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在请教题目之前，先想说一下这两道题目，是在怎样一种思维方法，怎样一种学习背景中产生的。我认为说明这一点十分必要：它使我求教的范围不局限于一时一题，还可以使你对我的整个的学习方法进行指导，产生更加深广的影响；不仅对我的考研英语，对我以后继续学习英语也大有裨益。
我把用在学习上的工夫分为两种，一种是笨力气，一种是巧力气。所谓笨力气，就是需要积累达到渐变才能取得成就的功夫，所谓巧力气，就是能用一句话概括的技巧，可以放之四海而皆准的原则。阅读对于我来说就是一种要下巧力气的活儿。考研阅读的技巧就是：抓住文章中心。无论是考文章主旨的题目还是考对文章中某句话理解的题目，只要想到它是为了惟一的那个中心思想而产生的，题目就能做对。
为了摸清出题人判断对错的标准，我常常会把同样类型的题目放在一起考虑。然而，有时会出现令我困惑的状况。请看：
（94年第二篇文章）7.The phrase "ring up sales" (Line 3, Para. 2) most probably means "__".
A. make an order of goods
B. record sales on a cash register
C. call the sales manager
D. keep track of the goods in stock
在文中与此题有关的句子是：
While computers offer these conveniences to consumers , they have many advantages for sellers too. Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales. They can keep a wide range of records, including who sold what, when, and to whom.
这题我觉得特殊的地方是，它基本无关文章主旨，因为文章第一段讲信用卡应用有多么广泛，给它的consumers带来了什么好处。第二段讲信用卡功能多么强大，给提供使用的sellers和manufactures带来了什么好处。第三段做了总结：信用卡，真有用啊真有用！所以通篇都在说信用卡这玩意儿怎么怎么好。与这一题有关的句子仅仅是说，ring up sales，真没用啊真没用！题目偏偏让你选ring up sales有啥功能。根据上文simply这个词儿，ring up sales的功能一定是computer拥有的几项功能之一。就看电脑有什么功能，拿去套选项－－这是我能想到的惟一办法，就是排除法。结果排除不干净。电脑的功能是：keep a wide range of records.如果把理解的重点落在wide上，那么就是说，ring up sales也可以record，只是没那么广泛。如果把理解的重点落在record上，那么就是说，ring up sales根本不可以record，它只能干别的。鉴于文章中就这么一处提到ring up sales,我就没法判断到底是哪种－－套用托尔斯泰的一句话说，好的东西都是一样的，不好的东西各有各的不好呀！在信后附上94年全文和题目，可以判断我说的对不对。
（答案选的是b,说明最后理解重点落在了wide上。如果把wide改成wider，那么毫无疑义，正确答案非常正确。可是目前这样我就不懂了，我看正确答案只能对一半，甚至更少－－record是正儿八经的中心词，要落重点为什么不往它身上落呢？）
下面两道词义推测题都是有关主旨的，又和这个94年第7题不一样了。这两题如果单出哪一题我都是明白的，可是当我进行归纳把它们放在一起考虑的时候，就不懂了。因为我觉得这两题的判断标准一条是从主旨大局考虑，一条是从词语本义考虑。难道出题人会干这么自己打自己嘴的事了？应该不会，请帮我看看我到底哪里理解错了吧：
（94年第五篇文章）17.What does the author probably mean by "untaught mind" in the first paragraph?
