做最强的自己，与子征战兮路漫长

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Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome: Diagnostic Problems with a Known Disease
http://jcm.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/39/9/3414
Hantaan virus antibody prevalence in rodent populations of several provinces of northeastern Thailand
http://www.blackwell-synergy.com ... 5-3156.2002.00830.x

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Hantavirus infection in children
http://www.co-pediatrics.com/pt/ ... 4!181195629!8091!-1

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El Niño and Incidence of Hemorrhagic Fever With Renal Syndrome in China
http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/289/2/176
To the Editor: The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has been related to patterns of vector-borne diseases such as malaria.1 We studied the relationship between ENSO and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), a zoonosis caused by Hantaan or Hantaan-related virus, with characteristics of fever, hemorrhagic phenomena, kidney damage, and hypotension. Rodents, mostly mice, act as viral reservoirs and the source of infection. Although mice require moist soil, a large rainfall could have a negative impact on them by destroying their microenvironment.2 Cases of HFRS have been found in Asia, Africa, Europe, and America. China has the most cases in the world, with over 1 million between 1950 and 1995. Anhui province has among the highest incidences in China.3

Methods   

Information on the annual incidence of HFRS in Anhui province and China over the periods 1970-1996 and 1970-1995, respectively, were retrieved from Chinese public health data.3 The ENSO can be assessed by the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), the normalized atmospheric pressure difference between Darwin in Australia and Tahiti in the South Pacific. It affects most countries bordering on, or in, the Pacific and Indian Oceans, and accounts for up to 40% of temperature and rainfall in the Pacific.4 A positive index of the SOI means low pressure in Darwin and greater rainfall as well as a higher sea level, while a negative index indicates the opposite climate pattern. Annual SOI data were obtained from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology. We calculated Spearman correlation coefficients between the annual SOI and incidence of HFRS in Anhui Province and China as a whole.


Results  

Figure 1 shows the annual incidence of HFRS and the respective annual SOIs. There was an inverse correlation between the SOI and the incidence of HFRS in China (Spearman r = -0.40, P<.05). This relationship was somewhat stronger in Anhui Province (Spearman r = -0.49, P<.05), perhaps because of its lower elevation.2, 5



View larger version (21K):
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   Figure. Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) and the Incidence of Hemorrhagic Fever With Renal Syndrome (HFRS) in China and Anhui Province







Comment  

Earlier work2 on the relationship between rainfall, temperature, and the incidence of HFRS in China was constrained to a small area because it is generally not practical to form a single index at national or provincial levels from regionally based climatic data such as rainfall. However, using the SOI provides an alternative method to carry out such a study and prediction. This is biologically plausible, and consistent with our previous studies2, 5 and other observations.6 For instance, the incidence of HFRS in Anhui Province was 4.88/100 000 in 1980 across those regions with 400 to 800 mm of precipitation, while in the regions with precipitation of more than 800 mm, the incidence was only 0.43/100 000.6 Therefore, the SOI might be used as a predictor of HFRS for a larger geographic area, as an early warning system for future outbreaks.

Peng Bi, MBBS, PhD
Centre for Healthcare Related Infection Surveillance and Prevention
Princess Alexandra Hospital
Brisbane, Australia


Kevin A. Parton, BCom, MSc, PhD
Faculty of Rural Management
University of Sydney
Sydney, Australia



1. Bouma MJ, van der Kaay HJ. The El Nino Southern Oscillation and the historic malaria epidemics on the Indian subcontinent and Sri Lanka: an early warning system for future epidemics? Trop Med Int Health. 1996;1:86-96. FULL TEXT | ISI | PUBMED  
2. Bi P, Tong S, Donald K, Parton K, Ni J. Climatic, reservoir and occupational variables and the transmission of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in China. Int J Epidemiol. 2002;31:189-193. FREE FULL TEXT  
3. Chen HX, Luo CW. The surveillance of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in China, 1931-95. Chin J Vector Biol Control. 1996;7(suppl):1-26.
4. Nicholls N. El Nino Southern Oscillation and vector-borne disease. Lancet. 1993;342:1284-1285. FULL TEXT | ISI | PUBMED  
5. Bi P, Wu XK, Zhang FZ, et al. Seasonal rainfall variability, the incidence of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, and prediction of the disease in low-lying areas in China. Am J Epidemiol. 1998;148:276-281. FREE FULL TEXT  
6. Wu XK. Epidemic haemorrhagic fever. In: Lian ZH, ed. Epidemiology. 3rd ed. Beijing, China: People's Medical Publishing House; 1994:244-256.


