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这里是word版。
前面是自己经常做错的题，后面一些很有用的规则！
1 The basic elements of public-opinion research are interviewers, questionnaires, tabulating equipment, and a sample population.<<--
The basic elements of public-opinion research are interviewers, questionnaires, tabulation equipment, and to sample population.
Equipment—不可数名词；
本题考察并列结构
2 It has been reported that during any twenty-four hour period, a minimum of three hundred North America women start their own business.<<-
It has been reported that during any twenty-four hour period, a minimal of three hundred North American women start their own business.
Twenty-four hour period 中的hour不用复数形式；
Of前面一般是名词：这个知识点常考察，要引起重视
3 Dwelling primarily in the icy (ice) northern polar seas, beluga whales are characteristically small, white, agile, and elusive.
形容词和名词词性，形式的区别
4 In medicine, certain plastics have important uses because they are not affected by chemicals in the body, and they do not harm the body.
看到动词的被动语态一定要注意：by；是否是被动的-动词的时态常考察！
5 Although ferns lack flowers, they do have leaves, stems and roots
考点：并列结构—leaves, stems and roots
陷阱：lack的用法lack：n，vt，vi；
6 The world’s deepest cave, Pierre St. Martin in the Pyrenees mountain, is almost three times as deep as the Empire State Building in high.
7 None two butterflies have exactly the same design on their wings]
None: 不能作形容词修饰名词，词性为：pron，adv；
陷阱：the same…as
8 Among the chief cross-pollinators of flowers are honeybees, (whose) hives are placed in orchards for this purpose.
陷阱：句子前面是介词短语，乍一看是个短语，然后就认为句子中划线部分却主语，导致误选-这种错误在考场上比较容易犯，因为时间紧
9 Gorillas are the most terrestrial of the great apes because their bulky size makes them ill suited to dwelling in trees.
Note: dwell in：居住…；dwell on：细想，祥述; 代词常考
10 In general, humanistic theories tend to stress the significance of emotions in learning. (People are accustomed to using in learning without the)
11 It is believed that people referred to as “Vikings” reached North America about the year A.D. 1000.
Reach: Vt. Therefore, it is wrong to use the phrase: reach to North America.
Note: refer to as… is correct.
12 Geochemists have theorized that the earth may have begun as part of a huge cloud of dust and gases.
Part of something; dust is a no Pl.
13 Bones are held in place at the joints from strong ligaments that fasten to the bones above and below each joint.
看到被动语态就要注意by
14 Living organisms contain more water _________ substance.
(A) than do any other
(D) than they do any other
they: living organisms; && do: contain
15 The United States Department of the interior designated the Brooklyn bridge _________ in 1964.
Note: designate, win, elect+双宾语
16 In jazz music, a riff is a simple melodic figure, _________ and repeated several times.
(A) usually one or two measures lasted
(D) usually lasting one or two measures
17At its center, the sun has a density of over a hundred times _________ and a temperature of 10 to 20 million degrees centigrade.
(A) that of water
(B) of water
(C) than that of water
(D) water
Female horseflies transmit a few diseases, but their main significance as pests is in sting of their bite.
Communal dance, as a powerful symbol of mutual regard and cooperation group, underlies enduring traditions in folk dancing.
That->the annual worth.
The more…the more…结构
（1）The more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格，新题专门考这条规则
（2）the more后面的谓语如果是be动词的话，可以省略；
（3）第二个the more后面可以使用倒装，而第一个后面却不行。
The more, the more其实原因状语从句，前面是原因，后面是结果，倒装句中必须是主句倒装，从句绝对不能够倒装。
The stronger the magnet, the greater the number of lines of magnetic force.
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, the greater the stress to the body.
