【越洋农场】快组 argument 提纲 1－40

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1.The following appeared in a memorandum written by the vice president of Nature's Way, a chain of stores selling health food and other health-related products.

"Previous experience has shown that our stores are most profitable in areas where residents are highly concerned with leading healthy lives. We should therefore build our next new store in Plainsville, which has many such residents. Plainsville merchants report that sales of running shoes and exercise clothing are at all-time highs. The local health club, which nearly closed five years ago due to lack of business, has more members than ever, and the weight training and aerobics classes are always full. We can even anticipate a new generation of customers: Plainsville's schoolchildren are required to participate in a 'fitness for life' program, which emphasizes the benefits of regular exercise at an early age."

以前的经验显示，我们的商店在那些居对健康生活高度关注的地区是盈利最多的。因此我们应该把下一家连锁店开设在Plainsville，那里有很多这样的居民。Plainsville的商家报告说运动鞋和运动衣的销售处于历史高点。当地一家五年前因缺乏客源而濒临倒闭的康体俱乐部现在的会员比以往任何时候都多，减肥训练和体操班总是满员。我们还可以预见到新生代的顾客群：Plainsville的在校学生被要求参加一个叫做"终生健康"的项目，它强调从小开始经常锻炼的好处。

论点：We should therefore build our next new store in Plainsville, which has many such residents

攻击1：Plainsville merchants report that sales of running shoes and exercise clothing are at all-time highs
1）        最高点是多高？
2）        是否一定会买我们的产品
3）        其他原因？

攻击2：The local health club, which nearly closed five years ago due to lack of business, has more members than ever, and the weight training and aerobics classes are always full
1）        不代表他们向往健康的生活
2）        不一定买我们的东西，吃我们的食品

攻击3：Plainsville's schoolchildren are required to participate in a 'fitness for life' program, which emphasizes the benefits of regular exercise at an early age
1）        等他们长大能够作决定？
2）        是不是他们愿意？

攻击4：
1）        其他地方的经验是否适用
2）        能够保持？
1.作者没有提供足够的证据表明Plainsville的居民喜爱运动，运动鞋和运动衣的销售好不能说明这个问题，此外，健康俱乐部也一样
2.作者同样没有表明Plainsville一定能够成为Nature's Way的用户，学校让学生运动，不意味着要学生买Nature's Way的产品
3.忽略了其他因素：是否有什么eating habit；当地的运动永平的竞争是否激烈

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2.The following appeared in a letter sent by a committee of homeowners from the Deerhaven Acres to all homeowners in Deerhaven Acres.

"Seven years ago, homeowners in nearby Brookville community adopted a set of restrictions on how the community's yards should be landscaped and what colors the exteriors of homes should be painted. Since then, average property values have tripled in Brookville. In order to raise property values in Deerhaven Acres, we should adopt our own set of restrictions on landscaping and housepainting."

七年前，附近的Brookville社区的业主实施了一系列关于该社区的庭院应如何布置以及房屋应涂何种颜色的规定。从那以后，Brookville的地产平均价格翻了三番。为使Deerhaven Acres的地产升值，我们也应该对于景观和房屋涂色实施自己的规定。

1.作者没有提供证据说明产地价格升三倍一定是改变外观的结果，可能是别的措施
2.没有信息表明Deerhaven Acres和Brookville是可以比较的，可能……
3.其他因素：没有说明当地居民的传统习俗是否抵制使用相同的外观；其次，规定外观是否有其他不良影响，难以辨别自己的家等

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3.The following appeared in a newspaper article about law firms in the city of Megalopolis.

"In Megalopolis, the number of law school graduates who went to work for large, corporate firms declined by 15 percent over the last three years, whereas an increasing number of graduates took jobs at small, general practice firms. Even though large firms usually offer much higher salaries, law school graduates are choosing to work for the smaller firms most likely because they experience greater job satisfaction at smaller firms. In a survey of first-year students at a leading law school, most agreed with the statement that earning a high salary was less important to them than job satisfaction. This finding suggests that the large, corporate firms of Megalopolis will need to offer graduates more benefits and incentives and reduce the number of hours they must work."

在Megalopolis，过去三年间在大型合伙事务所就职的法学院毕业生数量下降了15％，而在小型，一般性事务所就职的毕业生数量则在增加。尽管大型事务所通常提供高的多的薪水，法学院毕业生选择在小型事务所工作主要是因为他们感受到更高的工作满足感。一项对于顶尖法学院一年级学生的调查显示，多数人同意挣更多的钱没有工作满足感更重要的说法。这一现象启示我们，Megalopolis的大型合伙事务所应该给毕业生提供更多的福利和激励，并减少他们的工作时间。

1.作者没有说明在大公司工作的法学院毕业生数量下降的详细原因。可能因为学生数量减少
2.对于第一年学生的调查部能够表示所有毕业生也认为满足感更重要
3.忽略其他因素：没有迹象表明提高福利和激励，并肩上工作时间能够吸引学生来；其次没有说明Megalopolis最近是否有事件，可能影响学生到大公司就职。比如大公司虐待员工ill-treat the employees.

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4.The following was posted on an Internet real estate discussion site.

"Of the two leading real estate firms in our town-Adams Realty and Fitch Realty-Adams is clearly superior. Adams has 40 real estate agents. In contrast, Fitch has 25, many of whom work only part-time. Moreover, Adams' revenue last year was twice as high as that of Fitch, and included home sales that averaged $168,000, compared to Fitch's $144,000. Homes listed with Adams sell faster as well: ten years ago, I listed my home with Fitch and it took more than four months to sell; last year, when I sold another home, I listed it with Adams, and it took only one month. Thus, if you want to sell your home quickly and at a good price, you should use Adams."

在本市的两家最大的房地产经纪公司--Adams Realty和Fitch Realty--之中，Adams显然更优秀一些。Adams有40名房地产经纪人，而Fitch只有25个，且很多是兼职工作。而且，Adams去年的收入是Fitch的两倍，其平均房价为$168000，而Fitch仅为$144000。在Adams销售的房屋卖得也更快：十年前，我把我的房产交给Fitch，它用了四个多月才卖出去；去年，我在Adams卖了另一处房产，仅用一个月就售出了。因此，要想让你的房产卖的更快更好，你应该选择Adams。

论点：Thus, if you want to sell your home quickly and at a good price, you should use Adams

攻击1：Adams has 40 real estate agents. In contrast, Fitch has 25, many of whom work only part-time
1）        员工少不代表不好
2）        可能效率高，不用那么多全职的
3）        40个是不是全职？

攻击2：Moreover, Adams' revenue last year was twice as high as that of Fitch, and included home sales that averaged $168,000, compared to Fitch's $144,000
1）        2倍可能是由于公司规模的原因
2）        他们卖的房子是否相同？
3）        利润和收入？

攻击3：Homes listed with Adams sell faster as well: ten years ago, I listed my home with Fitch and it took more than four months to sell; last year, when I sold another home, I listed it with Adams, and it took only one month
1）        十年前和去年是否一样？
2）        不是一个房子

1.作者没有说明Adams的详细情况。他虽然有40名房地产经纪人，但是否都是兼职，此外，Adams是否经营的房子和Fitch一样，可能经营的是豪华的房子，可能168,000算便宜的好房子，而144,000是贵的差房子
2.作者没有足够的信息说明Adams买房子比Fitch慢，可能是季节不同
3.其他因素：收入是两倍不一定利润高，可能Fitch的经营情况更好；没有考虑费用是否相同

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5.The following appeared in the business section of a newspaper.

"Given that the number of people in our country with some form of arthritis is expected to rise from 40 million to 60 million over the next twenty years, pharmaceutical companies that produce drugs for the treatment of arthritis should be very profitable. Many analysts believe that in ten years Becton Pharmaceuticals, which makes Xenon, the best-selling drug treatment for arthritis, will be the most profitable pharmaceutical company. But the patent on Xenon expires in three years, and other companies will then be able to produce a cheaper version of the drug. Thus, it is more likely that in ten years the most profitable pharmaceutical company will be Perkins Pharmaceuticals, maker of a new drug called Xylan, which clinical studies show is preferred over Xenon by seven out of ten patients suffering from the most extreme cases of arthritis."

鉴于我国在未来20年中患某种形式关节炎的人数预计将从4千万上升至6千万，生产治疗关节炎药物的制药公司将获得巨大利润。很多分析家相信，生产最畅销关节炎药物Xenon的Becton Pharmaceuticals将会在十年后成为利润最高的制药公司。但Xenon的专利在三年内就要到期了，到时其他公司将能够生产该药的廉价版。因此，十年后利润最高的公司更有可能是Perkins Pharmaceuticals，该公司生产一种叫做Xylan的新药，临床调查表明在患最严重关节炎的患者中10个有7个倾向于Xylan而不是Xenon。

论点：Thus, it is more likely that in ten years the most profitable pharmaceutical company will be Perkins Pharmaceuticals

攻击1：Given that the number of people in our country with some form of arthritis is expected to rise from 40 million to 60 million over the next twenty years, pharmaceutical companies that produce drugs for the treatment of arthritis should be very profitable
1）        20年？很长的的时间，会否发明新药？
2）        他们都会买B公司的药么？
3）        不买药





攻击2：any analysts believe that in ten years Becton Pharmaceuticals, which makes Xenon, the best-selling drug treatment for arthritis, will be the most profitable pharmaceutical company. But the patent on Xenon expires in three years, and other companies will then be able to produce a cheaper version of the drug
1）        到期了可以续签么
2）        可能已经开发出新药
3）        别的公司也许会得到

攻击3：Xylan, which clinical studies show is preferred over Xenon by seven out of ten patients suffering from the most extreme cases of arthritis
1）        取样太少
2）        二选一？





1.首先，不能因为3年后药物的专利到期，别的厂就一定能够生产廉价版本的药物。可能继续，或者难以得到制作方法
2.临床调查不一定能够说明所有人都是如此，许多人根本不去医院，在家里购买治疗
3.其他因素：没有说明Xylan的详细信息，可能效果不一定好，或者专利期更短；也没有说明Perkins制药的具体情况，可能是个小公司，没有能力生产太多的药，甚至可能被Becton收购annex to…

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6.The following was written as a part of an application for a small business loan by a group of developers in the city of Monroe.

