earthquake struck the country.
They turned a blind eye to the suffering of the people, which enraged all of us.
2. 当引导定语从句的先行词前有all, any, no, little, much, very first 等词, 或先行词前为形容词最高级所修饰时,或先行词为all, anything, nothing, something, everything 时,从句的引导词只能用that.
The only thing that matters to the children is how soon they can have their holiday.
These are the very points that puzzle me.
Is there anything that bothers you?
This is the best film that was ever produced by the company.
3. as 可做引导词引导定语从句, 多和such, the same 连用. As 引导的定语从句也可修饰整个句子, 既可放在先行词后,也可放在句子开头.
Such people as you describe are rare nowadays.
The boy was run over by a motor-car, as often happened in pre-liberation Shanghai.
As is often the case, the girl forgot to bring her dictionary.
We are opposed to such ideas as are not based upon objective facts.
4. 介词+which/whom/whose从句
The driver is the man from whose room she had stolen the gold watch.
Language is a tool by means of which people communicate ideas with each other.
Jane spent all evening talking about her latest book, of which none of us had ever heard.
Water dissolves a part of nearly everything _______ it comes in contact.
a. where b. that c with which d as soon as
5. 代/名+介词+which 从句
he is needing a book, the name of which I don't know.
In factories and in our daily life, there are many waste materials, all of which can he turned into useful things under certain condition.
To make an objective test the teacher writes a series of questions, each of which has only one correct answer.
6. 同位语从句和定语从句
The news that he has been admitted by Harvard University is very pleasing.
The news the you told me was really exciting.
7. 难句:
He is one of the men who were chosen to represent the group.
He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment.
I shall never forget the day when we first met.
I remember the morning when he first came to school.
I shall never forget the days which I spent in the countryside.
The room where he lived is kept in good repair.
Alva found a place in the cellar ______ he uses as his first laboratory.
A where B which C what D in which
The way in which/that you answered the questions was admirable.

三 状语从句: 修饰主句中的动词, 形容词和副词, 通常有从属连词引导, 按其意义和作用可分为时间, 地点, 条件, 原因, 让步, 目的, 结果, 方式, 比较.等
1. 时间状语从句: 
1) 常见连词有 after, as, before, once, since, till, (not)until, when, whenever(no matter when), while, as long as, as soon as etc.
As you look at yourself in a mirror, you’ll seen an identical image of yourself.
It is a long time before it is possible to test the medicine on human patients.
It was not until…that
Not until…did he…
Not until I received the letter, did I know he had gone to America.
It was not until….
When I got to the airport, I suddenly remembered that I had left the ticket behind.
I was about to leave, when something occurred which attracted my attention.
Whenever we have difficulty, he’ll come to help us.
2) no sooner…than, hardly(scarcely, barely)…when: 刚做…就….
No sooner had I opened the door than the telephone rang.
She had scarcely news when she fainted.
3) 还有 immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the minute, the instant, the second, every time etc
I’ll tell you about it the moment you come.
I got in touch with him immediately I received his letter.
2. 地点状语从句: 一般用where or wherever 引导
I will stand where I can see the parade clearly.
Wherever they went, they were warmly welcome.
3. 条件状语从句:真实条件从句:if, unless, so long as, provided that, supposing that, on condition that, in the event that, in case that etc
I will not go to her party if she doesn’t invite me.
I will not go to her party unless she invites me.
4. 原因状语从句: 从属连词有because, as ,since, for, now, that, in that, seeing that, considering that(鉴于,由于)
As the school regulations are written quite clearly, there is nothing more to be explained.
Considering that the sweater was hard made, it was not expensive.
Seeing that they are inexperienced, they are doing quite a good job.
5. 让步状语从句: 
1): even if, though, even though, while(尽管) no matter what/how/which, however, whatever, whichever, however etc.
He will not give up smoking even though the doctor advises him to.
Whatever the consequence may be, I will be on your side.
However hard she tried to explain, nobody trusted her.
It has been the same result, whichever way you do it.
2) 由as 引起的让步从句, 语气较强烈,被强调的词须放在句首.
Simple as the question may seem, it is not at all common in nature.
Cold as it is, the children play outdoors.
Much as I respect him, I can’t agree with him.
Object as you may, I will go on with my plan.
3) whether…or,不管…或…
whether you be a student or a teacher, you are required to obey the regulations of the school.
6. 结果状语从句: so that, so…that, such…that
He is so humorous that we’ll never forget him.
She is such a nice girl that everybody likes to make friends with her.
7. 目的状语从句: so that, in order that, for fear that, lest, in case
I checked all the results time and again for fear that there should be any mistakes.
Telephone us in advance in order that we might make the necessary arragements.
8. 方式状语从句: as, just as, as if: 如同…一样
we should do the exercise as our teacher tells us.
You talk as if you had really been there.
It looks as if it is going to rain.
Nails protect the ends of human fingers and toes as claw protect the toes of most animals.
The young man operates the machine as the old worker has taught him.
9. 比较状语从句:
1) as…as, not so/as…as 
the film was not so exciting as we expected.
The history of nursing is as old as the history of man.
She likes them almost as much as Paul does.
2) 比较级+than, so much/a lot more than
She looks much younger than she is.
The universe is a lot more complicated than you think.
3) no more…than, not more…than, less…than
Jack is no more frightened than Mike is.
Jack is not more frightened than Mike is. 不像马克那么害怕
Tom is no more rich than Black
3) the more…the more
The farther north you go, the severer the winter is.
The more I see of him, the less I like him.