A. A person ignorant of the hard work involved in experimentation.
B. A citizen of a society that restricts personal creativity.
C. A person who has had no education.
D. An individual who often comes up with new ideas by accident.
原文出现在：Discoveries in science and technology are thought by "untaught minds" to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents. 这篇文章概括不出来特别明确的段意，勉强概括一下，无非是先批驳了关于创新错误观点：是来自电光火石间的一闪念，然后讲了创新的特点、本质、来源等等。（原文也附在信后）如果偏重本义那么c可以认为是对的，如果偏重文中的意思，A是对的。答案选A,符合我上文所说的根据主旨做题的思维方法，所以这题单独出现，我会非常认同。可恨的是又出现了06年的第7题：
7.The BBC's "royal charter" (Line 4, Paragraph 3) stands for__
(A) the financial support from the royal family
(B) the privileges granted by the Queen
(C) a contract with the Queen
(D) a unique relationship with the royal family
The reason for its inquiry is that the BBC' s royal charter runs out in 1996 and it must decide whether to keep the organization as it is ,or to make changes.
由于有不理会主旨和文中其他关联而把题目做错的经历，我不敢就根据charter这个词判断royal charter就是一种合同约定，而要在文中找证据。 （结果答案选ｃ，真是吃力不讨好啊！）由于run out这个词组可以指“用完”也可以指“到期”，所以它只能帮助我排除d选项，而d本来就是明显荒谬的。那么再看看整篇文章在说什么？第一段提到了bbc曾经可观的licence fee，讲述了一段辉煌的历史。第二段诉说了它悲惨的现状：暂时只能靠publicly-funded维持。说皇后的royal charter没了，就是在第三段。第四段更是露骨地说：(BBC)having no money。第五段说,广电业的变化带来了bbc的变化，这些变化正是commercial的，有广告还有观众的定制。总之，整篇文章紧紧围绕着一个话题：bbc和钱的关系。为什么就不能据此判断，本来皇室会给bbc一些资金支持呢？如果说这样证据不足，我看考研英语里面比这证据更加不足的还有呢！下面的问题就是和证据有关的。
先说我的另外一个层面上的思维方法。有人说做题是一门艺术，我觉得不对。至少做考研英语阅读理解就是一门科学。艺术没有功利性，我做题功利性可大了。如果不考研，我肯定喜欢看点英语文学作品什么的，我干吗自虐去做题呢？闲话少说，我的正题就是：做题要有凭有据，要有理性的思维方法。理性的思维方法怎么落实呢？就是不仅要理解正确答案为什么正确，还要证明它为什么惟一正确。如果仅仅能想通正确答案，获得的不过是一种对正确的感觉，是感性层面的。能够证明答案是惟一正确的，才能把选中正确答案的那种理性思维方法加以推广。所以我喜欢从文中找证据，首先找出哪句话是正确答案的来源，其次对这句话推敲推敲，琢磨答案是怎么从这个句子里面归纳出来的。
(95年第二篇）8.For personal growth ,the author advocates all of the following except_.
(A) curiosity about more chances (C) open-mindedness to new experiences
(B) promptness in self-adaptation (D) avoidance of internal fears and doubts
These feelings of insecurity and self-doubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow.
我想，根据作者说既不可避免，又必要，就推断作者不赞成avoidance of internal fears and doubts，是不是走得太过了？除了正确答案的那种理解方法，文中那句话也可以这样理解：作者认为internal fears and doubts是不好避免的，但是他还是希望大家能够避免这一点的。我这样想是因为上面一段刚刚还说作者不喜欢indecisive和timidity的。这两个词正好是fears and doubts的同义词。再加上还有作者说有的人可以quick and curious，unavoidable and necessary 就更像一句安慰的空话了。（这篇文章也附在下面）
(95年第三篇）11.From the passage we can infer that__.
(A) electronic mail will soon play a dominant role in transmitting messages
(B) it will become more difficult for people to keep secrets in an information era
(C) people will spend less time holding meetings or conferences
(D) events will be reported on the spot mainly through satellites
原文惟一出现e-mail的一句是：Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages.