"A jazz music club in Monroe would be a tremendously profitable enterprise. Currently, the nearest jazz club is 65 miles away; thus, our proposed club, the C Note, would have the local market all to itself. Plus, jazz is extremely popular in Monroe: over 100,000 people attended Monroe's jazz festival last summer, several well-known jazz musicians live in Monroe, and the highest-rated radio program in Monroe is 'Jazz Nightly,' which airs every weeknight. Finally, a nationwide study indicates that the typical jazz fan spends close to $1,000 per year on jazz entertainment. It is clear that the C Note cannot help but make money."
在Monroe建立爵士乐俱乐部将会是非常盈利的产业。当前，最近的爵士俱乐部也在65英里以外；因此，我们筹建的俱乐部C Note将会占有全部的本地市场。而且，爵士乐在Monroe非常流行：去年夏天10万多人参加了Monroe的爵士音乐节，若干知名爵士音乐家居住在Monroe，Monroe获评价最高的广播节目是平时每天播出的Jazz Nightly。最后，一项全国性研究表明典型的爵士爱好者每年花费近1000元用于爵士娱乐。显然C Note将会。

论点：A jazz music club in Monroe would be a tremendously profitable enterprise

攻击1：Currently, the nearest jazz club is 65 miles away; thus, our proposed club, the C Note, would have the local market all to itself
1）        本来就没人喜欢，所以一直没有
2）        很快就会有竞争者

攻击2：Plus, jazz is extremely popular in Monroe: over 100,000 people attended Monroe's jazz festival last summer, several well-known jazz musicians live in Monroe, and the highest-rated radio program in Monroe is 'Jazz Nightly,' which airs every weeknight
1）        100，000是否全是本地人？
2）        喜欢听电台不一定买东西和参加club，电台不要钱
3）        歌星和喜欢有什么关系

攻击3：Finally, a nationwide study indicates that the typical jazz fan spends close to $1,000 per year on jazz entertainment. It is clear that the C Note cannot help but make money
1）        全国不适用于地区
2）        典型的，不是所有人
3）        真的会花那么多么？
4）        全花在club  上么





1.去年夏天的爵士节的详细信息没有提供，可能100,000都是外地来的人
2.全国性的调查不一定适用于Monroe，可能根本就不会花那么多
3.其他因素：收听'Jazz Nightly,'的人多不意味着他们愿意花钱去买唱片purchase the Compact Disc；此外，不一定C Note能够赢得全部的本地市场

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7.The following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Clearview newspaper.

"In the next mayoral election, residents of Clearview should vote for Ann Green, who is a member of the Good Earth Coalition, rather than for Frank Braun, a member of the Clearview town council, because the current members are not protecting our environment. For example, during the past year the number of factories in Clearview has doubled, air pollution levels have increased, and the local hospital has treated 25 percent more patients with respiratory illnesses. If we elect Ann Green, the environmental problems in Clearview will certainly be solved."

在下一次市长选举中，Clearview的市应投Good Earth Coalition成员Ann Green的票，而不是Clearview市委成员Frank Braun，因为当前的市委成员没有保护我们的环境。举例来说，去年Clearview的工厂数量翻了一番，空气污染水平增加了，而且当地医院因呼吸道疾病就诊的数量增加了25％。如果我们选举Ann Green，Clearview的环境问题肯定将被解决。

论点：In the next mayoral election, residents of Clearview should vote for Ann Green, who is a member of the Good Earth Coalition, rather than for Frank Braun, a member of the Clearview town council，because the current members are not protecting our environment

攻击1：For example, during the past year the number of factories in Clearview has doubled, air pollution levels have increased, and the local hospital has treated 25 percent more patients with respiratory illnesses
1）        建工厂就一定污染环境？污水处理厂？
2）        翻了一番是多少？
3）        空气不好全是工厂造成的？
4）        医院的疾病增加的原因很多

攻击2：
5）        这一切和C有关么？
6）        F为什么要负责？
7）        另一个就个就好么
8）        其他选择？
      
1.没有信息说明现在的town council成员是不爱护环境的，工厂可能与他们无关
2.没有信息表明Frank Braun需要为这些污染事件负责
3.其他因素：Ann Green一定能改善环境值得怀疑；其次，呼吸道疾病比一定是工厂的废气导致的

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8.The following appeared in a memorandum issued by the strategic planning department at Omni Inc.

"Mesa Foods, a manufacturer of snack foods that currently markets its products within a relatively small region of the country, has strong growth potential. Mesa enjoyed a 20 percent increase in profits last year, and its best-selling product, Diabolique Salsa, has had increased sales over each of the past three years. Since Omni Inc. is interested in reaching 14-to-25 year olds, the age group that consumes the most snack food, we should buy Mesa Foods, and concentrate in particular on marketing Diabolique Salsa throughout the country."

Mesa Foods，一家当前仅在本国相对较小区域销售其产品的快餐食品生产商，具有很强的增长潜力。去年Mesa的利润上升了20％，其最畅销产品Diabolique Salsa连续三年销量增加。由于Omni Inc对14－25岁这一消费快餐食品最多的年龄群体感兴趣，我们应该收购Mesa Foods，并集中力量在全国推广Diabolique Salsa。

论点：we should buy Mesa Foods, and concentrate in particular on marketing Diabolique Salsa throughout the country

攻击1：Mesa enjoyed a 20 percent increase in profits last year, and its best-selling product, Diabolique Salsa, has had increased sales over each of the past three years
1）        是否保持？
2）        20是多少
3）        只有一个卖的好

攻击2：Since Omni Inc. is interested in reaching 14-to-25 year olds, the age group that consumes the most snack food, we should buy Mesa Foods, and concentrate in particular on marketing Diabolique Salsa throughout the country.
1）        哪个是否是14－25
2）        是否适用于全国？
3）        是否值得？




1.没有信息表明Mesa Foods会继续保持现在的增长速度keep its current tempo
2.没有说明是否Omni Inc感兴趣的对象是14-25岁，而Mesa Foods一样
3.其他因素：没有说明Diabolique Salsa适合所有地区的居民，习俗等；也没有说明收购的费用，以及是否值得

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9.The following appeared in a memorandum from a dean at Omega University.

"Fifteen years ago, Omega University implemented a new procedure that encouraged students to evaluate the teaching effectiveness of all their professors. Since that time, Omega professors have begun to assign higher grades in their classes, and overall student grade averages at Omega have risen by thirty percent. Potential employers apparently believe the grades at Omega are inflated; this would explain why Omega graduates have not been as successful at getting jobs as have graduates from nearby Alpha University. To enable its graduates to secure better jobs, Omega University should now terminate student evaluation of professors."

15年前，Omega大学实施了一项新措施，鼓励学生对所有教授的教学效果进行评价。从那以后，Omega的教授开始给予学生更高的分数，Omega的学生成绩总平均上升了30％。未来的雇主显然认为Omega的分数贬值了；这可以解释为什么Omega的毕业生找工作时没有邻近的Alpha大学毕业生成。为使Omega毕业生找到好工作，我们应立即停止学生对教授的评价。

1.没有信息说明30%的份数增长是评估教授效率的结果
2.没有信息说明是成绩缩水导致毕业生找不到好工作
3.其他因素：没有考虑是否有其他因素帮助提高Omega学生的就业率；没有说明让学生评价教授是否有好的一面

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10.The following appeared in a letter to the editor of a Batavia newspaper.

"The department of agriculture in Batavia reports that the number of dairy farms throughout the country is now 25 percent greater than it was 10 years ago. During this same time period, however, the price of milk at the local Excello Food Market has increased from $1.50 to over $3.00 per gallon. To prevent farmers from continuing to receive excessive profits on an apparently increased supply of milk, the Batavia government should begin to regulate retail milk prices. Such regulation is necessary to ensure both lower prices and an adequate supply of milk for consumers."

Batavia的农业部门报告说全国奶牛农庄的数量比10年前增加了25％。然而就在同一时期，当地Excello Food Market牛奶的价格从每加仑$1.5上涨到了$3.0。为防止农场主在牛奶供应量明显增加的情况下获取过多的利润，Batavia的政府应限制牛奶的零售价。这种限价对于保证更低的牛奶价格和充足的供应是必需的。

the Batavia government should begin to regulate retail milk prices.

攻击1：The department of agriculture in Batavia reports that the number of dairy farms throughout the country is now 25 percent greater than it was 10 years ago
1）        农庄增加不代表牛奶增加
2）        是否依然不够，具体数字

攻击2：During this same time period, however, the price of milk at the local Excello Food Market has increased from $1.50 to over $3.00 per gallon
1）        是否物价上涨？其他原因
2）        一个市场不代表整个地区
3）        产量没有上涨，而是需求上涨

攻击3：Such regulation is necessary to ensure both lower prices and an adequate supply of milk for consumers
1）        限价使得他们不养牛了
2）        导致牛奶的减少，从而价格更高
3）        有没有其他更有效的方法




1.没有信息表明牛奶受到了很高的利润，可能是别的原因导致牛奶价格升高，成本等
2.没有信息说明牛奶在过去十年的时间里产量增加了，可能是农场增加，但规模小了
3.其他因素：没有信息表明这样的限制和规定能够提供低价供应量充足的牛奶；此外，没有考虑到牛奶农场之间的竞争会导致牛奶价格的降低，以及是否有更好的办法

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11.The following appeared in a memo from the mayor of the town of West Egg.

"Two years ago, our consultants predicted that West Egg's landfill, which is used for garbage disposal, would be completely filled within five years. During the past two years, however, town residents have been recycling twice as much aluminum and paper as they did in previous years. Next month the amount of material recycled should further increase, since charges for garbage pickup will double. Furthermore, over ninety percent of the respondents to a recent survey said that they would do more recycling in the future. Because of our residents' strong commitment to recycling, the available space in our landfill should last for considerably longer than predicted."