Make结构
Make结构即为：make+sth.(宾语)+possible（宾语补足语）
共有三种形式：make it possible to do
make it possible that
make possible sth(这个sth一定很长，它后面有一个后置定语)
做题技巧：如果 possible后面右to do或者that引导的定语从句，中间一定有it
如果possible后面有名词，中间一定没有it。
For example:
1 X-rays are able to pass through objects and thus make visible details that are otherwise impossible to observe.
2 Using many symbols makes it possible to put a large amount of information on a single map.
动词ing＋名词的复数做主语结构
动名词和现在分词的区别和联系
现在分词相当于形容词，和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系；
动名词是相当于具有动词特性的名词，和后面的名词是动宾关系。
Doing exercises is a good habit.
The starring troops have to surrender
Eliminating problems by transferring the blame to others is often called scapegoat.
Painting wooden buildings helps to protect them from damage due to weather.
Pained wooden buildings--buildings
Painting wooden buildings—painting
Scientists think that losing leaves helps some tree to conserve water in the winter
状语从句省略结构
Metals expand when they are heated
Metals expand是主句; when they are heated是状语从句，但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are，句子变成： Metals expand when heated.但是并不是所有的状语从句豆科一这么省略。
这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足一下两个条件：
(1) 从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致；
(2) 从句的谓语动词必须是be动词，主语和be动词同进同出，比如上面的they和are要么同时省略，要么同时保留。
For example:
Although apparently rigid, bones exhibit a degree of elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand considerable impact.
填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式：
though, although, ever though, while, if, when等为引导状语从句的词；这些此后面一定＋形容词（分词），主句（注意逗号的后面是主句，前面是从句）
For example
All marble is composed of crystals of the minerals calcite or dolomite, which, when pure, are perfectly white. –when pure 是插入语
Even though relatively costly, the diesel engine is highly efficient and needs servicing infrequently.à Even though it is relatively costly, the diesel engine…
定语从句省略结构
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略
1 Most crocodiles will eat anything (than) they can capture and overpower.
2 A majority of people in the United States can get all the calcium their bodies require from the food they eat.
“介词＋名词”在定语从句中做表语时，关系代词和be动词同时省略，剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语：
3 To produce one pound of honey, a colony of bees must fly a distance equal(s) to twice around the world
4 A neutron star forms when a star much more massive than the Sun dies and explodes.
同位语结构
同位语考试形式一：名词作主语，主语同位语：___, ---, ___ 注意两个逗号
1 The tongue, the chief organ of taste, is an important aid in chewing and swallowing.
同位语考试形式二：名词作主语，后面的名词是主语同位语，解释说明后面的名词：____, ____ 注意是一个逗号
2 A prolific writer of prose and verse, Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause of Native Americans in her novel, Century of Dishonor
3 Often very much annoying weeds, goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants.
同位语考试形式三：主谓宾后面出现一个名词，那么名词可以作为宾语或者表语的同位语
An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 yards, approximately the distance from Marathon to Athens.
What结构
What=the thing that
1 The chief foods eaten in any country depend largely on 『what grows best in its climate and soil—宾语从句』
2 During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory became what is now Indiana and Ohio.
In that 结构
在表示原因的引导词中：
because of+N.
consequently: adv
in that:原因状语的引导词
1 Mercury differs from other industrial metals in that it is a liquid.
2 Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual in that they travel over land and water on a layer of air.
如果选项中出现“介词＋which”或者“in that”，那么首先考虑这个选项， 如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构，那么这个选项一定是答案
3 Emily Dickinson’s garden was a place from which she drew great inspiration for her poems.
介词＋which
which后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子
in which 后面则跟一个完整的句子
1 In the United States, a primary election is a method by which voters select the nominees for public office
2 Croquet is popular lawn game in which players hit wooden balls through wire arches called wickers
宾语从句结构
宾语从句的引导词
state（陈述，表明）＋that
indicate（指明，表明）＋that
1 The quantum theory states that energy, such as light, is given off and absorbed in tiny definite units called quanta or photons
2 Studies of the gravity field of the Earth indicate that its crust and mantle yield when unusual weight is placed on them
平行结构
如果填空题中空格的后面有and，或者and后面有空格，则考察平行结构
填空中平行结构的形式：A and B―――A，B，and C
The technique of recording, classifying, and summarizing the transaction of an enterprise is known as accounting.