这一题也是，虽然我可以理解正确答案a，可是我觉得正确答案证据不足。这篇文章通篇讲了信息的重要性，获得信息存在的问题和解决方法。第一段说因为社会变复杂，信息难以获得。第二段说因为二战后人口迁徙，信息难以获得。第三段说因为信息量变大，信息难以获得。第四段说，信息的storage and delivery其实各有方法。如果第四段内再分小段，就可以按照storage 和 delivery 两个部分来分。最后一段说信息真的好重要啊！所以这个题目就落在第四段，而且是第四段的后一小段。email在里面看来相当没有地位，它只是telecommunicaion developments的一支，而且并没有强调它是最有前途的一支。我觉得有可能选它的理由，就是：1它是惟一能实现段首说的：greater speed to more locaions和段尾说的：more information to more people的一种方法。可是，这个结论不是作者说的，是我根据自己的知识推出来的。2very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages这句话里面的shortly可以推出will soon怎样怎样，可是dominant又是如何推出的呢，作者没说要淘汰电视广播啊。这题我本来选ｃ，ｃ的理由也不足。
目前问题问完了。这封信本身倒是email可以play dominant role的绝好例子，呵呵。有劳姐姐听我啰嗦了半天，可能问题十分幼稚愚蠢，但我有时候转弯转不过来，还请姐姐赐教^-^
Passage 2（94年)
One hundred and thirteen million Americans have at least one bank-issued credit card. They give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even abroad, and they make many banking services available as well. More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically, making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations, whether or not the local branch bank is open. For many of us the "cashless society" is not on the horizon-it's already here.
While computers offer these conveniences to consumers , they have many advantages for sell- ers too. Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales. They can keep a wide range of records, including who sold what, when, and to whom. This information allows businessmen to keep track of their list of goods by showing which items are being sold and how fast they are moving. Decisions to reorder or return goods to suppliers can then be made. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employees are the most efficient , allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns. Computers are relied on by manufacturers for similar reasons. Computer-analyzed marketing reports can help to decide which products to emphasize now, which to develop for the future , and which to drop. Computers keep track of goods in stock, of raw materials on hand, and even of the production process itself.
Numerous other commercial enterprises , from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors , bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.
55 . According to the passage, the credit card enables its owner to__.
A. withdraw as much money from the bank as he wishes
B. obtain more convenient services than other people do
C. enjoy greater trust from the storekeeper
D. cash money wherever he wishes to
56. From the last sentence of the first paragraph we learn that __.
A. in the future all the Americans will use credit cards
B. credit cards are mainly used in the United States today
C. nowadays many Americans do not pay in cash
D. it is now more convenient to use credit cards than before
57. The phrase "ring up sales" (Line 3, Para. 2) most probably means "__".
A. make an order of goods
B. record sales on a cash register
C. call the sales manager
D. keep track of the goods in stock
58. What is this passage mainly about?
A. Approaches to the commercial use of computers.
B. Conveniences brought about by computers in business.
C. Significance of automation in commercial enterprises.
D. Advantages of credit cards in business.
Passage 5(94年)
Discoveries in science and technology are thought by "untaught minds" to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents. Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would have it, look at the mold on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then.
He experimented with antibacterial substances for nine years before he made his discovery. Inventions and innovations almost always come out of laborious trial and enor. Innovation is like soccer; even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score.
The point is that the players who score most are the ones who take most shots at the and so it goes with innovation in any field of activity. The prime difference between innovation and others is one of approach. Everybody gets ideas, but innovators work consciously on theirs, and they follow them through until they prove practicable or otherwise. What ordinary people see as fanciful abstractions , professional innovators see as solid possibilities.
"Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that there' s no particular virtue in doing things the way they have always been done, " wrote Rudolph Flexh, a language authority, this accounts for our reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels that make life more convenient : "How come nobody thought of that before?"
The creative approach begins with the proposition that nothing is as it appears. Innovators will not accept that there is only one way to do anything. Faced with getting from A to B, the average person will automatically set out on the best-known and apparently simplest route. The innovator will search for alternate courses, which may prove easier in the long run and are bound to be more interesting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends.
Highly creative individuals really do march to a different drummer.