Letters Section Editor: Stephen J. Lurie, MD, PhD, Senior Editor.


JAMA. 2003;289:176-177.

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31 days left

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I just checked my schedule... there are:
0 exams in the first week.                                     (for the register)
0 exams in the second week                                 (for the holiday)
1 exams in the third week.                                    Biochemistry  
2 exams in the 4th/ this week.                              Pathology immunology-advanced
1 exams in the 5th week                                              biochemistry
4 exams in the 6th week                      toxicology pathology pathphysiology biochemistry
0 exams in the 7th week                                    
2 exams in the 8th week                                      toxicology biochemistry
2 exams in the 9th week                                      pathology pathphysiology
1 exams in the 10th week                                      pathology
2 exams in the 11h week                                      toxicology biochemistry
1 exams in the 12th week                                      immunology-advanced
0 exams in the 13th week                           (deadline for pathology paper __15 pages)
2 exams in the 14th week                                      pathphysiology biochemistry
2 exams in the 15th week                          (for the holiday)  toxicology biochemistry                                    
1 exams in the 16th week                                      (the biochemistry presentation )
1 exams in the 17th week                                      Biochemistry
2 exams in the 18th week                                    pathphysiology immunology-advanced
3 exams in the 19th week                                      toxicology pathology pathphysiology

[ 本帖最后由 zhangheng1020 于 2007-9-25 22:20 编辑 ]

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http://www.merck.com/mmhe/resources/pronunciations/index/a.html
http://lorien.ncl.ac.uk/ming/dept/Tips/present/present.htm

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Imagine a team of your best employees coming together to practicearticulating your corporate message while honing their own publicspeaking skills. All this while enjoying a fun and engagingteam-building experience.
  That’s the idea behind our  presentation training programs.
  EMSprovides presentation training for people at every level of yourorganization, from front line sales and service professionals to seniormanagement and executives. Our approach—customized to meet the specificneeds of your organization—focuses on helping everyone deliver clear, effective presentations to audiences of all  sizes. Whether conducted individually or as a team, our training covers:
  Content: Participants  learn a process for creating and customizing presentations, using a simple  philosophy that generates results:
  

• Tell them what you’re going to tell them
• Tell them
• Tell them what you told them.

  Presentation Style:Each individual identifies specific attributes that they want toconvey—such as confidence, trust, or passion—and learns to exhibitthose qualities every time they communicate.
  Speaking Skills: Our  seminars cover the eight fundamentals of public speaking.Participants practice these skills through videotaped interactiveexercises, and receive direct constructive feedback from us and fromeach other.
  EMS presentation training seminars, designedfor up to eight people, typically last two full days. We also offerprivate executive training sessions, often requested to help preparefor an especially important upcoming presentation. All programs can beconducted onsite or offsite as requested.

The Eight  Fundamentals of Public Speaking  Just as anysport, public speaking has a list of fundamentals that must be masteredin order to succeed. Here are our Fundamentals for success:
  