两年前，我们的顾问预言West Egg用于投放垃圾的填埋地将在五年内完全充满。然而在过去两年间，市对于铝和纸张的循环再生的数量比以前翻了一番。由于垃圾收集的收费在下个月将会加倍，循环再生的材料数量将进一步增加。而且，最近一次调查超过90％的回应者表示他们将会在未来做更多的循环再生工作。由于居对循环再生的有力支持，我们填埋地可利用空间的使用时间将比预期的长得多。

Because of our residents' strong commitment to recycling, the available space in our landfill should last for considerably longer than predicted

攻击1：During the past two years, however, town residents have been recycling twice as much aluminum and paper as they did in previous years
1）        能否持续？
2）        到底是多少？和总量比呢？
3）        去年是否很少
4）        部分可回收材料

攻击2：Next month the amount of material recycled should further increase, since charges for garbage pickup will double
1）        涨了到底多少？是否足以影响习惯
2）        忽略它因！人口数量，其他方法

攻击3：Furthermore, over ninety percent of the respondents to a recent survey said that they would do more recycling in the future
        1）survey




：Two years ago, our consultants predicted that West Egg's landfill, which is used for garbage disposal, would be completely filled within five years
       1）






1.没有说明，人口等其他因素是否会导致垃圾数量的增多，可能offset the decease of垃圾，由于循环和回收的增多导致的
2.没有说明会因为垃圾收集费用的提高导致循环数量的增加，更愿意花钱
3.其他因素：调查的详细信息没有说明，比一定所有的人都会那样做；其外，没有证据说明垃圾总量的信息，可能现在的总数比过去多很多，而循环在回收的数量翻倍不能说明总量的情况

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12.The following appeared in a memo from a vice president of Alta Manufacturing.

"During the past year, Alta Manufacturing had thirty percent more on-the-job accidents than nearby Panoply Industries, where the work shifts are one hour shorter than ours. Experts believe that a significant contributing factor in many on-the-job accidents is fatigue and sleep deprivation among workers. Therefore, to reduce the number of on-the-job accidents at Alta and thereby increase productivity, we should shorten each of our three work shifts by one hour so that our employees will get adequate amounts of sleep."

在过去，Alta工厂的工伤事故比邻近的Panoply工厂多30％，Panoply的每班工作时间比我们的短一个小时。专家相信导致很多工伤事故的重要因素就是工人的疲劳和睡眠不足。因此，为减少Alta的工伤事故数量并提高生产数量，我们应该把我们的三个班次的工作时间每个都减少一小时，从而我们的雇员将有更充足的睡眠。
Therefore, to reduce the number of on-the-job accidents at Alta and thereby increase productivity, we should shorten each of our three work shifts by one hour so that our employees will get adequate amounts of sleep



1）        受伤的原因，真的只是是睡眠和睡眠不足么
2）        即使是，睡觉就能解决么
3）        FA 两个工厂不同情况30％？是否我们的人多呢？




1.没有信息表明Alta Manufacturing的事故率高的30%是因为时间比Panoply Industries长一个小时
2.没有说明Alta Manufacturing的工人睡眠不足以及疲惫
3.其他因素：没有说明减少时间会否带来其他负面的影响；Panoply Industries和Alta Manufacturing是否是相同的工厂，可能Panoply Industries不是做重工业的

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13.The following appeared in a memo from the chief executive of a video game company.

"We have recently been offered the opportunity to buy the rights to produce a video game based on the soon-to-be-published children's book "Squirrel Power," by Peter Wood. While the cost of the rights is substantial and will place economic constraints on our company in the short-term, there are two reasons that the purchase of these rights will undoubtedly be a wise investment. First, Wood's last three books have been best sellers and the movie based on his first book was highly profitable. Second, the popular characters and story line in "Squirrel Power" will save us time in developing our video game, thereby reducing our costs."

我们最近获得了购买一个游戏的生产权的机会，该游戏基于即将出版的由Peter Wood所写的儿童文学《松鼠力量》。尽管购买该生产权的代价比较高昂并将会给本公司的财政造成短期的压力，但我们有两个理由认为购买该生产权无疑是一项明智的投资。首先，Wood的前三本书非常畅销，基于他第一本书改编的电影获得了很高的盈利。其次，《松鼠力量》中受人欢迎的角色和情节将节省我们制作游戏所用的时间，从而节约我们的成本。

be a wise investment

攻击1：First, Wood's last three books have been best sellers and the movie based on his first book was highly profitable
1）        以前的不代表将来
2）        电影书籍和游戏不同

攻击2：Second, the popular characters and story line in "Squirrel Power" will save us time in developing our video game, thereby reducing our costs
1）        游戏开发时间？
2）        版权的开销，版权的钱
3）        短期压力？

1、Wood的最近三本书热卖和Squirrel Power的畅销之间并没有直接的联系
2、流行的角色不一定能够直接应用到视频游戏中，而且更不能说就一定能节约开发成本和节约时间
3、此外，作者没有提供其他因素，说服购买儿童书籍的版权就一定能挣钱。比如，该而同书籍何时出版以及游戏的开发周期要多长，如果在书籍上市的时候，游戏不能够尽快推出，一旦实际已过，就会影响游戏的销售量。此外，该儿童书籍的内容也没有透露，如果该书籍的内容是普及科学知识，而没有扣人心选的情节的话，人们很可能不会对游戏感兴趣。

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14.The following appeared in a memo from the owner of Green Thumb Gardening Center, a small business serving a suburban town.

"There is evidence that consumers are becoming more and more interested in growing their own vegetables. A national survey conducted last month indicated that many consumers were dissatisfied with the quality of fresh vegetables available in supermarkets. And locally, the gardening magazine Great Gardens has sold out at the Village News stand three months in a row. Thus, we at Green Thumb Gardening Center can increase our profits by greatly expanding the variety of vegetable seeds we stock for gardeners this coming spring."

有证据表明消费者对于自己种植蔬菜越来越感兴趣。上个月举行的一项国家调查显示很多消费者对于超市上供应的新鲜蔬菜的质量不满意。在本地，园艺杂志《大花园》在"Village News"报亭连续三个月售磬。因此，我们Green Thumb Gardening Center可以通过大量增加今春为园艺爱好者准备的蔬菜种子的种类而增加盈利。

Thus, we at Green Thumb Gardening Center can increase our profits by greatly expanding the variety of vegetable seeds we stock for gardeners this coming spring

攻击1：A national survey conducted last month indicated that many consumers were dissatisfied with the quality of fresh vegetables available in supermarkets
1）        全国的不代表地区
2）        多少人，是否有代表性？
3）        不满意不代表要自己种

攻击2：And locally, the gardening magazine Great Gardens has sold out at the Village News stand three months in a row
1）        园艺和重蔬菜有什么关系
2）        有关系也不一定想自己种，兴趣
3）        想种也不一定买我们的杂志

攻击3：是否会为了种子支出过多
        他们是否喜欢一种还是多种种子

1、全国的调查显示的消费者对市场出售的蔬菜不满意，并不一定意味着郊外城镇的蔬菜也不好
2、杂志的销售量高并不一定意味着购买杂志的普通居民多，同样也不意味着购买杂志的居民都想种蔬菜
3、此外，作者还疏忽了许多其他因素：比如，本地居民是否喜爱自己种蔬菜；还有，本地居民喜欢种植哪些蔬菜，如果本地居民只喜欢种植少数几个种类的蔬菜，增加种子的多样性是不会盈利的。

------------------------------

15.The following appeared in a newsletter offering advice to investors.

"Over 80 percent of the respondents to a recent survey indicated a desire to reduce their intake of foods containing fats and cholesterol, and today low-fat products abound in many food stores. Since many of the food products currently marketed by Old Dairy Industries are high in fat and cholesterol, the company's sales are likely to diminish greatly and their profits will no doubt decrease. We therefore advise Old Dairy stockholders to sell their shares and other investors not to purchase stock in this company."

最近一次调查中超过80％的回应者表达了他们想减少含脂肪和胆固醇的食品的愿望，现在很多食品商店都提供丰富的低脂肪食品。由于Old Dairy Industries当前生产的很多产品都有很高的脂肪和胆固醇含量，该公司的销量有可能严重下降，其盈利无疑会减少。因而我们建议Old Dairy的贡持有者抛出他们所持的股份，其他投资者也不应购买该公司的股份。


We therefore advise Old Dairy stockholders to sell their shares and other investors not to purchase stock in this company

攻击1：Over 80 percent of the respondents to a recent survey indicated a desire to reduce their intake of foods containing fats and cholesterol, and today low-fat products abound in many food stores
1）        总数？随机？
2）        谁做的调查
3）        很多商店提供不一定卖的好

攻击2： Since many of the food products currently marketed by Old Dairy Industries are high in fat and cholesterol, the company's sales are likely to diminish greatly and their profits will no doubt decrease
1）        为什么下降
2）        profits
      
1、作者没有说明调查的具体信息：调查对象等
2、没有支持详细的证据证明Old Dairy的价格会下降以及盈利会减少
3、作者没有考虑其他因素：Old Dairy近期的发展计划；

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16.The following appeared in a letter to the editor of a local newspaper from a citizen of the state of Impecunia.

"Two years ago our neighboring state, Lucria, began a state lottery to supplement tax revenues for education and public health. Today, Lucria spends more per pupil than we do, and Lucria's public health program treats far more people than our state's program does. If we were to establish a state lottery like the one in Lucria, the profits could be used to improve our educational system and public health program. The new lottery would doubtless be successful, because a survey conducted in our capital city concludes that citizens of Impecunia already spend an average of $50 per person per year on gambling."

两年前我们相邻的州Lucria开展了州际彩票活动来增加用于教育和公共医疗的财政收入。现在，Lucria对于每个小学生的平均开支比我们多，Lucria的公共医疗体系接待的人数也比我们的多很多。如果我们也建立一套和Lucria类似的彩票系统，其盈利可以被用来改我们的教育系统和公共医疗体系。新的彩票无疑会成，因为在我们的首府举办的一次调查显示Impecuni的居每人每年用于博彩的平均支出已经达到$50。

If we were to establish a state lottery like the one in Lucria, the profits could be used to improve our educational system and public health program

攻击1：Two years ago our neighboring state, Lucria, began a state lottery to supplement tax revenues for education and public health. Today, Lucria spends more per pupil than we do, and Lucria's public health program treats far more people than our state's program does
1）        两年前的情况是否与现在一样，未来？
2）        那些结果是否因为彩票？


攻击2：because a survey conducted in our capital city concludes that citizens of Impecunia already spend an average of $50 per person per year on gambling
1）        首府不能代表全州
2）        人数，代表性
3）        50？占他们收入的多少？

攻击3：忽略负面影响
       两个州的情况是否一样


1、作者没有提供证据证明Lucria现在的公众健康和学生费用高是因为2年前的抽奖法的结构。
2、使用capital city的调查情况说明全部的州的情况是不全面的。
3、作者还忽略了其它因素：比如抽奖法是否对于Impecunia的发展有利，如果过分的使用抽奖法筹募资金，会让许多人热衷于买彩票而忽略了她的工作，从而损害了Impecunia州的发展。没有说明Impecunia和Lucria有可比性

------------------------------

17.The following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Walnut Grove town newspaper.