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发表于 2005-7-6 01:13:10 |显示全部楼层

虚拟语气详解

第一部分:语气的定义和种类

1 语气(mood)
语气是动词的一种形式,表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。
2 语气的种类
⑴、陈述语气:表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的,用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。如:
①There are two sides to every question.每个问题都有两个方面。
②Were you busy all day yesterday?昨天一整天你都很忙吗?
③How good a teacher she is!她是多好的一位老师啊!
⑵、祈使语气:表示说话人对对方的请求或命令。如:
①Never be late again!再也不要迟到了。
②Don’t forget to turn off the light.别忘了关灯。
⑶、虚拟语气:表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实,而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如:
①If I were a bird, I could fly in the air.如果我是一只小鸟,我就能在空中飞行。
②I wish I could pass the examination.我希望我能通过考试。
③May you succeed!祝您成功!
虚拟语气在语法里算得上是个难点。让我们就从最简单的开始吧。


第二部分:简单句中的虚拟语气

一、情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时,表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌、或委婉的语气,常用于日常会话中。如:
⑴.Would you be kind enough to show me the way to the post office?请你告诉我去邮局的路好吗?
⑵.It would be better for you not to stay up too late.你最好别熬夜到很晚。
二、表祝愿。
1、常用“may+动词原形”表示祝愿,但愿,此时may须置于句首(多用于正式文体中)。
⑴、May good luck be yours!祝你好运!
⑵、May you be happy!祝你快乐!
⑶、May you do even better!祝你取得更大成就!
⑷、May you have a good time. 祝愿你玩的痛快。
⑸、May the friendship between us last long. 祝愿我们的友情天长地久。
⑹、May you be happy. (注意那个be ) 祝你幸福。
2、用动词原形。例如:
(1).Long live the people! 人民万岁!
(2).“God bless you,”said the priest.牧师说:“愿上帝保佑你!”
(3).Have a good journey! 祝愿你旅途愉快!
三、表示强烈愿望。(该类型虚拟语气谓语仅用动词原形,第三人称单数也不加“s”)
(1).God save me.
(2).Heaven help us.
四、表命令
1.命令虚拟语气只能用在第二人称(you),而且通常省略主语(也就是you)。
2.句子尾通常加上感叹号:!
3.虚拟语气动词用一般现在时态(Simple Present),如:work, be , go
4.否定形式的命令语气,可用助动词do,加上not。
(1). Work !
(2). Work harder !
(3). Be more alert ! (虚拟语气动词Be)
(4). You go out !
(5). Do not work so hard. (do not 表示否定的虚拟语气)
(6). Don't be afraid. (口语中常用don't 代替do not)
五、在一些习惯表达中。如:
(1).You’d better set off now.你最好现在就出发。
(2).I’d rather not tell you the secret.我情愿不告诉你这个秘密。
第三部分:名词性从句中的虚拟语气
第一节:宾语从句(Subordinate Clasue)中的虚拟语气
一、在动词wish后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气
在动词wish后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气,常省去宾语从句的引导词that。
一)、对现在情况的虚拟(与现在的事实相反):