• Energy
  Most of us prefer to watch a presentation where the speaker is clearlymaking an effort to connect with the audience. Energy comes out asvocal variety, gestures and facial expression,helping you show passion and gain positive listener response. Energy isalso a great mask, effectively covering up nervousness and otherdistractions.
• Eye Contact
  Maintaineye contact with individual audience members long enough to completeyour thought (3-5 seconds), rather than shifting your gaze from side toside.
• Facial  Expressions
  Use smiles, frowns, and other varied expressions to keep your audienceengaged. Take a tip from stage actors: bigger audiences call for biggerexpressions.
• Gestures
  Use natural movements of your arms, hands and body to emphasize yourmain points. Avoid actions such as pointing, arms crossed or on yourhips, or playing with your fingers.
• Movement
  Purposeful movement, such as walking across the stage or steppingforward to approach the audience, helps to create a stronger connectionwith your listeners. To help avoid nervous rocking or shifting, plantyour feet when you're done moving.
• Non-words
  By all means possible, work to eliminate meaningless words (such asumm, OK, uhh, and others) from your presentations. They are extremelydistracting to your listeners. SNAP!
• Pauses
        Taking short  breaks between thoughts helps the audience focus on your message, and also helps the speaker eliminate non-words. Pause early and often, we  always say!
• Speaking  Pace
  Should you speak quickly or slowly? Both, if you want to hold youraudience’s attention for your entire presentation. Speed helps conveypassion and excitement, while slowing down helps people focus on mainpoints and big ideas. Just not TOO quickly or slowly!

[ 本帖最后由 zhangheng1020 于 2007-9-28 10:44 编辑 ]

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http://www.amanet.org/seminars/seminar.cfm?basesemno=2102
Expand your influence, build your credibility and communicate withpassion by mastering the techniques of strategic storytelling.                                                                                Amongthe traits shared by inspirational leaders, one of the most importantis the ability of storytelling. One well-told story is far moreeffective at touching listeners and moving them to action than anentire encyclopedia of cold, hard facts. From myths and fables topersonal anecdotes, storytelling has a unique power to createconnections quickly. People connect with the emotional power ofstories...the potent impact of a story lingers long after mere factsand figures are quickly forgotten (or dismissed).

In thisseminar, you will learn how to incorporate storytelling into your dailybusiness communication. You’ll communicate with more passion, energyand enthusiasm and discover a proven method for building cooperation,understanding and teamwork across your organization.

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[PDF]
presentation skills
http://www3.baylor.edu/LIRT/lirtpres.pdf

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http://www.presentationhelper.co.uk/Essential_Presentation_skills.htm
One of the most powerful things that you can do to your presentation is to add in visual aids.                           Research shows that if you use visual aids you are twice as likely to achieve your objectives.
                          Ditch the bullet points - use pictures instead.
                                                                 
                                                                                   Use visual aids in your next presentation.
                        Why should you use visual aids?
                         1. How we take in information during a presentation
                        

                        ProfessorAlbert Mehrabian did a lot of research into how we take in informationduring a presentation. He concluded that 55% of the information we takein is visual and only 7% is text.
                        There are some important conclusions that we can take in from this information
                        

• Use visuals (pictures, graphs, tables, props) whenever you can
• In a speech you are only using 38% of the communication medium
• Ditch the bullet points

                                                 2. Making the presentation memorable
                        

                        In a Study at the Wharton Research Centre they showed that using visual slides had a dramatic effect on message retention. The effect of using visuals is  truly staggering!
                        The old adage that "a picture is worth a thousand words" is as true today as it has always been.
                         3. Achieving your objectives
                        IfI said that I could double your chances of achieving your objectives ina presentation with just one piece of advice you would probably be veryskeptical. And yet if you use visual images that is just what happens.
                        

                        Thisstudy by Decker Communications showed that by using visuals in yourpresentation you could expect roughly to double the chance of achievingyour objectives. And if you are trying to make a sales presentation ora job interview presentation, this piece of advice could have a majorimpact on your bank balance.
                        The conclusion: Use visual aids
                        So hopefully by now you have got the message loud and clear. Use visual aids in your next presentation.

[ 本帖最后由 zhangheng1020 于 2007-9-28 11:05 编辑 ]

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We see no end of people who spend hours pouring over their bullet points but fail to rehearse properly for the presentation.                         The old adage is as true now as it has always been.
                      "If you fail to prepare, you are prepared to fail"
                                           
                                                        Rehearse your presentation and it will get better.
                        Sorryto sound like a bit of an old nag. It's obvious - rehearsing - isn'tit? But it's also a bit of a drag and one that is easy to forget. It isprobably the most common mistake of all presentations that I have seen.
                        You wouldn'tdream of going to see a Shakespeare play at the RSC only to find thatthey hadn't properly learnt the script. You wouldn't dream of going tothe opera to hear the band play out of time because they hadn't gotround to rehearsing properly. Yet in presentations and in speeches wesee this happening all the time.
                        

   

                              

The impact of inadequate rehearsal on the audience                        

                                                

Rehearsing could make the difference between a good and an average presentation.                         

                        1. Plan to rehearse your presentation out loud at least 4 times.
                        Wesuggest that you should rehearse at least four times, and if you canget word perfect so much the better. I know that you haven't got thetime, but we have seen so many presentations that have been let downdue to a lack of rehearsal.
                        Make sure that one of your rehearsals is in front of a really scary audience - family, friends, partners, colleagues; children. They will tell you quite plainly where you are going wrong - as well as providing you with the support that you need.
                        2. Rehearse against the clock
                        Ifyou have to give a presentation in a short period of time then try topractice your presentation against the clock. This is particularly truewith something like the five minute job presentation. You can add inparts from the script or take them out to fit the time. Allow extratime in your presentation for questions and watch out for nerves - thiscould mean that you talk faster on the day.
                        Inthe actual presentation you could take in a clock or take off yourwrist watch and put it on the podium. This way you can see how thetimings can develop.
                        3. Take a leaf out of Winston Churchill's book - memorize your script.
                        Heis widely attributed as being one of the great speakers. It took himsix weeks to prepare his Maiden Speech in the House of Commons and helearnt it word perfect.
                        4. Video or tape record yourself
                        Avery simple trick that could help you with your performance is to videoor tape record yourself. This will give you some immediate feedback andwill enable you to fine tune your performance.
                        Videoing a rehearsal is the staple of many presentation training companies - so why not save time and money and do it yourself?
                        Does it work? - Just read this bit of feedback from someone who got a new job using these techniques
                        

                          "Then I practised, I think this is the key.
    I practised in front of my husband, my brother in law, my 12 year old daughter.
    Then my 4 year old son on the day, he wasn't impressed, he just wanted me to put the telly on.
                          I blew their socks off!! he he
                          Definitely could not have done it without your help"
                        

                        Rehearse and you will get better.

[ 本帖最后由 zhangheng1020 于 2007-9-28 10:55 编辑 ]

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Lesson 3. The rule of three >>
This is one of the oldest of all the presentation techniques - known about since the time of Aristotle.

People tend to remember lists of three things. Structure your presentation around threes and it will become more memorable.

The Rule of Three - We remember three things.

The rule of three is one of the oldest in the book - Aristotle wrote about it in his book Rhetoric. Put simply it is that people tend to easily remember three things.

Remember as a kid when your mum sent you down to the shop to buy a number of things. But when you got to the shop all you could remember were three things. This is the rule of three

Odds are that people will only remember three things from your presentation

      What will they be?

1. The audience are likely to remember only three things from your presentation - plan in advance what these will be.

Believe it or not, the chances are, people will only remember three things from your presentation. So before you start writing your presentation, plan what your three key messages will be. Once you have these messages, structure the main part of your presentation around these three key themes and look at how they could be better illustrated.

2. There are three parts to your presentation

The beginning, the middle and the end. Start to plan out what you will do in these three parts. The beginning is ideal for an attention grabber or for an ice breaker. The end is great to wrap things up or to end with a grand finale.

3. Use lists of three wherever you can in your presentation

Lists of three have been used from early times up to the present day. They are particularly used by politicians and advertisers who know the value of using the rule of three to sell their ideas.

    Veni, Vidi, Vici (I came, I saw, I conquered) - Julius Caesar**
    "Friends, Romans, Countrymen lend me your ears" - William Shakespeare
    "Our priorities are Education, Education, Education" - Tony Blair
    A Mars a day helps you to work, rest and play - Advertising slogan
    Stop, look and listen - Public safety announcement

A classic example of the rule of three was Winston Churchill's famous Blood, Sweat and Tears speech. He is widely attributed as saying I can promise you nothing but blood sweat and tears. What he actually said was "I can promise you Blood, Sweat, Toil and Tears". Because of the rule of three we simply remember it as Blood sweat and tears.

There are lots of other examples of the rule of three on this link

4. In Presentations "Less is More"

If you have four points to get across - cut one out. They won't remember it anyway. In presentations less really is more. No one ever complained of a presentation being too short.

Presentation Essentials

Three Presentation Essentials

Use visual aids where you can

Rehearse, rehearse, rehearse

The audience will only remember three messages

So there you have the presentation essentials. I suggest that you print out this little box and stick it in your work book for future reference.

So does it all work? Well it works most of the time - but don't take my word for it Read these three posts on the Forum and make up your own mind....

    "Got the job"
    I Blew their socks off!!
    Images in presentations

Good luck and happy presenting.

Related pages

    Forum discussion of the rule of three

    More examples of the rule of three

** Technically the quote is - Veni (I came), Vidi (I saw) , Vici (I crushed them) which is falsely tied to Gaul and Britanny Conquest by Julius Caesar, but was prononced before the Senate after the crushing of a small revolt in what is now Turquey...

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Basics of Presentation Skills
http://www.managementhelp.org/commskls/presntng/basics.htm
Written by Carter McNamara, MBA, PhD, Authenticity Consulting, LLC. Copyright 1997-2007.
Adapted from the Field Guide to Leadership and Supervision.

Leaders make presentations to a wide variety of audiences, for example, Board members, employees, community leaders and groups of customers. Usually there is a lot that can be quickly gained or quickly lost from a presentation. A little bit of guidance goes a long way toward making a highly effective presentation.

Note that meeting management skills are often helpful in designing an effective presentation. Also note that the following guidelines are intended for general presentations, not for training sessions where your presentation is to help learners to gain specific knowledge, skills or attitudes in order to improve their performance on a task or job.

Basic Guidelines For Designing Your Presentation

1. List and prioritize the top three goals that you want to accomplish with your audience. It's not enough just to talk at them. You may think you know what you want to accomplish in your presentation, but if you're not clear with yourself and others, it is very easy - too easy - for your audience to completely miss the point of your presentation. For example, your goals may be for them to appreciate the accomplishments of your organization, learn how to use your services, etc. Again, the goals should be in terms of what you want to accomplish with your audience.
2. Be really clear about who your audience is and about why is it important for them to be in the meeting. Members of your audience will want to know right away why they were the ones chosen to be in your presentation. Be sure that your presentation makes this clear to them right away. This will help you clarify your invitation list and design your invitation to them.
3. List the major points of information that you want to convey to your audience. When you're done making that list, then ask yourself, "If everyone in the audience understands all of those points, then will I have achieved the goal that I set for this meeting?"
4. Be clear about the tone that you want to set for your presentation, for example, hopefulness, celebration, warning, teamwork, etc. Consciously identifying the tone to yourself can help you cultivate that mood to your audience.
5. Design a brief opening (about 5-10% of your total time presentation time) that:
a. Presents your goals for the presentation.
b. Clarifies the benefits of the presentation to the audience.
c. Explains the overall layout of your presentation.
6. Prepare the body of your presentation (about 70-80% of your presentation time).
7. Design a brief closing (about 5-10% of your presentation time) that summarizes the key points from your presentation.
8. Design time for questions and answers (about 10% of the time of your presentation).

Basic Guidelines About Presentation Materials

You might be handing out supplemental materials, for example, articles, reports, etc. along with making your presentation. You might also be handing out copies of your presentation, for example, handing out copies of your slides that you will be referencing during your presentation. You might be using transparency slides or showing slides from a personal computer onto a project screen.
1. If you plan to project your slides from a computer onto a projection screen, then be sure to check out the computer system before people come into the meeting room, if at all possible.
2. Use a consistent layout, or organization of colors and images, on your materials.
3. If you use transparencies on an overhead projector, then allocate one slide for every 3-5 minutes of your presentation. Include 5-8 lines of bulleted phrases on each slide.
4. If you provide the supplemental information during your presentation, then your audience will very likely read that information during your presentation, rather than listening to you. Therefore, hand out this information after you have completed your presentation. Or, hand it out at the beginning of your presentation and ask them not to read it until you have completed your presentation.
5. If you hand out copies of your slides, be sure that the text on the slides is large enough that your audience can read the text on the table in front of them without having to hold the handouts up to their faces. Be sure to leave space on the handouts for the audience to make notes on them.