"Walnut Grove's town council has advocated switching from EZ Disposal (which has had the contract for trash collection services in Walnut Grove for the past ten years) to ABC Waste, because EZ recently raised its monthly fee from $2,000 to $2,500 a month, whereas ABC's fee is still $2,000. But the town council is mistaken; we should continue using EZ. EZ collects trash twice a week, while ABC collects only once. Moreover, EZ-which, like ABC, currently has a fleet of 20 trucks-has ordered additional trucks. Finally, EZ provides exceptional service: 80 percent of respondents to last year's town survey agreed that they were 'satisfied' with EZ's performance."

Walnut Grove的市委提议选择ABC Waste，而不是EZ Disposal（它是过去十年中和Walnut Grove签约提供垃圾收集服务的机构），因为EZ最近把他们每月的收费从$2000提高到了$2500，而ABC仍然是$2000。但市委是错误的，我们应该继续使用EZ。EZ每周收集两次垃圾，而ABC只收集一次。而且，EZ当前的卡车拥有量和ABC一样都是20辆，但它已定购了更多的车辆。最后，EZ还提供优越的服务：去年市镇调查中80％的回应者同意他们对于EZ的表现是"满意"的。

Walnut Grove's town council has advocated switching from EZ Disposal (which has had the contract for trash collection services in Walnut Grove for the past ten years) to ABC Waste
But the town council is mistaken; we should continue using EZ

攻击1：EZ collects trash twice a week, while ABC collects only once
1）        两次不代表好，一次够了
2）        效率低，一次不够

攻击2：Moreover, EZ-which, like ABC, currently has a fleet of 20 trucks-has ordered additional trucks
1）        没有说人家没有
2）        可能就是因为现在不好，才要改进

攻击3：Finally, EZ provides exceptional service: 80 percent of respondents to last year's town survey agreed that they were 'satisfied' with EZ's performance
1）        多少人？
2）        谁作的调查
3）        满意》试过abc?
1、作者认为EZ比ABC更值得，基于EZ一周手机两次垃圾而ABC只有一次。但并没有提出详细的信息证明一个月清理两次垃圾对于Walnut Grove是必要的。
2、此外，作者还指出EZ正在订购额外的卡车并提供许多额外服务，但并没有提供ABC的情况。首先，没必要，其次说不准ABC也有。
3、作者还忽略了许多其它因素：比如作者引用的调查的一些情况，可能参与这个调查的人很少，因此不能代表全部公民。也没有说明民众对于ABC的态度

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18.The following appeared in an editorial in a Prunty County newspaper.

"In an attempt to improve highway safety, Prunty County recently lowered its speed limit from 55 miles per hour to 45 on all major county roads. But the 55 mph limit should be restored, because this safety effort has failed. Most drivers are exceeding the new speed limit and the accident rate throughout Prunty County has decreased only slightly. If we want to improve the safety of our roads, we should instead undertake the same kind of road improvement project that Butler County completed five years ago: increasing lane widths and resurfacing rough roads. Today, major Butler County roads still have a 55 mph speed limit, yet there were 25 percent fewer reported accidents in Butler County this past year than there were five years ago."

为提高高速公路的安全性，Prunty County最近把镇上所有主要路段的最高限速从55mph降到了45。但我们应该回复到55mph的限速，因为这种保障安全的努力已经失败了。多数司机都超过了新的限速，而且Prunty County全镇的事故率仅有微量下降。如果我们要提高公路安全性，我们应该采取Butler County在5年前完成的同样的道路改计划：增加车道宽度和重新铺装不平整路面。现在，Butler County的主要道路仍然使用55mph限速，而那里近年间上报的事故发生率比五年前减少了25％。

In an attempt to improve highway safety, Prunty County recently lowered its speed limit from 55 miles per hour to 45 on all major county roads. But the 55 mph limit should be restored, because this safety effort has failed
攻击1：Most drivers are exceeding the new speed limit and the accident rate throughout Prunty County has decreased only slightly
1）        正是超速造成的
2）        大家都超速，谁知到有没有用
3）        也许时间太短，管理力度不够

攻击2：If we want to improve the safety of our roads, we should instead undertake the same kind of road improvement project that Butler County completed five years ago: increasing lane widths and resurfacing rough roads. Today, major Butler County roads still have a 55 mph speed limit, yet there were 25 percent fewer reported accidents in Butler County this past year than there were five years ago
1）        是因为修路么
2）        到底是多少，25％不足以说明问题

攻击3：忽略它因
        费用
        不同地方




1、作者没有提供足够的信息说明Prunty County的减速政策失败了：时间太短
2、其次，没有提供足够的证据证明Butler County的政策是成功的：25%的数字不准，即便是少了，不一定是因为拓宽马路和平整路面的结果
3、作者还忽略了其它因素：首先，Butler County的情况是否和Prunty County一样；其次，Butler Country花费在拓宽马路和平整路面上的钱要多少

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19.The following appeared in a letter from the manager of a rock band named Double Rice.

"One year ago, tickets for Double Rice's concerts in stadiums around the country took, on average, at least 24 hours to sell out, if they sold out at all. But the band has been enjoying a surge in nationwide popularity among 14 to 25 year olds, and the 30,000 tickets for a recent concert in Megalopolis sold out in 12 minutes. Clearly the ticket sales in Megalopolis are a result both of the band's increased popularity and of the advertising campaign run in Megalopolis by the Ad Lib advertising agency. Thus, in order to ensure that the band's success in Megalopolis is repeated across the country, the band should hire Ad Lib to duplicate the Megalopolis ad campaign on a nationwide scale."

一年前，Double Rice在全国体育场举行的音乐会门票如果能卖完的话，也平均至少需要24小时。但乐队最近经历了一次14－25岁人群的全国性支持风潮，最近在Megalopolis的一次音乐会门票在12分钟内就售完了。显然Megalopolis的门票热销得益于乐队日益增加的人气度和由Ad Lib广告公司在Megalopolis所作的广告宣传。因此，为保证乐队在Megalopolis的成能够在全国再现，乐队应雇佣Ad Lib在全国范围内重复他们在Megalopolis所作的广告宣传。

Thus, in order to ensure that the band's success in Megalopolis is repeated across the country, the band should hire Ad Lib to duplicate the Megalopolis ad campaign on a nationwide scale


攻击1：One year ago, tickets for Double Rice's concerts in stadiums around the country took, on average, at least 24 hours to sell out, if they sold out at all
1）        全国平均
2）        票比较多
3）        去年的情况

攻击2：But the band has been enjoying a surge in nationwide popularity among 14 to 25 year olds, and the 30,000 tickets for a recent concert in Megalopolis sold out in 12 minutes
1）        去年的情况？
2）        票是不是少

攻击3：即使在这里有用，其他地方？花费
       忽略它因？

1、作者没有提供足够的证据说明乐队越来越受欢迎，因为去年全国平均的时间是一个小时，可能有的地方长有的地方短，可能去年在Megalopolis卖掉的时间比12分钟还要短
2、作者没有说明Ad Lib的任何信息，可能乐队的受欢迎和他无关
3、作者还忽略了其它因素：作者没有提供全国性的热潮的具体情况，可能只是在个别州的人气有所提升，而在其它的州反而下降了；花费

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20.The following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Balmer Island Gazette.

"The population of Balmer Island increases to 100,000 duing the summer months. To reduce the number of accidents involving mopeds and pedestrians, the town council of Balmer Island should limit the number of mopeds rented by each of the island's six moped and bicycle rental companies from 50 per day to 30 per day during the summer season. By limiting the number of rentals, the town council is sure to attain the 50 percent reduction in moped accidents that was achieved last year in the neighboring island of Torseau, when Torseau's town council enforced similar limits on moped rentals."

Balmer Island的人口在夏季达到了100000。为减少由助力车和行人引发的事故，Balmer Island市委应把本岛六个助力车和自行车出租公司的助力车出租数量在夏季从每天50辆限制到每天30辆。通过限制出租数量，市委肯定能够实现助力车事故减少50％的目标，就像去年邻岛Torseau市委实施了类似的对于助力车出租的限制后所达到的那样。

攻击1： town council of Balmer Island should limit the number of mopeds rented by each of the island's six moped and bicycle rental companies from 50 per day to 30 per day during the summer season
1）        50和30 没有实质的区别
2）        少了他们自己买
3）        会不会影响人民的生活

攻击2：By limiting the number of rentals, the town council is sure to attain the 50 percent reduction in moped accidents that was achieved last year in the neighboring island of Torseau, when Torseau's town council enforced similar limits on moped rentals
1）        他们50％ 我们就能么？
2）        不同的情况

攻击3：
1）        忽略它因
2）        无理假设
1、作者没有提供足够的证据证明减少出租的数量事故就会减少，人们可能会自己购买自行车
2、作者也没有提供任何临近岛屿的情况，可能和Balmer Island Gazette完全不同
3、作者还忽略了其它因素：比如，考虑其它能够减少事故的因素是否比限制租车数量更好；此外，Torseau去年事故的减少是否是因为限制出租的结果

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21.The following appeared in a memo from the new vice president of Sartorian, a company that manufactures men's clothing.

"Five years ago, at a time when we had difficulties in obtaining reliable supplies of high-quality wool fabric, we discontinued production of our deluxe alpaca overcoats. Now that we have a new fabric supplier, we should resume production. This coat should sell very well: since we have not offered an alpaca overcoat for five years and since our major competitor no longer makes an alpaca overcoat, there will be pent-up customer demand. Also, since the price of most types of clothing has risen in each of the past five years, customers should be willing to pay significantly higher prices for alpaca overcoats than they did five years ago, and our company profits will increase."