从句用过去式或过去进行式(时间上是同时的)。其句子结构为:宾语从句的谓语be和were(was),实义动词用过去式。例:
1. I wish (that可省略,下同)I knew the answer to the question.(wish, 动词过去式knew)我希望知道这个答案。(事实上是不知道)
2. I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.(wish, were)但愿我的家乡四季如春。(事实上不可能)
3. I wish I were a bird.(wish, were)但愿我是只小鸟。(事实上不可能)
4. When she was at the party,she wished she were at home.(wished,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不在家)
5. Now that he is in China, he wishes he understood Chinese.(wishes,过去虚拟动词understood)
现在他在中国,他希望能懂得中文。(事实上并不懂)
6. When we begin the trip, they will wish they were with us.(will wish,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不和我们在一起)
二)、对过去情况的虚拟(和过去的事实相反):
用wish表示对过去事情的遗憾。其句子结构为:宾语从句的谓语用过去完成时,或would, could, might+现在完成时。例:
1. I wish (that可省略,下同)I hadn't wasted so much time.
我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。(事实上已浪费了)
2. He wishes he hadn't lost the chance.
他真希望没有失去机会。(其实已失去)
3. We wished he had spoken to us.
(wished,had + spoken)(事实上他并没同我们讲)
4. I wish you had called earlier.
(wish, had + called)(事实上已迟了)
5. They will wish they had listened to us sooner.
(will wish,had + listened)(事实上并不如此)
例题分析:I wish I ______ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.
A. could have slept   B. slept  C. might have slept   D. have slept
动词wish后面接从句,表达不可能实现或与事实相反的情况时,谓语动词要用虚拟语气,即用过去式(表示现在发生的动作)或过去完成式(表示过去发生的动作)。本题后半句谓语动词have用的是过去时had 
to get up and come, 所以前面要用过去完成时表示过去发生的动作。所以, 选项A)could have slept是答案
三)、对将来情况的虚拟(表示将来的主观愿望):
从句动词"would/should/could/might + 动词原形"(时间上较后)(请注意:主句和从句的主语不相同)。用wish表示对将来事情的愿望。例:
1. I wish it would stop raining.(虚拟动词would+动词原形stop)
我希望雨能停止。(事实上雨还在下着呢)
2. I wish you would be quiet.(would + be)
我希望你安静一些。(事实上那家伙还在吵着呢)
3. You wished she would arrive the next day.(would + arrive)
你希望她第二天会到。(事实上她还没到)
4. I wish she would change her mind.(would + change)
我希望她会改变主意。(呵呵,女孩子可没那么容易就改变主意喔)
5. He will wish we would join him the following week.(would + join)
(只是希望我们和他在一起,实际上还没在一起)
四)、注意:
1.如果将wish改为过去式wished, 其后that 从句中的动词形式不变。例如:
I wished I hadn't spent so much money.
我要是那时没有花掉那么多钱就好了。
2. 如果that 从句中用would , 一般表示对现状不满或希望未来有所改变或请求
I wish he would answer my letter.
I wish prices would come down.
I wish you would help me.
I wish you would stop asking silly questions.

