0610G备考第一阶段个人Issue写作总结 FLY AW小组

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备考第一阶段Issue写作总结
6月25日

1 关键词定义与立场选择
   
Issue写作，定义关键词一定是文章的第一步。一定要在精确定义了关键词之后，才能有逻辑的选择立场。

1.1 Issue51  5月20日
    Education will be truly effective only when it is specifically designed to meet the individual needs and interests of each student.
关键词：truly effective
定义：individually truly effective: learning to know, learning to do, learning to get together, and learning to be
      socially truly effective: developing every aspect of society, including academy, technology, economy, politics, and human spiritual status
立场：reject

1.2 Issue7  5月23日
    The video camera provides such an accurate and convincing record of contemporary life that it has become a more important form of documentation than written records.
关键词：documentation
定义：an implement used to record history and serving as future references
立场：reject

1.3 Issue17  5月26日
    There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey and resist unjust laws.
关键词：laws
        unjust laws
定义：contracts made between individuals and society
      laws conflicting with contemporary social conditions
立场：reject to either disobey or conduct unjust laws

1.4 Issue121  5月30日
    At various times in the geological past, many species have become extinct as a result of natural, rather than human, processes. Thus, there is no justification for society to make extraordinary efforts, especially at a great cost in money and jobs, to save endangered species.
关键词：justification
定义：responsibilities and necessities
立场：reject

1.5 Issue212  6月22日
    If a goal is worthy, then any means taken to attain it is justifiable.
关键词：justifiable
定义：do not induce costs and harms that cannot be counteracted by corresponding profits
立场：reject

1.6 Issue207  6月6日
Rituals and ceremonies help define a culture. Without them, societies or groups of people have a diminished sense of who they are.
关键词：who they are
定义：individual relationships, social responsibilities, regional cultures, national appreciations, living standards, and spiritual beliefs
立场：approve

1.7 Issue144  5月15日
    It is the artist, not the critic,* who gives society something of lasting value.
*a person who evaluates works of art, such as novels, films, music, paintings, etc.
关键词：something of lasting value
定义：artistic works as well as the evolvement of art
立场：conditioning

1.8 Issue31  6月14日
    Money spent on research is almost always a good investment, even when the results of that research are controversial.
关键词：a good investment
定义：do not induce costs and harms that cannot be counteracted by contemporary profits
立场：reject

1.9 Issue136  6月17日
    The absence of choice is a circumstance that is very, very rare.
关键词：choice
定义：alternatives of facts, thoughts, and activities
立场：conditioning

1.10 Issue41  6月20日
    Such nonmainstream areas of inquiry as astrology, fortune-telling, and psychic and paranormal pursuits play a vital role in society by satisfying human needs that are not addressed by mainstream science.
关键词：human needs that are not addressed by mainstream sciences
定义：exploration and communication in unknown areas that cannot be accessed by mainstream sciences
立场：approve

1.11 Issue185  6月24日
    Scandals—whether in politics, academia, or other areas—can be useful. They focus our attention on problems in ways that no speaker or reformer ever could.
关键词：scandals
定义：unpleasant pieces of information lacking of confirmation and sense
立场：conditioning


2 各类题目的写作结构安排

2.1 分类论述
Issue51: (1) individually; (2) socially
Issue7: (1) recording history; (2) future references
Issue121: (1) responsibilities; (2) necessities
Issue144: (1) artistic works; (2) the evolvement of art
Issue136: (1) facts; (2) thoughts; (3) activities
Issue41: (1) exploration; (2) communication

2.2 理论论述
Issue17: (1) laws are contracts that cannot be disobeyed; (2) unjust laws conflicting with contemporary social conditions cannot be conducted
Issue207: (1) self sense will diminish without rituals and ceremonies; (2) how do rituals and ceremonies reminds people of who they are
Issue185: (1) generally speaking; (2) under certain conditions

2.3 举例论述：
Issue212: (1) sending children to university; (2) developing satellites; (3) solving economic problems
Issue31: (1) studies without detailed background observation; (2) studies without appropriate conductors; (3) studies without careful plans

    总体来说，第一类文章的写作比较简单，只要按照已经详细定义过的关键词，按部就班的进行论述就可以了，段落之间属于并列关系，只需在各个小节里使用简单的理论推导和举例说明，疑问排比的运用（Issue51）会起到非常好的效果；第二类文章相对比较难，通常需要很严密的理论推导来展现段落间的递进、因果（Issue207）或者转折（Issue185）关系，甚至需要清楚地解释一些佯谬（Issue17）（至于为什么会想到使用“佯谬”这个词，因为我是学物理的，本科一年级时接触到的最有意思的理论就莫过于相对论中的“隧道佯谬”了，那种看似相悖其实相辅相成的理论，实在太有趣了……诶……其实这句话属于废话），一般来说，使用一些简单的例子来进行类比会有很好的效果，如在Issue17中使用Shakespeare威尼斯商人进行类比，在Issue185中使用毒品进行类比，能使艰涩的推理变得通俗易懂；第三类文章相对来说也比较简单，段落间也属于平行关系，但难点在于不容易写出深度，所以要在各个例子中进行有效的理论推导，并且在文字上多下功夫。

    经过六个星期的Issue写作练习，自己深有体会，要写出好的文章，除了优秀逻辑与语言外，相关的专业知识也是必不可少的。这也是我体会到的G的作文与T的作文，或者Issue与Argument只见最大的差异。没有必要的相关知识，就不可能对关键词作出精确的定义，更加不可能找到合适的例子进行说明或者类比。尤其是对于我这样一个典型的理科生，对于人文社科方面的了解可以说是少之又少，无论是语言学、文化学、社会学、人类学、民俗学、经济学、政治学、艺术学，还是行为学的领域，写起来都不避免的相当头痛。作为理科生，如果想要大幅度的提高自己的论述深度，与其抱着G的范文和提纲，不如涉及一下自己从来没有认真接触过的人文社科领域，一本《人文社科引论》可以给一般人提供很大的帮助。当然，论述的深度是要以逻辑能力和语言能力为基础的，在这一方面老外范文是很好的选择。

    现阶段写作最大的问题是速度，也是今后要着重提高的方面。

[ 本帖最后由 夜一 于 2006-6-25 15:49 编辑 ]