五年前，当我们在获取可靠的高质量羊毛毛料的渠道方面存在困难的时候，我们停止了高档羊毛外衣的生产。现在有了新的毛料供应商，我们应该重新开始生产。这种外衣应该卖得很好：因为我们已经五年没有供应羊毛外衣了，而且由于我们的主要竞争对手已不再生产羊毛外衣，消费者将有很迫切的需求。而且，由于过去五年中多数种类的服装价格每年都在上涨，消费者应该愿意花比五年前高的多的价格购买羊毛外衣，从而我们公司的利润将会上升。

our company profits will increase

攻击1：since we have not offered an alpaca overcoat for five years and since our major competitor no longer makes an alpaca overcoat, there will be pent-up customer demand
1）        五年的市场如何？现在呢？
2）        主要竞争对手不生产不说明 没有竞争
3）        也许已经没人买了

攻击2：Also, since the price of most types of clothing has risen in each of the past five years, customers should be willing to pay significantly higher prices for alpaca overcoats than they did five years ago
1）        其他涨价，毛衣？
2）        没有证据

攻击3：, and our company profits will increase
        1）忽略它因

1、作者的结果基于没有其它客户生产驼羊毛大衣，这是没有根据的，没有说明真正原因
2、此外，作者没有提供证据证明用户愿意用更昂贵的钱来购买衣服
3、作者没有考虑许多其它因素：比如人们越来越重视动物的保护，因此即便是有钱也不一定会购买驼羊毛的大衣；此外，新的材料供应商购买的价格是多少，如果抬高同样会影响盈利

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22.The following appeared in a memo from the president of a company that builds and sells new homes in Steel City.

"Over the past five years, the population of Steel City has increased by more than 20 percent, and family incomes in Steel City have risen much faster than the national average. Nationwide, sales of houses priced above $150,000 have increased more than have sales of lower-priced houses. Such data indicate that we should make changes in our business to increase company profits. First, we should build fewer low-priced houses than we did last year and focus instead on building houses designed to sell at above $150,000. Second, we should hire additional workers so that we can build a larger total number of houses than we did last year."

过去五年中，Steel City的人口增加超过了20％，家庭收入的上涨比全国平均水平快的多。在全国范围，房价在$150000以上的房产销量的增长比低价房产要多。这些数据显示我们的业务应该进行一些变革来增加利润。首先，我们所建设的低价位房产应该比去年少，而集中力量建设房价在$150000以上的房产。其次，我们应该雇佣更多的工人从而保证我们能够比去年建设更多的房屋。

Such data indicate that we should make changes in our business to increase company profits

攻击1：Over the past five years, the population of Steel City has increased by more than 20 percent, and family incomes in Steel City have risen much faster than the national average. Nationwide, sales of houses priced above $150,000 have increased more than have sales of lower-priced houses
1）        人口和收入的上涨都不意味着买房
2）        全国的趋势不用于地区
3）        高价房卖的比低价房多，多多少，总共多少？不说明他们会买

攻击2：First, we should build fewer low-priced houses than we did last year and focus instead on building houses designed to sell at above $150,000. Second, we should hire additional workers so that we can build a larger total number of houses than we did last year.
1）        要是当地买的全是低价的？
2）        雇佣工人多了，支出就会多，效率最重要

攻击3：忽略它因


1、Steel城市的人口增长和收入高并不意味着这里的人愿意购买高价房子
2、此外，全国购买高价房的人增加也不一定意味着Steel城市里的人也愿意购买高价房
3、此外，作者忽略了其他因素：比如，全国高价房的销售量增长比低价房高并不说明目前市场的情况，可能高价房的市场本来就小，而低价房的销量本来很大。还有，Steel城市居民目前所拥有的房子数量和类型

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23.A recent sales study indicated that consumption of seafood dishes in Bay City restaurants has increased by 30 percent over the past five years. Yet there are no currently operating city restaurants that specialize in seafood. Moreover, the majority of families in Bay City are two-income families, and a nationwide study has shown that such families eat significantly fewer home-cooked meals than they did a decade ago but at the same time express more concern about eating healthily. Therefore, a new Bay City restaurant specializing in seafood will be quite popular and profitable.

最近的销量调查显示Bay City餐馆的海鲜菜肴的消费量比过去五年增加了30％。而现在该市还没有专门经营海鲜菜的餐厅。而且，Bay City的大多数家庭是双收入家庭，一次国家调查显示这类家庭在家做饭的数量比十年前显著减少，同时他们更关注健康饮食。因此，在Bay City开设一家新的专营海鲜食品的餐馆将会非常受欢迎而且有利可图。

Therefore, a new Bay City restaurant specializing in seafood will be quite popular and profitable

攻击1：A recent sales study indicated that consumption of seafood dishes in Bay City restaurants has increased by 30 percent over the past five years
Yet there are no currently operating city restaurants that specialize in seafood
1）        每年增长缓慢
2）        增长了到底多少？
3）        调查了多少餐馆
4）        没有正是说明不景气，或者他们是搭配着吃

攻击2：Moreover, the majority of families in Bay City are two-income families, and a nationwide study has shown that such families eat significantly fewer home-cooked meals than they did a decade ago but at the same time express more concern about eating healthily
1）        双收入家庭就一定吃海鲜么
2）        全国的不适用于地方
3）        做饭少是否出去吃？吃海鲜？
4）        吃海鲜就健康？

攻击3： profit 其他因素



1.最近的海鲜食品的需求比去年上升30%并不意味着海鲜食物的市场变得很大
2.全国对于双收入家庭的调查并不意味着Bar City同样适用
3.作者同样忽略了其他因素：比如Bar City当地的餐厅数量很多而且对于海鲜食品的供应是否已经足够丰富；或者是否Bar City的居民的饮食习惯

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24.The following appeared in a memo from the president of Viva-Tech, a manufacturer of high-tech medical equipment.

"In order to reduce costs, we should close some of our existing small assembly plants and build a large central plant. Grandview would be an ideal location for this new plant. First, of the locations that we have considered, Grandview has the largest adult population, so that we will be able to staff our plant quickly and easily. Second, since the average wage earned by workers in Grandview is less than that in the other locations, we should be able to keep production costs low. Last, as an inducement for us to build there, Grandview's town council has offered to allow us to operate for the first three years without paying city taxes."

为节约成本，我们应该关闭一些现有的小型组装车间而建设一个大型核心厂房。Grandview可能是这个新厂房建设的理想位置。首先，在我们所考虑过的地区中，Grandview拥有最大的成年人口，因此我们可以很快很轻易地招收到工作人员。其次，由于Grandview工人的平均收入比其他地区低，我们能够把生产成本压低。最后，我们在那里建厂的诱因之一就是Grandview的市委允许我们运营的头三年可以免付城市税。

In order to reduce costs, we should close some of our existing small assembly plants and build a large central plant
Grandview would be an ideal location for this new plant

攻击1：First, of the locations that we have considered, Grandview has the largest adult population, so that we will be able to staff our plant quickly and easily
1）        成年人口是否都没有工作？
2）        是否适合我们的要求？

攻击2：Second, since the average wage earned by workers in Grandview is less than that in the other locations, we should be able to keep production costs low
1）        是否工人效率低？
2）        他们要求多
3）        地理环境？



攻击3：Last, as an inducement for us to build there, Grandview's town council has offered to allow us to operate for the first three years without paying city taxes
1）        以后呢？
2）        是否很高


1.作者没有提供足够的证据证明尽早一个大的中心工厂要比保留老的小装备厂要解约成本
2.作者使用工人的工资低推导出制造成本低是错误的，可能那里的工人效率低，或者需要为当地的工人提供比别的地方更好的工作环境
3.著作还忽略了其他因素：首先，作文没有说Grandview税收的具体数据，可能很高；另外，作者也没有考虑Grandview的地理位置，如果很偏僻，运输费用昂贵也是不划算的

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25.The following appeared in a memo from the mayor of the town of Hopewell.

"Two years ago, the town of Ocean View built a new municipal golf course and resort hotel. During the past two years, tourism in Ocean View has increased, new businesses have opened there, and Ocean View's tax revenues have risen by 30 percent. The best way to improve Hopewell's economy, and generate additional tax revenues, is to build a golf course and resort hotel similar to those in Ocean View."

两年前Ocean View建造了一个新的市立高尔夫球场和度假旅馆。过去两年中，Ocean View的旅客增加了，开设了很多新的商业，而且税收增加了30％。改Hopewell的经济，产生更多税收的最好途径就是建立一个和Ocean View类似的高尔夫球场和度假旅馆。

The best way to improve Hopewell's economy, and generate additional tax revenues, is to build a golf course and resort hotel similar to those in Ocean View


攻击1: Two years ago, the town of Ocean View built a new municipal golf course and resort hotel. During the past two years, tourism in Ocean View has increased, new businesses have opened there, and Ocean View's tax revenues have risen by 30 percent
1）        过去的趋势是否能够保持
2）        具体数值？
3）        是否由于开设球场和旅馆？

攻击2：
1）        地区不同，是否适用
2）        有没有其他方法


1.没有足够的证据表明在Hopewell修建地方性的高尔夫球场和度假胜地会和Ocean View一样收到更高的税收和促进经济
2.此外，作者提供详细的说明Ocean View的经济提高是因为修建了市高尔夫球场以及度假酒店的结果
3.作者还忽略了其他因素：作者没有提供Hopewell居民的信息，可能当地的风俗习惯排斥旅游；此外，作者没有考虑其他更好的提升经济的方法，可能有更好的方式，比如厂办企业等来提高当地经济

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26.The following appeared in a memo from the chairperson of the school board in the town of Saluda.

"For the past five years, Mr. Charles Schade has been the music director at Steel City High School, and during that time the school band from Steel City High has won three regional band competitions. In addition, the quality of the music rehearsal facilities and musical instruments at Steel City High has improved markedly over the past five years. Because of such successes at Steel City High, the Saluda school board should hire Mr. Schade to plan and direct the general music education programs for the entire Saluda school system."