二、在表示建议、命令、要求、忠告等动词的后面的宾语从句中的虚拟语气
由于这些动词本身隐含说话者的主观意见,认为某事应该或不应该怎样,这些词语后面的“that”从句应用虚拟语气,且均以“should+动词原形”表示这种语气,但事实上“should”常被省略,故此从句中谓语动词用原形,常用的此类动词有:
表示“要求”的:ask, desire, request, demand, require, beg
表示“提议、劝告、建议”的:move, prpose, suggest, recommend, advise, vote
表示“决定、命令”的:decide, order
表示“主张”的:maintain, urge
表示“同意、坚持”的:consent, insist
例如:
1.The doctor suggested that he (should) try to lose his weight.
2.He insisted that we (should ) tell him the news.
3.When I suggested that he try shaving cream, he said, “The razor and water do the job. ”(当我建议他用刮胡膏时,他说“剃刀和水就行了”。)
4.He pursued various theories for several days until I suggested we take the toy apart to see how it did work. (他费了几天功夫寻找理论根据,直到我建议拆开看看它是如何转动的。)
5.One can suggest that students should spend two or three years in an English?speaking country. (我们建议学生应在说英语的国家呆上两三年。)
在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中虚拟语气很普遍,其结构如:
order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist +... (should) do 
6.I suggest that we (should) hold a meeting next week.
7.He insisted that he (should ) be sent there.
但注意:在insist 后的从句中, 如果是坚持自己, 用陈述语气, 坚持别人做什么事情, 用虚拟语气.
8.she insists that she is right.
9.she insisted that I should finish the work at once.
或者说,suggest, insist不表示建议或坚持要某人做某事时,即它们用于其本意暗示、表明、坚持认为时,宾语从句用陈述语气。
10.The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules. 
判断改错:
(错)11. You pale face suggests that you (should) be ill. 
(对)12. Your pale face suggests that you are ill.
(错)13. I insisted that you ( should) be wrong.
(对)14. I insisted that you were wrong.
例题分析:15.It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios ______ after 11 o'clock at night.
A. were not played   B. not be played 
C. not to play     D. did not play
全句意思是:“旅馆管理部门恳请客人晚上11点后不要打开收音机”。句中的谓语动词request(请求)所引出的从句应当用虚拟语气,即动词原形或“should+动词原形”。本句的主语从句中,主语radio是谓语动词play 的客体,谓语应当用被动语态。所以,答案是C) not be played。在上述这类句子中不能用动词过去时形式表示虚拟语气,所以A)不正确。选项B) not to play是动词带to的不定式,不能在句中作谓语。选项D)did not play也是动词play的过去时形式,同样不能在本句中作为虚拟语气来使用。而且,它是主动语态形式,而本题要用被动语态。
练习:
16). The chairman requested that .
[A]the members studied more carefully the problem
[B]the problem was more carefulnessly studied
[C]with more carefulness the problem could be studied
[D]the members study the problem more carefully
17). The committee recommends that the matter at the next meeting .
[A]would be discussed
[B]will be discussed
[C]be discussed
[D]may be discussed
18). The doctor insisted that his patient .
[A]that he not work too hard for three months
[B]take it easy for three months
[C]taking it easy inside of three months
[D]to take some vacations for three months

三、在expect, believe, think, suspect等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气
在expect, believe, think, suspect等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中,我们经常用“should+动词原形(或完成形式)”,表示惊奇,怀疑,不满等。
I never thought that he should be such a brave young soldier. 
我们从来没想到他是个如此勇敢的小战士。
练习:
1) that the time will soon be ripe for intervention in Iran,they would be faced by a large army?
[A]It is believed
[B]Should they believe
[C]They would believe
[D]If they would believe
2) I think it advisable that he for Tokyo soon.
[A]will leave
[B]may leave
[C]leave
[D]leaves

四、would rather , would sooner,had rather, would (just) as soon ,would prefer之后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气
would rather , would sooner, had rather, would (just) as soon,would prefer(希望)也用来表达主观愿望,它们之后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式表示现在或将来,用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反。表示”宁愿做什么”或"对过去做的事的懊悔"。
(1).I would rather he came tomorrow than today.
(2).John would rather that she had not gone to the party yesterday evening.
(3).Don' t live in the world, I would rather( I would just as soon) you die.
(4).I would rather you go tomorrow.
(5).I would rather everything hadn' t happened in the past.
(6).The manager would rather his daughter did not work in the same office.经理宁愿她女儿不与他在同一间办公室工作。
(7).To be frank,I'd rather you were not involved in the case.坦率地说,我希望你不要卷入这件事。
(8).You don't have to be in such a hurry.I would rather you went on business first.你没有必要这么着急,我宁愿你先去上班。
(9).I'd rather you didn't make any comment on the issue for the time being.我倒希望你暂时先不要就此事发表意见。
(10).Frankly speaking ,I'd rather you didn't do anything about it for the time being.坦白地说,我宁愿你现在对此事什么也不要做。
(11).Wouldn't you rather your child went to bed early?为什么你不愿让你的孩子早点上床呢?
(12).I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.我真希望你昨天把这本书还了。

注:①若某人愿自己做某事,would rather后用动词原形
I would rather stay at home today.
②would rather...than...中用动词原形
I would rather stay at home than go out today.
五、“had hoped”后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气
用“had hoped”表示原来希望做到而实际上未能实现的事情,其宾语从句的谓语用“would+动词原形”。
I had hoped that she would go to the U.S. and study there, but she said she liked to stay in China.我原本希望她到美国去念书,但她说她喜欢留在中国。

第二节:主语从句中的虚拟语气
一、“It is (was)+形容词(或过去分词)+that……”结构中的虚拟语气
在形如“It is (was)+形容词(或过去分词)+that……”结构中,使用某些表示愿望、建议、请求、命令、可能、适当、较好、迫切、紧近、重要等形容词后的主语从句的谓语也用虚拟语气。其表达形式为should +动词原形或省略should直接用动词原形(美国英语中省去should)
常用的形容词:* natural (自然的), appropriate (适当的),advisable (合适的), preferable (更可取的), better (更好的)* necessary (必须的), important (重要的), imperative (急需的), urgent (急迫的), essential (本质的), vital (必不可少的)* probable (很可能的), possible (可能的)* desirable (极好的)advisable(合理的),compulsory(必须的),crucial(紧急的),desirable(理想的),essential(必要的),imperative(迫切的),incredible(惊人的),necessary(必要的),possible(可能的),strange(奇怪的),urgent(紧迫的)。
常用的过去分词(Past Participle):* required (需要的), demanded (要求), requested (被请求的), desired (要求)* suggested (建议), recommended (推荐)* orderd (命令)
1. It is necessary that we (should 可省略,下同)have a walk now.(necessary, should + have) (表示有需要去散步)
2.It was necessary that we (should) make everything ready ahead of time.(necessary, should + make) (表示有必要事先做好准备)
3. It is required that nobody (should) smoke here.(required, should + smoke) (表示要求不要在此抽烟)
4. It is important that every pupil (should) be able to understand therule of school.(important, should + be) (表示重要的是学生都能了解校规)
5. It's important that we (should) take good care of the patient.(important, should + take) (表示重要的是照顾好病人)
6. It is natural that she should do so. (形容词natural, should+动词原形do)
7.It is essential that these application forms be sent back as early as possible.这些申请表应尽早地寄回,这是很重要的。
8.It is vital that enough money be collected to fund the project.重要的是募集足够的钱,为这个项目提供资金。
9.It is desired that we(should)get everything ready this evening.希望我们今晚一切都准备就绪。
注:在上述所列形容词后面用that引出的宾语从句中,谓语动词也要用虚拟语气。
10.I don't think it advisable that Tom be assigned to the job since he has no experience.汤姆缺乏经验,指派他做这项工作我认为是不恰当的。

二、在It is +名词+that…的主语从句中的虚拟语气
在It is +名词+that的主语从句中,常用虚拟语气,表示建议、命令、请求、道歉、怀疑、惊奇等。这类名词
有:advice ,decision ,desire ,demand ,idea,motion ,order,pity ,preference ,proposal,recommendation ,
requirement,resolution,shame,suggestion,surprise,wish,wonder等。
⑴、It is my proposal that he be sent to study further abroad.我建议派他去国外进一步学习。

第三节:虚拟语气用在表语从句或同位语从句中
当某些表示建议、请求、命令等主观意向的名词作主语时,其后的表语从句或同位语从句需用虚拟语气,其表达形式为should +动词原形或直接用动词原形。这类名词常见的有:
demand (要求), desire (请求),requirment (要求)
advice (劝告), recommendation (建议),suggestion (建议)
order (命令)
necessity (必要地), preference (优先)
proposal (计划), plan (计划), idea (办法),
recommendation以及plan,idea,resolution等。
We are all for your proposal that the discussion be put off.我们都赞成你提出的将讨论延期的建议。
The suggestion that the mayor present the prizes was accepted by 
everyone.由市长颁发奖金的建议被每个人接受。
⑴、 The advice is that we (should 可省略,下同) leave at once.
(名词advice,should + leave) (表示加以劝告)
⑵、 My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the 
conference.
(idea, should + get) (表示做出主意)
⑶、 I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week.
(proposal, should + hold) (表示做出计划)
⑷、 The judge assented to the suggestion that .
[A]both of the criminals will soon be set freedom
[B]some of the criminals there are of guilt only
[C]the girl was to be paroled in the custody of a welfare society
[D]the prisoner be sentenced to death

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发表于 2005-7-6 01:15:12 |显示全部楼层

