做最强的自己，与子征战兮路漫长

zhangheng1020UID: 2130513

While similar, osmolarity and tonicity are not the same. The keydifference between the two is that tonicity implies a membrane that isimpermeable to the solutes on either side of it. This is not anecessary condition in the case of osmolarity. Osmolarity is a measureof the osmotically active particles in a solution and in fact makes noexplicit assertion with respect to the solute permeability of anyinvolved membranes.
The derivatives of the term: isosmotic, hyperosmotic, and hypoosmotic, should not be confused with isotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic.
Example: A urea solution that is isosmotic with respect to thecytosol of an erythrocyte is nonetheless not isotonic respective to thesame erythrocyte. Urea freely diffuses across cellular membranes and isalso an osmotically active particle. Normally, urea is present in alower concentration in the nju of an erythrocyte than in an ureasolution. Because urea is freely permeable to cell membranes and theconcentration of urea is normally lower in the erythrocytes than in aurea solution, urea will diffuse down its concentration gradient intoan erythrocyte placed into a urea solution. However, because urea isosmotically active, urea increases the solute concentration in theerythrocyte, which will then induce the osmosis of water into the cell.This can ultimately result in cell lysis. In retrospect, the isosmoticurea solution was in fact hypotonic with respect to the blood cell.Interestingly, even if the urea solution is hypoosmotic to theerythrocyte, urea will still diffuse into the cell along itsconcentration gradient.

zhangheng1020UID: 2130513

Neurons

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron

(also known as neurones and nerve cells) are electrically excitable cells in the nervous system that process and transmit information. In vertebrate animals, neurons are the core components of the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves.
Neurons are typically composed of a soma, or cell body, a dendritic tree and an axon.The majority of vertebrate neurons receive input on the cell body anddendritic tree, and transmit output via the axon. However, there isgreat heterogeneity throughout the nervous system and the animalkingdom, in the size, shape and function of neurons.
Neurons communicate via chemical and electrical synapses, in a process known as synaptic transmission. The fundamental process that triggers synaptic transmission is the action potential, a propagating electrical signal that is generated by exploiting the electrically excitable membrane of the neuron. This is also known as a wave of depolarization.

synapses
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapse
are specialized junctions through which the cells of the nervous system signal to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in muscles or glands. Chemical synapses allow the neurons of the central nervous systemto form interconnected neural circuits. They are thus crucial to thebiological computations that underlie perception and thought. Theyprovide the means through which the nervous system connects to andcontrols the other systems of the body. A chemical synapse between amotor neuron and a muscle cell is called a neuromuscular junction; this type of synapse is well-understood.The human brain contains a huge number of chemical synapses; young children have about 1016 synapses (10 quadrillion). This number declines with age, stabilizing by adulthood. Estimates for adults vary from 1015 to 5 × 1015 (1-5 quadrillion) synapses.
The word "synapse" comes from "synaptein", which Sir Charles Scott Sherringtonand his colleagues coined from the Greek "syn-" ("together") and"haptein" ("to clasp"). Chemical synapses are not the only type ofbiological synapse: electrical and immunological synapses exist as well. Without a qualifier, however, "synapse" commonly refers to a chemical synapse.

[ 本帖最后由 zhangheng1020 于 2007-9-9 15:35 编辑 ]

zhangheng1020UID: 2130513

Hyponatremia                                        From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia                        (Redirected from Hyponatraemia)

[size=87%]• Ten things you didn't know about Wikipedia •

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                                                Hyponatremia
Classification & external resources

SodiumICD-10E87.1ICD-9276.1The electrolyte disturbance hyponatremia (British hyponatraemia) exists in humans when the sodium (Natrium in Latin) concentration in the plasma falls below 135 mmol/L. At lower levels water intoxicationmay result, an urgently dangerous condition. Hyponatremia is anabnormality that can occur in isolation or, as most often is the case,as a complication of other medical illnesses. In the case of othermammals, particularly agricultural animals, different indications arerelevant. The following refers to humans; an introduction to sodiumdeficiency in cattle is appended.
SymptomsMost patients with chronic water intoxication are asymptomatic, but may have symptoms related to the underlying cause.
Severe hyponatremia may cause osmotic shift of water from the plasma into the brain cells. Typical symptoms include nausea, vomiting, headache and malaise. As the hyponatremia worsens, confusion, diminished reflexes, convulsions, stupor or coma may occur. Since nausea is, itself, a stimulus for the release of ADH, which promotes the retention of water, a positive feedback loop may be created and the potential for a vicious circle of hyponatremia and its symptoms exists.