主句单一原则
Where they occur, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form.『where they occur:地点状语从句』
Although Fort Wayne Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center.
It结构
It is the interaction between people, rather than the events that occur in their lives, that is (are) the main focus of social psychology.『interaction:是主语』
It is an increasing international exchange of educational films.
复合宾语结构
有些及物动词＋宾语后意思表达不完整，需要再加形容词或者名词来补充说明濒于被叫做不完全及物动词，该形容词或者名词叫做宾语补足语。宾语补足语叫做复合宾语。当宾语和宾补由主动语态变为被动语态，分别变为主语和主补
we played soccer
We called him Bob—Bob在这里作为宾语补足语
He was called Bob---Bob 在这里作主语补足语
经常要求使用宾补的动词：make, consider, call, elect, appoint, elect.
we appoint him monitor
we elected him president
Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck hunting, but the American Kennel Club does not consider them sporting dogs because they are now primarily kept as pets.
The/a/an
The Yukon River, which flows into the Bering Sea, gives its name to a region of Alaska and a territory of (the) Canada.
The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to (the) nineteenth century.
An enormous variety of information may be obtained from a large daily newspaper.
The Mississippi, the longest river in the United States, begins as a small, clear stream in northwestern Minnesota.
Eclecticism is the practice of mixing elements dissimilar in style in a single work of art.
It has been reported that during any twenty-four hour period, a minim of three hundred North American women start their own business.
The evolution of fishes is a history of constant adaptation to new possibilities, and a refinement of these adaptations
不可数名词：
抽象名词：
news information population English music management enthusiasm work happiness
physics politics mathematics mechanics statistics biology
物质名词
equipment chalk glass grass jewelry wood.
不可数名词语可数名词的区别
1 a sheet of steel----a piece of furniture----two pieces of work----an item of news
2 an advice-> a piece of advice
Historians believe that some forms of (an) advertising must be as old as barter and trade.
On Ellesmere Island in the Arctic one fossil forest consists of a nearly hundred large stumps scattered on an exposed coal bed.
Nuclear energy, despite its early promise as a source of electrical power, is still insignificant in comparison with older and safer energy source.
Be compared with; in comparison with…
代词
(1)掌握代词的几种格：主格、宾格、所有格
(2)反身代词：当主语和宾语表示同一事务时，宾语使用反身代词。
(3)代词的单复数、代词的性别
The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from those flowing into the Pacific.
In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined the world “normalcy” to express social and economic conditions they promised the nation.
Many critics believe that Amy Lwell’s most important work is not poetry, but his biography, John Keats, published the year of her death.
（4）who/which的区别
（5）that和which的区别
（6）定语从句的特殊省略。
Reason---why.
Time------when
Way.------in which
介词
（1） 介词搭配
The teeth in the upper jaw function together with those in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind wood.
The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal->
The Allegheny Mountain range is rich in cola
（2） 最重要的两个介词
a 介词of多余或者遗漏
Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water
Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has starred in stage, television, and film productions on both side the Atlantic Ocean
B 介词by，一种情况表示被动，另一种表示通过…的方式。
Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with operations on sets of number of other elements that are often represented at symbols
Along the east coast, American Indian women’s councils could veto a declaration of war at refusing to supply moccasins and field rations.
谓语动词
谓语动词的主谓一致：
主谓分割原则：To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, America’s national bird, symbolize strengthen and freedom.
与后者一致原则：not…but; not only…but also…
与前者一致原则: N+with/together with/as well as/including +复数名词
就近原则：or，either…or; neither…nor…
如果是陈述句，考后面近，用复数
如果是疑问句，考前面近，用单数
The structure or behavior of many protozoans are amazingly complex for single-celled animals.
定语从句主语就近原则
there are five applies that are red.
A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets carry a supply that last just a few seconds.
The+形容词主谓一致：
The rich are not always happier than the poor
倒装句的主谓一致：
there be N..N
between/among放在句首＋be＋名词，所以be和名词保持一致
(1) There are no known society in which left-handed people
predominate.