大学英语四级语法精解

非谓语动词等语法项目的测试特点和应对策略。 


一、 非谓语动词 


近几年的语法测试中非谓语动词约占31.1%,平均每年近5道题,可谓是语法项目考查的重点,那么非谓语动词的考查都有哪些特点,解答时又应注意些什么呢?下面我和大家就一起来分析一下: 


1、非谓语动词考查特点 


1) 谓语动词与非谓语动词的判断 

对谓语动词与非谓语动词区别的考查主要集中在独立主格结构,如: 

All things ___ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing buttake the train.(1999.1) 

A. had been canceled B. have been canceled 

C. were canceled D. having been canceled 

四个选项中有三个是谓语动词,只有D是非谓语动词,只要同学们能判断出这里是非谓语动词做状语,则不用考虑时态的问题,答案自明。 


2) 谓语动词后不定式与动名词的选择 

谓语动词后接不定式还是接动名词也是四级语法测试中的一个题眼。如: 

① I don't mind ____ the decision as long as it is not too late. 

(2000.1) 

A. you to delay making B. your delaying making 

C. your delaying to make D. you delay to make 

② Had I remembered ____ the windows, the thief would not have 

got in.(1996.1) 

A. to close B. closing 

C. to have closed D. having closed 

③ Your hair wants ______ . You'd better have it done tomorrow. 

A. cut B. to cut C. cutting D. being cut(1997.6) 

这类题涉及三个方面: 

谓语动词后应该接不定式还是动名词? 

即可接不定式又可接动名词时,结构和意思上有何差别? 

不定式与动名词用主动形式还是用被动形式? 


3) 做定语的非谓语动词的选择 

从近几年的考查情况来看,对做定语的非谓语动词的考查有两种情况: 

(1)对一般概念的考查,而不是固定结构中的非谓语动词做定语。如: 

① The project ____ by the end of 2000, will expand the city's 

telephone network to cover 1,000,000 users.(1999.6) 

A. accomplished B. being accomplished 

C. to be accomplished D. having been accomplished 

② If I correct someone, I will do it with so much good humor 

and self-restraint as if I were the one ______.(1996.6) 

A. to correct B. correcting 

C. having been corrected D. being corrected 

同学们只要掌握非谓语动词做定语的一般的规律,就可以判断①题答案为C,②题答案为D。 

(2)对固定结构的考查,如: 

① The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds _____ his 

arguments in favor of the new theory.(2000.6) 

A. to be based on B. to base on 

C. which to base on D. on which to base 

② The pressure _____ causes Americans to be energetic, but it 

also puts them under a constant emotional strain. 

A. to compete B. competing 

C. to be competed D. having competed 

①题为不定式做定语的固定形式,答案为D,②题为某些特定名词的定语结构,答案为A。在英语中有些名词,如动词变来的名词,形容词变来的名词,以及means,way, time, moment, reason等要求其后用不定式做定语,不定式没有体的变化。 


4) 做状语的非谓语动词的选择 

做状语的非谓语动词主要考查其各种形式的选择,如: 

① ______ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would 

fall off the edge of the earth.(1996.6) 

A. Having believed B. Believing 

C. Believed D. Being Believed 

② _______ a teacher in a university, it is necessary to have at 

least a master's degree.(1995.1) 

A. To become B. Become C. One becomes D. On becoming 

③ Realizing that he hadn't enough money and ____ to borrow from 

his father, he decided to sell his watch.(1995.1) 

A. not wanted B. no to want C. not wanting D. wanting not 

④ ___ it or not, his discovery has created a stir in scientific 

circles.(1997.1) 

A. Believe B. To believe C. Believing D. Believed 

从以上各题来看,考查的侧重点有: 

(1)状语类别的判断 

不同的状语对非谓语动词的要求不同,目的状语要求用不定式,如②。 

(2)非谓语动词与句子属于之间的逻辑关系 

根据主谓关系或动宾关系的不同来确定用现在分词还是用过去分词。 

(3)非谓语动词的否定形式 

not否定非谓语动词时置于非谓语动词之前,如③。 

(4) 独立成分 

有些非谓语动词的使用不受与句子主语关系的限制,称为独立成分,这类成 分只记忆即可。如: 

generally speaking, judging from..., to tell the truth..., 等。 


5) 做补足语的非谓语动词的选择 

做宾语补足语的非谓语动词受谓语动词的限制,不同动词后的宾语补足语形式要求不同。近几年对各类宾补都有考查。如: 