过去五年中，Charles Schade担任了Steel City高中的音乐教学主任，在那期间学校乐队在三次地区乐队比赛中获胜。而且，Steel City高中的音乐排练设备和乐器在过去五年中明显得到改。由于Steel City高中所获得的这些成就，Saluda学校委员会应该雇佣Mr.Schade来为整个Saluda学校系统规划和指导总体音乐教育计划。

Because of such successes at Steel City High, the Saluda school board should hire Mr. Schade to plan and direct the general music education programs for the entire Saluda school system
攻击1：For the past five years, Mr. Charles Schade has been the music director at Steel City High School, and during that time the school band from Steel City High has won three regional band competitions
In addition, the quality of the music rehearsal facilities and musical instruments at Steel City High has improved markedly over the past five years
1）        趋势能否保持？
2）        是不是他的原因
3）        以前的情况
4）        是不是他改善的？


攻击2：hire Mr. Schade to plan and direct the general music education programs for the entire Saluda school system
1）        两个高中的情况？
2）        为什么是整个学校的系统规划？




1.首先，作者不能提供足够的证据证明3次赢得地方性的乐团比赛是Mr. Charles Schade的功劳
2.也没有足够的证据表明是Mr. Charles Schade帮助改善的音乐排练设备和乐器
3.作者还忽略了其他因素：首先，即便上述功劳都是Mr. Charles Schade的结果，他是否会在Saluda学校也能取得这样的成果；聘请Mr. Charles Schade的费用会不会很高

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27.The following appeared as part of a memo from the president of Automate, a company that manufactures automobiles.

"It has come to my attention that Sparks, Inc., the manufacturing company that just moved into our state, is advertising job openings at salaries that are twice as high as those paid to our experienced assembly-line workers. Some of our employees have already left to work for Sparks. In order to keep our best staff, we must pay them salaries equal to those Sparks pays its employees. Otherwise we will continue to lose employees in the future, because Sparks must staff the additional new plants that it plans to build in the state."

我注意到刚刚搬到本州的制造公司Sparks, Inc.正在登广告提供比我们公司生产线的熟练工人薪水高一倍的工作岗位。我们的有些员工已经离开公司到Sparks就职。为留住我们最好的员工，我们必须付给他们与Sparks付给其员工相同的薪水。否则我们在未来将继续流失员工，因为Sparks必须为他们在本州新建的工厂招募工人。

In order to keep our best staff, we must pay them salaries equal to those Sparks pays its employees

攻击1：It has come to my attention that Sparks, Inc., the manufacturing company that just moved into our state, is advertising job openings at salaries that are twice as high as those paid to our experienced assembly-line workers. Some of our employees have already left to work for Sparks
1）        他们是因为薪水走得？
2）        走了多少？代表性
3）        我们两个公司的工作不同

攻击2：In order to keep our best staff, we must pay them salaries equal to those Sparks pays its employees. Otherwise we will continue to lose employees in the future, because Sparks must staff the additional new plants that it plans to build in the state
1）        趋势何来？
2）        其他方式？


1.首先，作者基于两个工资水平不同就推断如果不提升工资Automate的工人一定会走掉是没有根据的。可能工作条件要好，或者有提他的福利
2.其次，作者没有根据的说Automate离开的工人是因为工资不高而离开的
3.作者还忽略了其他因素：比如，没有提供足够的证据证明Automate公司将会持续有工人离开，很可能由于本公司条件好，而吸引更多的工人来；此外，作者也没有提供Sparks公司的其他资料，可能这个公司生产的东西和Automate不同。

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28.The following is a memo from the superintendent of the Mylar school district.

"A recent six-month study, in which breakfast was made available at school for 100 schoolchildren ages five to twelve, found that children on the breakfast plan were less likely than other children to be absent from or late for school. Clearly, eating breakfast before school plays a role in reducing student absenteeism and tardiness. It is also well known that children who regularly eat a healthful breakfast tend to perform better in school. Therefore, in order to reduce absenteeism and tardiness and to improve academic performance in all of Mylar's elementary and secondary schools, we should provide breakfasts for all students before each school day."

在一项最近的为期6个月的研究中，我们为100名5至12岁的小学生在学校提供早餐；研究发现参加早餐计划的儿童比其他儿童更不容易缺席或迟到。显然，上学前吃早餐对于减少学生的缺席和迟到作用很大。而且众所周知经常吃健康早餐的儿童一般在学校的表现也更好。因此，为减少缺席和迟到以及提高Mylar所有小学和初中的学习成绩，我们应该在每天上课前为所有学生提供早餐。

Therefore, in order to reduce absenteeism and tardiness and to improve academic performance in all of Mylar's elementary and secondary schools, we should provide breakfasts for all students before each school day

攻击1 ：A recent six-month study, in which breakfast was made available at school for 100 schoolchildren ages five to twelve, found that children on the breakfast plan were less likely than other children to be absent from or late for school.
1）        很难让人相信
2）        比例？
3）        数量太少
4）        谁做的调查？

攻击2：It is also well known that children who regularly eat a healthful breakfast tend to perform better in school
1）        证据
2）        全国有效是否地区适用
3）        忽略它因





：
1.作者不能提供足够的证据证明这项计划是否具有代表性（representativeness is open to doubt）
2.其次，作者不能提供足够的信息证明是吃早餐造成这些孩子不迟到和早退
3.作者还忽略了其他因素：首先，没有提供任何证据说明吃早餐能够让孩子们在学校的表现更好；其次，也没有说明即使这个计划在全国有效，在Mylar是否有效，可能当地习俗不符

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29.When Ida McAllister ran for mayor of Lake City four years ago, she failed to win even 30 percent of the vote. But since then, McAllister has made public her commitment to environmental causes. She would be wise, therefore, to announce her intention to close all Lake City parks to automobile traffic, thus following the example of the former mayor of Plainsville, Alecia Yu . On the recommendation of a small group of concerned citizens, Mayor Yu prohibited automobile traffic in all Plainsville parks, and therefore was credited with solving the pollution problem and improving the quality of life in Plainsville. This action would have great appeal to the citizens of Lake City, most of whom participate in the community's recycling program, and would guarantee McAllister's success in her current quest to be Lake City's new mayor.

当Ida McAllister在四年前竞选Lake City市的市长的时候，她失败了，甚至未能赢得30％的选票。但从那以后，McAllister公开了她对环境事业的支持。因而，如果她宣布她将会让Lake City所有公园禁止汽车通行的话将会是十分明智的，这里有Plainsville前市长Alecia Yu的先例。在一小群关注该问题的市民的建议下，Yu市长在Plainsville的所有公园都禁止汽车通行，因而被称赞为解决了Plainsville的污染问题和提高了生活质量。这一行动对于Lake City的市将会有极大吸引力，这些市大部分参加了社区循环再生项目，也会保证McAllister在这次市长竞选中获得成。

This action would have great appeal to the citizens of Lake City, most of whom participate in the community's recycling program, and would guarantee McAllister's success in her current quest to be Lake City's new mayor

攻击1：When Ida McAllister ran for mayor of Lake City four years ago, she failed to win even 30 percent of the vote
1）        是否由于不支持环境？
2）        是否有着别的缺点？




攻击2：She would be wise, therefore, to announce her intention to close all Lake City parks to automobile traffic, thus following the example of the former mayor of Plainsville, Alecia Yu . On the recommendation of a small group of concerned citizens, Mayor Yu prohibited automobile traffic in all Plainsville parks, and therefore was credited with solving the pollution problem and improving the quality of life in Plainsville
1）        两市的情况一样？
2）        那个市长得到了人民的支持，这个？
3）        少部分人支持，不代表市民支持
4）        改变了公园的就改变了全市？

攻击3：This action would have great appeal to the citizens of Lake City, most of whom participate in the community's recycling program, and would guarantee McAllister's success in her current quest to be Lake City's new mayor
1）        参加不代表对环境感兴趣
2）        感兴趣不一定支持她



1.作者没有提供信息说明为什么McAllister在上次的选举中失败了，他可能有别的缺点，而不是不支持环保
2.没有足够的证据证明在前市长Alecia Yu的成功也能够在McAllister上再次成功
3.作者还忽略了其他因素：比如没有足够的证据显示这些市民即使参加了社区循环计划，还会对环境问题那么感兴趣，可能Lake City的污染本来就不重，如果静止了汽车通行反而会受到反效果；此外，作者没有考虑是否还有更好的方法让McAllister当选

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30.According to information recently reported in the Eliottown Gazette, the number of people who travel to Eliottown has increased significantly over the past several years. So far this year over 100,000 people have arrived on flights to Eliottown's airport, compared with only 80,000 last year and 40,000 the year before. Eliottown's train station has received more than 50,000 passengers this year, compared with less than 40,000 last year and 20,000 the year before. Clearly tourism in Eliottown has been increasing, thanks to the new Central Park and Museum of Modern Art that opened last year. Therefore, the funding for the park and museum should be increased significantly.

根据Eliottown
Gazette最近报道的信息，到Eliottown旅游的人数在过去几年中显著增加。今年到现在为止，乘飞机抵达Eliottown机场的人数已经超过了100000人，而去年和前年则分别只有80000和40000人。Eliottown的火车站今年接待了超过50000名乘客，而去年和前年则分别为不到40000和20000。显然Eliottown的游客数量增加了，这要感谢去年开放的新的Central Park和Museum of Modern Art。因此，拨给这个公园和博物馆的基金应该大幅增加。

Therefore, the funding for the park and museum should be increased significantly

攻击1：So far this year over 100,000 people have arrived on flights to Eliottown's airport, compared with only 80,000 last year and 40,000 the year before. Eliottown's train station has received more than 50,000 passengers this year, compared with less than 40,000 last year and 20,000 the year before
1）        人数增长并不意味旅游者的增多？
2）        只有三年，不足以说明问题，前几年是否开了公园和博物馆？
3）        是否有其他的方式如汽车，轮船


攻击2：Clearly tourism in Eliottown has been increasing, thanks to the new Central Park and Museum of Modern Art that opened last year. Therefore, the funding for the park and museum should be increased significantly
1）        是否是这两个造成的？
2）        投资给他们是否会吸引游客？
3）        是否还有其他的方法？


1.作者没有提供信息证明是去年开的中央公园和现代艺术展提升了Eliottown Gasette的旅游业
2.没有足够的信息证明大幅增加投资给展览馆和公园有利于吸引更多的乘客
3.作者还忽略了其他因素：首先，是否有其他因素导致了火车和飞机乘客的上升，人口增长，作生意的；其次，是否应当修建其他类型的建筑或者其他方法来吸引游客，比如建旅馆。

WWWXXX2UID: 2143598

31.The following appeared in the editorial section of a newsmagazine.

"Some states are creating new laws that restrict the use of of handheld cell phones by drivers of automobiles. Such legislation, however, is sheer folly. Although some people with cell phones undoubtedly cause problems on the road, including serious accidents, the majority do not. Besides, problems are also caused by drivers who are distracted by any number of other activities, from listening to the radio to disciplining children. Since there is no need to pass legislation restricting these and other such activities, it follows that there is no need to restrict people's freedom to use a device that they find convenient-or helpful in emergencies."

一些州正在制定新法律来禁止汽车驾驶员使用移动电话。然而这种立法是很愚蠢的。尽管有些拥有移动电话的人无疑将会在路上引发一些问题，包括严重事故，但大多数人并不会。而且，事故也同样由于因其他行为而分心的驾驶员引发，比如听收音机和管教儿童。由于没有必要通过立法来限制这些行为，因而也没有必要限制人们使用他们认为方便或在紧急时有帮助的设备。

Some states are creating new laws that restrict the use of of handheld cell phones by drivers of automobiles. Such legislation, however, is sheer folly

攻击1：Although some people with cell phones undoubtedly cause problems on the road, including serious accidents, the majority do not
1）        有数据么？
2）        大多数人没有，那还是有，而且是严重事故

攻击2：Besides, problems are also caused by drivers who are distracted by any number of other activities, from listening to the radio to disciplining children
1）        错误类比

攻击3：Since there is no need to pass legislation restricting these and other such activities, it follows that there is no need to restrict people's freedom to use a device that they find convenient-or helpful in emergencies
1）        是否都是为了find convenient-or helpful in emergencies
2）        不立法如何能够有效的限制


1.大多数人不会因为使用移动电话引发交通事故，并不意味着使用手机就不会构成危险
2.作者错误的把照看小孩和听收音机造成的交通事故和手机相比：首先，照看小孩是不可避免的，而且是有必要的，为了孩子的安全，听收音机并不会限制自由的驾驶汽车，但是使用手机是可以避免的，而且会严重影响司机的驾驶
3.其他错误：作者没有调查大部分的开车打手机是不是因为有要紧事，如果不是就禁止就是有必要的；以及开车打手机造成的事故的具体数据

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32.Until recently, people in Hiparia did most of their shopping by driving to shopping malls. They are beginning, however, to do more of their shopping by ordering merchandise from mail-order catalogs and the Internet. These purchases are delivered to them by mail or by a delivery service. For many purchases, Hiparians no longer need to drive to and from shopping malls; there will therefore be a resulting reduction in the consumption of vehicle fuel in Hiparia.

直到最近，Hiparia的居都开车到商场购物。然而，他们现在开始更多地通过邮寄订货目录和互联网定购商品。这些商品通过邮寄或快递服务递送到他们手中。对很多商品来说，Hiparia居不再需要开车往来于商场；因而将会导致Hiparia汽车燃油消费量的下降。

Hiparians no longer need to drive to and from shopping malls; there will therefore be a resulting reduction in the consumption of vehicle fuel in Hiparia.

攻击1：They are beginning, however, to do more of their shopping by ordering merchandise from mail-order catalogs and the Internet. These purchases are delivered to them by mail or by a delivery service.
1）        所有人都这样？
2）        所有物品都能够买？
3）        是否能够持续

攻击2：Hiparians no longer need to drive to and from shopping malls; there will therefore be a resulting reduction in the consumption of vehicle fuel in Hiparia
1）        其他影响汽油的因素？
2）        他们不用开了，是否邮寄和快递会导致增多？


1.作者错误的根据人们开始使用邮件和互联网进行购物来推断汽油的消耗量将会减少，可能邮车以及运送的费用更高，激发人们的购买欲望
2.作者同时还忽视了人们使用其他方式消耗汽油的可能。旅游，
3.其他因素：比如现在人们对于网上购物是否满意，是否有下降的趋势

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33.The following report appeared in an archaeology journal.

"The discovery of distinctively shaped ceramic pots at various prehistoric sites scattered over a wide area has led archaeologists to ask how the pots were spread. Some believe the pot makers migrated to the various sites and carried the pots along with them; others believe the pots were spread by trade and their makers remained in one place. Now, analysis of the bones of prehistoric human skeletons can settle the debate: high levels of a certain metallic element contained in various foods are strongly associated with people who migrated to a new place after childhood. Many of the bones found near the pots at a few sites showed high levels of the metallic element. Therefore, it must be that the pots were spread by migration, not trade."

在广泛区域分散分布的很多史前遗迹发现的形状独特的陶壶导致考古学家提出疑问：这些壶是如何流传的？有些人相信壶的制造者迁移到别的地区并把壶随之带来；另一些人相信壶是通过贸易流传的，而它们的制造者仍然留在一个地方。现在，对于史前人类骨骼的分析可以解决这个争论：在多种食物中都含有的某种金属元素的高含量与那些成年后移居到新地方的人有很高的关联性。在一些遗迹的壶附近发现的很多骨头都显示出这种金属元素的高含量。因此，这些壶肯定是通过迁移而不是贸易来流传的。

Therefore, it must be that the pots were spread by migration, not trade."

攻击1：Now, analysis of the bones of prehistoric human skeletons can settle the debate: high levels of a certain metallic element contained in various foods are strongly associated with people who migrated to a new place after childhood. Many of the bones found near the pots at a few sites showed high levels of the metallic element
1）        幼年迁移的？
2）        是否还有其他的原因导致了含量的提高？分子扩散？
3）        有的地方有骨头？没有骨头的罐子呢？
4）        他们的骨头在那里不代表他们迁移到那里，只是死在那里

攻击2
1）        其他因素导致壶的分散？战乱？自然？
2）        是否所有的壶都完全一样？还有有所差异？
3）        壶的拥有者就是制造者？




1.作者没有提供足够的证据证明骨头中含有的金属元素能够决定人从幼年以后移居到新的地方的。可能有其他的因素也能够增加头的金属含量，作者没有提供详细的联系，不一定是决定性的因素，别人也可能有这样的迹象
2.作者没于说明是否还有别的可能导致壶分散，可能那些地区曾被海水淹没merged by ocean
3.作者还没有考虑其他因素：比如这些股是否来自同一批人，可能许多地方的人都会制作壶

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34.Milk and dairy products are rich in vitamin D and calcium, substances essential for building and maintaining bones. Many people therefore believe that a diet rich in dairy products can help prevent osteoporosis, a disease in which the bones weaken significantly with age and that is linked to both environmental and genetic factors. But a long-term study of a large number of people has found that those who have consistently consumed dairy products throughout the years of the study have a higher rate of bone fractures than any other participants in the study. Since bone fractures are a symptom of osteoporosis, this study result shows that a diet rich in dairy products may actually increase, rather than decrease, the risk of osteoporosis.

牛奶和奶制品富含维生素D和钙，这是骨骼生长和维持所必须的物质。因此很多人相信多吃奶制品的饮食可以帮助预防骨质疏松症，这是一种骨骼随年龄而显著弱化而且与环境和基因因素相关联的疾病。但是一项对大量人群的长期研究发现那些在研究期间经常食用奶制品的人骨折发病率比其他参加研究的人要高。由于骨折是骨质疏松症的症状之一，这一研究结果表明富含奶制品的饮食实际上会增加而不是减少患骨质疏松症的危险。

Since bone fractures are a symptom of osteoporosis, this study result shows that a diet rich in dairy products may actually increase, rather than decrease, the risk of osteoporosis

攻击1：But a long-term study of a large number of people has found that those who have consistently consumed dairy products throughout the years of the study have a higher rate of bone fractures than any other participants in the study
1）        多少人？比例？代表性？
2）        有没有对照组？


攻击2：Since bone fractures are a symptom of osteoporosis
1）        牛奶就是唯一原因么？
2）        骨折就是骨质疏松么？

1.作者没有提供足够的证据证明，使骨质疏松症而不是其他的因素导致了骨折。可能有其他的原因
2.作者还忽略了导致骨质疏松的其他原因。不一定是牛奶导致的
3.其他因素：这个研究的具体过程以及对象的情况。

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35.The following appeared in the summary of a study on headaches suffered by the residents of Mentia.

"Salicylates are members of the same chemical family as aspirin, a medicine used to treat headaches. Although many foods are naturally rich in salicylates, for the past several decades food-processing companies have also been adding salicylates to foods as preservatives. This rise in the commercial use of salicylates has been found to correlate with a steady decline in the average number of headaches reported by participants in our twenty-year study. Recently, food-processing companies have found that salicylates can also be used as flavor additives for foods. With this new use for salicylates, we can expect a continued steady decline in the number of headaches suffered by the average citizen of Mentia."

水杨酸酯和用来治疗头痛的药物--阿司匹林是同一类化合物。尽管很多食品天然富含水杨酸酯，过去几十年中食品加工公司仍然在食品中加入它来作为防腐剂。这种水杨酸酯在商业上的使用被发现与我们为期20年研究的参加者所报告的头痛发病的平均数量下降是相关的。最近，食品加工公司发现水杨酸酯也可以被用作食品香料。根据这种水杨酸酯的新用途，我们可以预期Mentia居患头痛症的数量将会持续稳步下降。

With this new use for salicylates, we can expect a continued steady decline in the number of headaches suffered by the average citizen of Mentia.

攻击1：Salicylates are members of the same chemical family as aspirin, a medicine used to treat headaches. Although many foods are naturally rich in salicylates, for the past several decades food-processing companies have also been adding salicylates to foods as preservatives
This rise in the commercial use of salicylates has been found to correlate with a steady decline in the average number of headaches reported by participants in our twenty-year study
1）        same chemical family 并不代表者同样的效果
2）        研究了多少人？取样有代表性么
3）        其他原因？
4）        几十年用了，为什么最近才有效

攻击2：Recently, food-processing companies have found that salicylates can also be used as flavor additives for foods. With this new use for salicylates, we can expect a continued steady decline in the number of headaches suffered by the average citizen of Mentia
1）        即使有用，食品中的量是否足够
2）        是否会于食品发生化学反映？

攻击3：
1）        持续下降？其他因素？


1.作者没有考虑其他可能过去导致头痛的原因，不一定是缺少Salicylates
2.作者也错误的认为头痛减少是因为事务处理公司把Salicylates用作防腐剂的缘故，可能有别的因素
3.其他因素：调查的具体信息，对象；Salicylates又没有危害

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36.The following appeared in an article written by Dr. Karp, an anthropologist.

"Twenty years ago Dr. Field, a noted anthropologist, visited the island of Tertia and concluded from his observations that children in Tertia were reared by an entire village rather than by their own biological parents. However, my recent interviews with children living in the group of islands that includes Tertia show that these children spend much more time talking about their biological parents than about other adults in the village. This research proves that Dr. Field's conclusion about Tertian village culture is false, and thus that the observation-centered approach to studying cultures is invalid. Because they are using the interview-centered method, my team of graduate students working in Tertia will establish a much more accurate understanding of child-rearing traditions there and in other island cultures."

20年前著名人类学家Field博士访问了Tertia岛，并从他的观察得出结论：Tertia的儿童是由整个村庄的人抚养长大的而不是由他们的双亲。然而，我最近对包含Tertia的一组岛屿上生活的儿童的采访显示，这些儿童的谈话中谈到他们双亲的时间要远多于谈到村庄中其他成年人的时间。这个研究证实了Field博士关于Tertia村庄文化的结论是错误的，因而这种以观察为中心的研究文化的方法是无效的。由于我在Tertia工作的研究生们所用的是以采访为中心的方式，他们将对那里以及其他岛屿文化的儿童抚养传统建立精确的多的了解。

This research proves that Dr. Field's conclusion about Tertian village culture is false, and thus that the observation-centered approach to studying cultures is invalid

攻击1：However, my recent interviews with children living in the group of islands that includes Tertia show that these children spend much more time talking about their biological parents than about other adults in the village
1）        他们谈到双亲可能因为他们的双亲对他们比较好后者待的时间较长
2）        但是不能说明他们不是由全村人养的
3）        作者可能引导谈话

攻击2：and thus that the observation-centered approach to studying cultures is invalid Because they are using the interview-centered method, my team of graduate students working in Tertia will establish a much more accurate understanding of child-rearing traditions there and in other island cultures
1）        没有证据
2）        结论错误不一定方法错误

攻击3：
3）        二十年了，可能风俗变了
4）        这个岛适用，其他就一定适用？


1.作者没有提供足够的证据说明Tertia的结论是错误的
2.作者也没有提供足够的信息说明以观察为主的方法是错误的
3.其他因素：没有提供详细的比较观察为主和访问为主的两种方法之间的异同，不能说明他的结论更精确

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37.Woven baskets characterized by a particular distinctive pattern have previously been found only in the immediate vicinity of the prehistoric village of Palea and therefore were believed to have been unique to the Palean people. Recently, however, archaeologists discovered such a "Palean" basket in Lithos, an ancient village across the Brim River from Palea. The Brim River is very deep and broad, and so the ancient Paleans could only have crossed it by boat, but there is no evidence that the Paleans had boats. And boats capable of carrying groups of people and cargo were not developed until thousands of years after the Palean people disappeared. Moreover, Paleans would have had no need to cross the river-the woods around Palea are full of nuts, berries, and small game. It follows that the so-called Palean baskets were not unique to Palea.

一种具有独特花纹的编织篮子以前只在史前村庄Palea的临近地区发现过，因而被认为是Palea居所独有的。然而最近，考古学家在一个与Palea隔着一条叫做Brim河的村庄Lithos发现了一个这样的Palea篮子。Brim河很深很宽，所以古代Palea人只能坐船穿过它，但没有证据表明Palea人拥有船只。而且能够运载大量人和货物的船只直到Palea人消失几千年后才出现。而且，Palea人应该没有必要穿过这条河流--Palea周围的林地有丰富的果实和小动物。这表明那种所谓的Palea篮子并不是那里所独有的。

It follows that the so-called Palean baskets were not unique to Palea

攻击1：The Brim River is very deep and broad, and so the ancient Paleans could only have crossed it by boat, but there is no evidence that the Paleans had boats
1）        游泳……等到冬天
2）        地质变化
3）        篮子丢过去

攻击2：Paleans would have had no need to cross the river-the woods around Palea are full of nuts, berries, and small game
1）        现在有，以前呢？
2）        过去交易，通婚，迁移

1.作者忽略了其他能够导致Palean people过河的因素。可能游泳；或者古代的Brim河没有现在那样深，
2.作者还没有考虑到其他的可能性，导致Palean baskets到达河的另一边，可能是飘过来的
3.其他因素：比如现在河边有的nuts, berries and small game可能在过去没有；或者可能Palean人有船只，只不过后人没有发现证据

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38.The following memo appeared in the newsletter of the West Meria Public Health Council.

"An innovative treatment has come to our attention that promises to significantly reduce absenteeism in our schools and workplaces. A study reports that in nearby East Meria, where fish consumption is very high, people visit the doctor only once or twice per year for the treatment of colds. Clearly, eating a substantial amount of fish can prevent colds. Since colds are the reason most frequently given for absences from school and work, we recommend the daily use of Ichthaid, a nutritional supplement derived from fish oil, as a good way to prevent colds and lower absenteeism."

我们注意到一种保证可以显著减少学校和工作岗位的缺席的革新疗法。一项研究报告说在附近的East Meria，鱼的消费量很高，那里的人们每年因为治感冒而去看医生的次数只有一或两次。显然，吃较大量的鱼可以预防感冒。由于感冒是学校和单位缺席的最常见原因，我们建议每天服用Ichthaid，一种从鱼油中提炼的营养物质，作为预防感冒和减少缺席率的有效措施。

Since colds are the reason most frequently given for absences from school and work, we recommend the daily use of Ichthaid, a nutritional supplement derived from fish oil, as a good way to prevent colds and lower absenteeism

攻击1：A study reports that in nearby East Meria, where fish consumption is very high, people visit the doctor only once or twice per year for the treatment of colds
1）        他们身体好是因为吃鱼么
2）        多少人？比例
3）        谁做的调查？
4）        不去看医生不等于不感冒

攻击2：Since colds are the reason most frequently given for absences from school and work, we recommend the daily use of Ichthaid, a nutritional supplement derived from fish oil, as a good way to prevent colds and lower absenteeism
1）        主要原因？
2）        Ichthaid？是这个起作用么，副作用？
3）        其他措施


1.作者没有提供充足的证据证明吃鱼能故防治感冒，可能East Meria人体好，或者有什么好习惯
2.作者也没有提供充足的证据证明感冒导致了大多数的缺席：有的人可能是装病；或者误以为感冒
3.其他因素：即便是吃鱼能够防治感冒，也没有证据证明吃从鱼油中提炼出来的Ichthaid也能够防治感冒；此外，Ichthaid是否有其他不好的作用，没有说明

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39.The following appeared in a memorandum from the president of Humana College.

"Last year the number of students who enrolled in long-distance degree programs at Omni University increased by 50%. During the same year, Omni showed a significant decrease from prior years in expenditures for dormitory and classroom space, most likely because instruction in the long-distance programs takes place via interactive video computer connections. In contrast, over the past three years, enrollment at Humana College has diminished and costs of maintaining buildings have risen. Thus, to increase enrollment and solve the problem of budget deficits at Humana College, we should initiate and actively promote long-distance degree programs like those at Omni."

去年报名参加Omni大学远程教学系统的学生人数上升了50％。同年，Omni用于宿舍和教室的开支比前一年显著下降，很可能是因为远程教学通过互动电脑录像授课。比较而言，在过去三年中，Humana学院的报名人数下降了，而且用于房屋维护的费用上升。因此，为增加报名数量并解决Humana学院财政赤字问题，我们也应该开展并积极推广与Omni一样的远程教学系统。

Thus, to increase enrollment and solve the problem of budget deficits at Humana College, we should initiate and actively promote long-distance degree programs like those at Omni


攻击1：Last year the number of students who enrolled in long-distance degree programs at Omni University increased by 50%. During the same year, Omni showed a significant decrease from prior years in expenditures for dormitory and classroom space, most likely because instruction in the long-distance programs takes place via interactive video computer connections
1）        具体数值？
2）        是否是那个的原因？有没有其他原因？
3）        能否持续？

攻击2：In contrast, over the past three years, enrollment at Humana College has diminished and costs of maintaining buildings have risen. Thus, to increase enrollment and solve the problem of budget deficits at Humana College, we should initiate and actively promote long-distance degree programs like those at Omni
1）        是否有别的原因？
2）        他们的经验是否适用
3）        赤字？



1.没有证据表明Omni大学的宿舍维护费用减少是因为网络授课的缘故
2.没于信息表明Humana大学和Omni是相类似的
3.其他因素：作者没有考虑是什么原因导致Humana大学维护建筑的费用上升；此外，也没有考虑是否有更好的办法吸引学生报考

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40. The following appeared in a memorandum from the president of Excello Food Markets.

"In 90 towns where Excello has food markets, natural-food stores specializing in organic food products—products containing no chemical preservatives and made with foods grown without pesticides—have opened nearby as competitors. Surveys of our own customers reveal a growing concern about foods grown using pesticides or preserved with chemicals. Recently our market in Sun City participated in a local food tasting fair, and 75 percent of the fair goers who visited the Excello booth requested free samples of organic fruit. Such evidence indicates that to increase our profits, we should begin to stock a full line of organic food products in all our markets."

Such evidence indicates that to increase our profits, we should begin to stock a full line of organic food products in all our markets

攻击1： Surveys of our own customers reveal a growing concern about foods grown using pesticides or preserved with chemicals
1）        survey
2）        关注？

攻击2：in Sun City participated in a local food tasting fair, and 75 percent of the fair goers who visited the Excello booth requested free samples of organic fruit
1）        具体数量
2）        代表性
3）        不要钱
4）        水果

攻击3: profit
      







1.作者试图用太阳城有75%的用户要求免费品尝食物，说服我们应该在全国推出有机食品是不科学的
2.作者没有提供信息说明竞争者的信息，可能这些有机食物的竞争者经营情况并不好
3.其他因素：是否能够来来很大的利润；调查说明人们越来越关注有机食物是否全面客观，范围多大