[ 本帖最后由 zhangheng1020 于 2007-9-9 16:40 编辑 ]

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uniformly distributed substance
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson_distribution

fick's first law of diffusion
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fick%27s_law_of_diffusion

guesswhatUID: 2231211

Finally, there's something I'm familiar to.

Poisson Distribution: Discrete distribution where the mathematical expectation and the standard deviation is the same.

Poisson Distribution-->Nuclear decay.

Fick's law is similar to Fourier's law of heat conductivity. The heat transferred (the net number of particles that pass a cross-section) is proportional to heat/density difference.

zhangheng1020UID: 2130513

study good and up daily~~---from a old monke :mad:

zhangheng1020UID: 2130513

chapter 4

[ 本帖最后由 zhangheng1020 于 2007-9-10 10:08 编辑 ]

guesswhatUID: 2231211

Doc, can I reserve an appointment, I'm NOT feeling well today.

[ 本帖最后由 guesswhat 于 2007-9-10 23:05 编辑 ]

seraphwwwUID: 2157333

０６年的了呀
ＬＺ坚持下来了吗？

zhangheng1020UID: 2130513

OLD POST, NEW TOPIC... IT IS A BET FOR 2 MONTHS
NOW THERE IS 41 DAYS LEFT NOW~~

zhangheng1020UID: 2130513

原帖由 sos191519275 于 2007-8-22 02:07 发表
按40-45分钟一节课算，包括实验、体育等课。

https://bbs.gter.net/thread-726895-1-1.html
EVERY MEDICAL STUDENT HAS TO HAVE 45 COURSE FOR ONE'S MAJOR PER WEEK  
And I had to taken 10 more courses for my sub-major at evening in weekdays and at day times for every weekend.
That will be 55 Course time per week...
Now I have only 24 courses per week. I am not used at all. Especially when the library will be close early on Friday and Weekend_ that really acute my weekend phobia. Almost every week, I will feel lost on Friday, depressed on Saturday, and totally tired on Sunday. However, all the symptoms will be released on Sunday evening__ because I knew the library will open early on Monday! Luckily I have lots of pretest reading to spend my spare time.

Good news is: I am the only foreigner in my biochemistry and pathphysiology courses, the only Asian in my pathology course, the only none-English speaker in my immunology course (there are two more Indians in class) and I am not sure about my toxicology course__I will enjoy it this evening… Hope it won’t disappoint me also. Studying with those Natives really excites my nerve, reminds me I am in US or I might thought I am still in China

Bad news is: when I rose up my hands and answered the questions. The first reaction from the professor will surely be: ”Sorry, you mean……?”  TNND, the professor can not understand my answer

[ 本帖最后由 zhangheng1020 于 2007-9-10 11:55 编辑 ]

zhangheng1020UID: 2130513

the toxicology tutor is verrrrrrrrry handsome!:) :) !
:o fainted... 28 students in class... 24 Indians~~~ 1 south American 1 African and one Tiawanese!:funk: :funk:
....but the professor is very very very handsome~~:loveliness: :loveliness:

[ 本帖最后由 zhangheng1020 于 2007-9-10 21:26 编辑 ]

zhangheng1020UID: 2130513

paradoxical 【医】 奇异的, 矛盾的, 逆理的, 反常的
Atrial septal defect
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrial_septal_defect
Venous thrombosis
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venous_thrombosis

梧芷勿睡UID: 2141923

2个月不用中文真的很强。。。

zhangheng1020UID: 2130513

hyperpnea,
where the increased breathing is required to meet demand, as during and following exercise or when the body lacks oxygen (hypoxia), for instance in high altitude or as a result of anaemia. Hyperpnea may also occur as a result of sepsis, and is usually a sign of the beginning of refractory sepsis.

tachypnea
tachypnea (or "tachypnoea") (Greek: "rapid breathing") is characterized by rapid breathing and is not identical with hyperventilation - tachypnea may be necessary for a sufficient gas-exchange of the body, for example after exercise, in which case it is not hyperventilation.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachypneadyspnea

Dyspnea
or Dyspnoea (Pronounced disp-nee-ah, from the Latin dyspnoea, Greek dyspnoia from dyspnoos, shortness of breath) or short of breath (SOB) is perceived difficulty breathing or painful breathing. It is a common symptom of numerous medical disorders.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyspnea