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分析了一下第二篇no.2的长阅读,很经典,真正是读了不到一半的内容可以做对7/8的题目
这个是一边读一边分析的,也就是说分析文章之前没有看题目,比较乱,大家凑合着看,我主要觉得这样是最真实地感觉
Four下面肯定会分类展开,注意下面具体的形式 legal approaches may be followed in attempting to channel很可能是文章的主题,并且注意这个动词,很特别technological development in socially useful direction: specific directives, market incentive modifications, criminal prohibitions, and changes in decision-making structures证明了上面的猜测,而且我们要注意下面的解释,正常人的逻辑是不会给出新的名词而不作解释的,在这些解释的作用还没有明晰之前,可以先大略的看,ETS出题不是很直白的,不会直接考名词解释. Specific directives involve the government’s identifying one or more factors controlling research, development, or implementation of a given technology. Directives affecting such factors may vary from administrative regulation of private activity to government ownership of a technological operation答完题目之后来找错误:噢,原来在这里,害死我了. Market incentive modifications are deliberate alterations of the market within which private decisions regarding the development and implementation of technology are made. Such modifications may consist of imposing taxes to cover the costs to society of a given technology, granting subsidies to pay for social benefits of a technology, creating the right to sue to prevent certain technological development, or easing procedural rules to enable the recovery of damages to compensate for harm caused by destructive technological activity. Criminal prohibitions may modify technological activity in areas impinging on fundamental social values, or they may modify human behavior likely to result from technological applications—for example, the deactivation of automotive pollution control devices in order to improve vehicle performance. Alteration of decision-making structures includes all possible modifications in the authority, constitution, or responsibility of private and public entities deciding questions of technological development and implementation. Such alterations include the addition of public-interest members to corporate boards, the imposition by statute of duties on governmental decision-makers, and the extension of warranties in response to consumer action.略看扫视的结果是4种方法之间是平衡的,看来作者不想单独强调哪一种,最好先分层,方便以后定位,而且从长度上来看已经构成文章的重要组成部分,可能要详细的看了,但是还是没有很清楚作者要说什么,我继续向下扫视力求找出他们在文章的整个结构中扮演的角色
Effective use of these methods to control technology depends on whether or not the goal of regulation is the optimal allocation of resources看样要讲怎么样选择方法了,请注意这里提出了标准---个人感觉这个一定要弄清楚到底是什么意思. When the object is optimal resource allocation, that combination of legal methods should be used that most nearly yields the allocation that would exist if there were no external costs resulting from allocating resources through market activity. There are external costs when the price set by buyers and sellers of goods fails to include some costs, to anyone, that result from the production and use of the goods. Such costs are internalized when buyers pay them.以上都是对那个标准的解释,看样子那个标准一定要弄明白,读到这里的时候觉得上面的4个定义很可能不是很重要,其字数和重要性有一点不成比例
Air pollution from motor vehicles imposes external costs on all those exposed to it, in the form of soiling, materials damage, and disease: these externalities result from failure to place a price on air, thus making it a free good, common to all这里还是重复上文,不过用了具体的例子. Such externalities lead to重要动词,后面的结果很重要 nonoptimal那么想一下什么才能使得恢复到原来的optimal的状态呢 resource allocation, because注意原因 the private net product and the social net product of market activity are not often identical. If 注意条件,重要性见上一篇的分析all externalities were internalized, transactions would occur until bargaining could no longer improve the situation, thus giving an optimal allocation of resources at a given time.
17. The passage is primarily concerned with describing
A objectives and legal method for directing technological development
B technical approaches to the problem of controlling market activity
C economic procedures for facilitating transactions between buyers and sellers
D reasons for slowing the technological development in light of environmentalist objections
E technological innovations making it possible to achieve optimum allocation of resources
18. The author cites air pollution from motor vehicles in lines 54-56 in order to
A revise cost estimates calculated by including the costs of resources
B evaluate legal methods used to prevent technological developments
C give examples of costs not included in buyer-seller bargains
D refute hypotheses not made on the basis of monetary exchange values
E commend technological research undertaken for the common welfare
19. According to the passage, transactions between private buyers and sellers have effects on society that generally
A are harmful when all factors are considered
B give rise to ever-increasing resource costs
C reflect an optimal allocation of natural resources
D encompass more than the effects on the buyers and sellers alone
E are guided by legal controls on the development of technology
20. It can be inferred from the passage that the author does NOT favor which of the following?
A Protecting the environment for future use
B Changing the balance of power between opposing interests in business
C Intervening in the activity of the free market
D Making prices reflect costs to everyone in society
E Causing technological development to cease
21. A gasoline-conservation tax这么明显的标志,相信只要略读了四个定义的话都能选出来 on the purchase of large automobiles, with the proceeds of the tax rebated to purchasers of small automobiles, is an example of
A a specific directive
B a market incentive modification
C an optimal resource allocation
D an alteration of a decision-making structure
E an external cost
22. If there were no external costs, as they are described in the passage, which of the following would be true?
A All technology-control methods would be effective.
B Some resource allocations would be illegal.
C Prices would include all costs to members of society.
D Some decision-making structures would be altered.
E The availability of common goods would increase.
23. The author assumes that, in determining what would be an optimal allocation of resources, it would be possible to
A assign monetary value to all damage resulting from the use of technology
B combine legal methods to yield the theoretical optimum这是手段不是结果
C convince buyers to bear the burden of damage from technological developments
D predict the costs of new technological developments
E derive an equation making costs depend on prices
24. On the basis of the passage, it can be inferred that the author would agree with which of the following statements concerning technological development?这个题目有一点不好选择,个人觉得很容易误选成A---反正我是错在这个题上了,因为那个选项里提到了government,后来发现如果对前面的4种方法读得稍微仔细一点的话,可以发现这是一个陈述性的细节,作者没有态度,而C选项正号是把文章中的情况反过来讲
A The government should own technological operations.
B The effect of technological development cannot be controlled.
C Some technological developments are beneficial.
D The current state of technological development results in a good allocation of resources.
E Applications of technological developments are criminally destructive.
[ Last edited by mkb57288 on 2005-9-11 at 00:16 ] |
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