(2) Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 miles in width.
百分比结构的主谓一致：
fifty percent of+名词
one percent of+名词
one percent of my students + are
fifty percent of my time is spent on working.
Half of=fifty percent
Most of+可数名次＋are
Most of+不可数名词＋is
谓语动词的时态
主要考察时间状语；for和since的区别：（1）for后面使用时间段，since后面使用时间点 （2）since后面只能用现在完成式；for最主要用于现在完成式和一般过去是
谓语动词的语态
四组动词：（1） prove：My advice proved to be wrongA majority of the reports received from people claiming to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked(3) locate, situate这两个词可以用作主动，表示把..放在…地方，确定…的位置bats locate obstacles 用作被动：My school was located near the rive.Locate如果用作主动，后面必须跟宾语。（2） 表示需要的概念need，want，requireMy watch needed repairingMy watch needs to be repaired(4)表示人的情感的动词：move, annoy, surprise, please he is so moving he is greatly moved.主动和被动总结：如果句子中有一个“过去分词＋by”，如果断定它是谓语，前面必然有动词be(4)
Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries __ commercially for their meat and eggs
A Raised //B and are raised//C raised as //D are raised
排列位置的平行：
___ the surface of metal, but also weakens it.
Not only does rust corrode
Not only rust corrodes
Rust, which not only corrodes
Rush not only corrodes(由but also放在动词前可知，not only也必须置于动词前)
对于not only，but also的用法有几种：
1 S+ not only+谓语，but also＋谓语
2 Not only+主谓，but also+主谓
3 Not only+主语＋谓语, but also＋谓语，错误.
词性的混用：
（1） 坐表语时形容词和副词的混用：作表语永远用形容词，绝对不能用副词
Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and when they are in captivity they breed poorly.
（2） 加宾语时名词和动名词的混用
后面加宾语当然要用动名词：
Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds and keeping the soil in the best condition to help the crop grow until it is ready for harvesting.
（3） 表示时间时，状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用
表示时间用两种可能：
一种是状语从句，由when and while引导，后面加句子
另一种由介词引导，如during，后面加名词
Balloon observations for military intelligence were made while the American Civil War.
Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen
（4） 对等连接词和近义副词的混用（else，also，instead）
Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam’s interest in social work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations
Paper is strong under tension instead crumples easily under the stress of compression.
（5） 表示人的名词和表示物的词混用
An editor is customary a brief newspaper or magazine article that gives personal comments on current events
For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. (music->musicians)
Realistic novels, in trying to present life as it actually is, have written many works that are notable for their artistry of style.(novels->novelists)
（6）只能用副词＋数量词＋名词；不能用形容词
nearly two hundred students
two hundred diligent students.
动词时态：
Coal and petroleum resulted when plants become buried in swamps and decayed.
Before the plains were settled, prairie dog towns in many places stretch as far as the eye could see.
1 only+adv(when, before, if, after)或者only+介词短语（由in,under, by, on, after等引导）提前必须引起部分倒装
Only then did he realize how stupid he had been
Only after entering the store did Arthur realize that there was dange
Only in the library can she concentrate on her study
2 often, such, so等副词提前，部分倒装
So diligently did he work that he got hight scores on the final exam
Such was his wish that the world would stay away from war forever.
Often did we go on a holiday in hot summer.
California relies heavily on income from crops, and so does Florida.
3 in, out, down, up, away, off, here, there, over等副词提前，全部倒装
Off got the staggering gentlemen
Here are the photos I took at the seaside.
Due to persistent inbreeding, self-pollinating plants have genetically more uniform than cross-pollinated plants, which harbor more genetic variability.
Managers often receive considerable training in the “technical” aspects of their jobs, yet little in the “people management” aspects.
So/ just as/ yet(转折连词)/ and that.
She said she would be late, yet she arrived on time
[ Last edited by iver on 2005-8-16 at 19:22 ] |
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发表于 2005-8-15 15:05:03
发表于 2005-8-16 23:10:32
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