① They are going to have the service man ____ an electric fan in the officetomorrow.(1998.1) 

A. install B. to install C. to be installed D. installed 

② After a few rounds of talks, both sides regarded the territory 

dispute ______.(1998.6) 

A. being settled B. to be settled 

C. had settled D. as settled 

③ You will see this product ____ wherever you go.(2000.6) 

A. to be advertised B. advertised 

C. advertise D. advertising 

④ His remarks left me _____ about his real purpose.(1999.6) 

A. wondered B. wonder C. to wonder D. wondering 

⑤ When I caught him ______ me I stopped buying things there and started dealingwith another shop.(1997.1) 

A. cheating B. cheat C. to cheat D. to be cheating 

⑥ The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the 

audience _____ on benches, chairs or boxes.(2000.1) 

A. having seated B. seating C. seated D. having been seated 


考查涉及到感官动词后的宾语补足语,如③。 

have, make, let, leave等特殊单词后的宾语补足语。 

regard类后面的宾语补足语 

with独立分句后面的 

常用动词后面的宾语补足语。 


6) 做表语的非谓语动词的选择 

表语的考查多侧重于分词做表语形式的选择,很少有动名词的用法的考查,虽然选项中有不定式作为干扰项,只要能看出是做表语的也就不用考虑。如: 

① The house was very quiet, ____ as it was on the side of the 

mountain.(1999.6) 

A. isolated B. isolating 

C. being isolated D. having been isolated 

② These surveys indicate that many crimes go _____ by the police,mainly becausenot all victims report them.(2000.6) 

A. unrecorded B. to be unrecorded 

C. unrecording D. to have been unrecorded 

分词做表语可以做系动词be的表语,也可以做其它系动词的表语,如go, feel,seem, look, remain等等。这些系动词后非谓语动词的饿用法规则是相同的。 


7) to作为介词与作为不定式符号的选择 


to可以是介词,也可以用来引导不定式,四级考试中对种类用法的考查也比较多。如: 

① I have no objection _______ your story again.(2000.6) 

A. to hear B. to hearing 

C. to having heard D. to have heard 

② The traditional approach ____ with complex problems is to break down intosmaller, more easily managed problems.(1996.6) 

A. to dealing B. in dealing C. dealing D. to deal 

③ The man in the corner confessed to _____ a lie to the manager 

of the company.(1997.6) 

A. have told B. be told C. being told D. having told 

这类考题的考查方式有两种,一是四个选项中有两个相对的选项to do something 和 to doing something,这时考查的自然是to的性质;另一种是to在题干中,如③。 


8) 分词前连词的使用 


分词前连词的使用是为了使分词的作用更加明了,使考生更加准确地理解试题。考查有两种情况 

(1)根据连词选择适当的分词形式 

Michael used to look hurt and surprised when ______.(1995.1) 

A. scolding B. to scold C. having scolded D. scolded 

when的使用说明非谓语动词做时间状语,答案不可能是B,从scold与句子主语间的逻辑关系来看,应该是动宾关系,答案应该是D。 

(2)根据状语的功能选择不同的连词 

Careful surveys have indicated that as many as 50 percent of 

patient do not take drugs ___ directed.(1996.1) 

A. like B. so C. which D. as 

由上下文的意思可以看出,分词所做的是方式状语,连词应该是as。 


9) 非谓语动词的体 


非谓语动词中分词的体有完成体和进行体,即having done, having been done和being done,完成体只用于做状语的场合,而进行体可以用于做定语和做补足语。 

动名词的体也有having done, having been done和 being done的结构主要用于做主语和宾语的场合。 

不定式的体有to be doing 和to have done,主要用于pretend, happen, seem, appear, be said to等结构中。如: 

① The man in the corner confessed to _____ a lie to the manager 

of the company.(1997.6) 

A. have told B. be told C. being told D. having told 

having told在句中做介词宾语,表示动作发生在谓语动词之前。 

② I'd rather read than watch television; the programs seem ____ 

all the time.(1997.1) 

A. to get worse B. to be getting worse 

C. to have got worse D. getting worse 

从all the time的使用可以推断get worse是一个渐变过程,所以用不定式的进行体。 

③ The speech _____ a lively discussion started.(1995.1) 

A. being delivered B. was delivered 

C. be delivered D. having been delivered 

该结构属于独立主格结构做时间状语,状语分词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前,所以应该用完成体,答案为D。 