Basic Guidelines About Your Delivery

1. If you're speaking to a small group (for example, 2-15 people), then try to accomplish eye contact with each person for a few seconds throughout your delivery.
2. Look up from your materials, or notes, every 5-10 seconds, to look into the audience.
3. Speak a little bit louder and a little bit slower than you normally would do with a friend. A good way to practice these guidelines is to speak along with a news anchor when you're watching television.
4. Vary the volume and rate of your speech. A monotone voice is absolutely toxic to keeping the attention of an audience.
5. Stand with your feet at shoulder-length apart.
6. Keep your hands relatively still.

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Presentation Skills & PowerPoint
from http://www.med.yale.edu/library/education/powerpoint.html
The Medical Library offers Creating Presentations [UsingPowerPoint] (consult the library class schedule for available times), andwe provide consultations to assist MedicalCenter students, staff and faculty developing presentations.
Presentation Skills

• EffectivePresentations (Katie Bauer): PDF document with concise commentson creating and giving effective presentations.
• Tips for Presentations(Jan Glover): PDF document providing principles and techniques forcreating effective presentations/visual aids.
• Presentation tips from Dale Carnegie Training (Microsoft:Mactopia)
• PresentationSkills (University of Newcastle upon Tyne)
• Books on the topic:
  • How to Present at Meetings. George Hall, Editor. London:BMJ Books, 2001.
    Location: MEDICAL (Reference) Ref 20 R118 H695 2001
  • Scientific Papers and Presentations. Martha Davis. SanDiego: Academic Press, 1997.
    Location: MEDICAL (Reference) Ref 20 T11 D324 1997

PowerPoint Tutorials & Guides

• Importing/Scanning(Jan Glover): PDF document on importing and scanning images fromoutside applications.
• PowerPoint2000 Tutorial (Florida Gulf Coast University): A comprehensiveguide.
• PowerPoint 2000 (Canterbury University): Four-part tutorialcreated in PDF.
• PowerPoint Basics (University of Alberta): Tutorial onPowerPoint 2000, with comments for users of PowerPoint 97 forWindows and PowerPoint 98 for Macintosh.

PowerPoint Templates & Images

• Yale School of Medicine PowerPoint Templates & Logos,created by ITS-Med, for MicrosoftOffice 98 (Mac) and MicrosoftOffice 97 or 2000 (Windows). (Please note these templates arerestricted for use to faculty, staff, and employees of the YaleUniversity School of Medicine.)
• PresentersOnline (Epson, Inc.): One of many web sites where templates canbe downloaded.

Medical & Health Images on the Web

• Images.MD (BioMed Central):Yale University, Cushing/Whitney Medical Library subscribes toImages.MD which compiles over 48,000 high-quality images spanningall of internal medicine. Members of the Yale community canregister for "My Slides" account allowing you to convert slidesetsinto PowerPoint presentations and download up to 20 slides in oneemail.
• YSMMedical Images (Yale School of Medicine): Search the YaleMedical Image Teaching Collection for images to be used in academicpresentations and teaching.
• MedicalImages on the Web (McGoogan Library of Medicine, University ofNebraska Medical Center): Metasite for medical imagecollections.
• Public Health Image Library(PHIL) (Centers for Disease Control): Still images, image sets,and multimedia files related to public health.

Questions? Need a consultation?

• Janene Batten (737-2964) janene.batten@yale.edu
• Lei Wang (785-6485) lei.wang@yale.edu

[ 本帖最后由 zhangheng1020 于 2007-9-28 11:10 编辑 ]