 

[ Last edited by timeleaver on 2005-7-7 at 10:50 ]

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发表于 2005-7-6 01:15:42 |显示全部楼层
二、 比较级 


1. Test Yourself 


  在我们分析比较级的测试特点探讨其应对策略之前,让我们首先看以下几题。 

  1) Radio, television and press ____ of conveying news and 

  information.(1995.6) 

  A. are the most three common means 

  B. are the most common three means 

  C. are the three most common means 

  D. are three the most common means 

  2) If tap water were as dangerous as some people think, ________ 

  would be getting sick.(1998.1) 

  A. a lot of more us B. more a lot of us 

  C. a lot of us more C. a lot more of us 

  3) The trumpet player was certainly loud. But I wasn‘t bothered by 

  his loudness ___ by his lack of talent.(1999.1) 

  A. than B. more than C. as D. so much as 

  4) Americans eat ____ as they actually need every day.(1998.6) 

  A. twice as much protein B. twice protein as much twice 

  C. twice protein as much D. protein as twice much 

  5) There are few electronic applications ____ to raise fears 

  regarding future employment opportunities than robots. 

  A. likely B. more likely C. most likely D. much likely 

  6) The little man was ____ more than one meter fifty tall.(1995.1) 

  A. nearly B. quite C. hardly D. almost 

  7) Certain programs work better for some ___ for others.(1995.1) 

  A. and B. than C. as D. but 

  8) It is not unusual for workers in that region ____.(1995.1) 

  A. to be paid more than a month late 

  B. to be paid later than more a month 

  C. to pay later than a month more 

  D. to pay late more than a month 

  9) It is reported that ________adopted children went to know who 

  their natural parents are.(1997.1) 

  A. the most B. most of C. most D. the most of 

  10) The little man was _______one meter fifty high.(1997.1) 

  A. almost more than B. hardly more than 

  C. nearly more than D. as much as 

  参考答案: 

  1) C 2) C 3) D 4) A 5) B 6) C 7) B 8) A 9) C 10) B   


2. 比较级测试特点 


  在四级测试中,比较级属低档题,比较简单,考查范围大体有 

  1)比较级形式的判断 

  比较级考题在设计干扰项时一般都会有比较与非比较的选择,more than 与as/so …as的选择。如上面的③,⑤。 

  2)比较级的修饰语 

  比较级的修饰语包括修饰语的结构和修饰语的选用。 

  结构指比较级修饰语须置于比较级之前,如①,②和④。 

  修饰语的选用根据其所表达的意思而定,如⑥,⑩。 

  3)比较级结构与其它结构的区别 

  如⑧中形容词修饰语more than a month与比较级结构的区别,⑨中most 与the most的区别。 


3. 比较级应对策略 


  1)如果选项中有比较级结构,则该题则为比较级考查题,可根据比较级使用规则选择正确答案。 

  2)比较级修饰语应注意more than 或as…as结构之前。 

  3)注意比较结构的完整性,要么是more than 结构,要么是as/so …as 结构,或是the more …., the more ….的句型。 

  4)注意结构的各种变体: 

  结构内出现名词时的结构可以是as old a car, as many /much/few/little …as。 

  5)如果有比较 对象的选择应注意比较对象的一致性和互不包容性。如: 

  His English is better than anyone else‘s in his class. 


三、 情态动词 


1. Test Yourself 


  首先让我们分析以下近几年情态动词的考题: 

  1) This box is too heavy, _________give me a hand?(1998.1) 

  A .would you mind B. would you please 

  C. will you like to D. will you please to 

  2) Research findings show we spend about two hours dreaming every 

  night , no matter what we ____ during the day.(1999.1) 

  A. should have done B. would have done 

  C. may have done D. must have done 

  3)It was very kind of you to do the washing-up,but you____ it.(1998.6) 

  A. mustn‘t have done B. wouldn‘t have done 

  C. mightn‘t have done D. didn‘t have to do 

  4) If you don‘t like to swim, you ___ stay at home.(1995.1) 

  A. should as well B. may as well 

  C. can as well D. would as well 

  5) You ____ him so closely;you should have kept your distance.(2000.6) 

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发表于 2005-7-6 23:11:44 |显示全部楼层
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RE: 大学英语四级语法精解 [修改]

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