67. What does the author probably mean by "untaught mind" in the first paragraph?
A. A person ignorant of the hard work involved in experimentation.
B. A citizen of a society that restricts personal creativity.
C. A person who has had no education.
D. An individual who often comes up with new ideas by accident.
68 . According to the author , what distinguishes innovators from non-innovators?
A. The variety of ideas they have.
B. The intelligence they possess.
C. The way they deal with problems.
D. The way they present their findings.
69. The author quotes Rudolph Flesch in Paragraph 3 because__.
A. Rudolph Flesch is the best-known expert in the study of human creativity
B. the quotation strengthens the assertion that creative individuals look for new ways of doing
things .
C. the reader is familiar with Rudolph Flesch' s point of view
D. the quotation adds a new idea to the information previously presented
70. The phrase "march to a different drummer" (the last line of the passage) suggests that highly
creative individuals are__.
A. diligent in pursuing their goals
B. reluctant to follow common ways of doing things
C. devoted to the progress of science
D. concemed about the advance of society
Passage 2(95年)
There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language-all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.
By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way. The process is not the road it self, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this process ,the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept .
In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may "fail" at first. How we see our-selves as we try a new way of being is essential to our ability to grow. Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious? If so, then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences. Do we think we're shy and indecisive? Then our sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate, to move slowly, and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe. Do we think we're slow to adapt to change or that we' re not smart enough to cope with a new challenge? Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all.（word的蓝色太刺眼，看着不舒服，我就换了这种颜色，这段就是我在上面所说的上文。）
These feelings of insecurity and self-doubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow. If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts, if we protect ourselves too much, then we cease to grow. We become trapped inside a shell of our own making .
55 . A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth then__.
(A) he has given up his smoking habit
(B) he has made great efforts in his work
(C) he is keen on learning anything new
(D) he has tried to determine where he is on his journey
56. In the author' s eyes, one who views personal growth as a process would__.
(A) succeed in climbing up the social ladder
(B) judge his ability to glow from his own achievements
(C) face difficulties and take up challenges
(D) aim high and reach his goal each time
57. When the author says "a new way of being" (line 3, para. 3) he is referring to__.
(A) a new approach to experiencing the world (C) a new method of perceiving ourselves
(B) a new way of taking risks (D) a new system of adaptation to change
58. For personal growth ,the author advocates all of the following except_.
(A) curiosity about more chances ( C) open-mindedness to new experiences
(B) promptness in self-adaptation (D) avoidance of internal fears and doubts
Passage 3
In such a changing , complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated. Many of life' s problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve. Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today.
In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War Ⅱ. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned .
Adding to societal changes today is an enormous stockpile of information. The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated , time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming .
Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before. Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine-readable files, and to program computers to locate specific information . Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages. Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence. Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing , and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site. Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people.
In this world of change and complexity , the need for information is of greatest importance. Those people who have accurate , reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems, the critical problems of their business, social and family life, will survive and succeed. "Knowledge is power" may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.
59. The word "it" (line 3, para. 2) most probably refers to__.
(A) the lack of stable communities
(B) the breakdown of informal information channels
(C) the increased mobility of families
(D) the growing number of people moving from place to place
60. The main problem people may encounter today arises form the fact that__.
(A) they have to learn new things consciously
(B) they lack the confidence of securing reliable and trustworthy information
(C) they have difficulty obtaining the needed information readily
(D) they can hardly carry out casual communications with an extended family.
61 . From the passage we can infer that__.
(A) electronic mail will soon play a dominant role in transmitting messages
(B) it will become more difficult for people to keep secrets in an information era
(C) people will spend less time holding meetings or conferences
(D) events will be reported on the spot mainly through satellites
62. We can learn from the last paragraph that __.
(A) it is necessary to obtain as much
(B) people should make the best use of the information
(C) we should realize the importance of accumulating information .
(D) it is of vital importance to acquire needed information efficiently
我曾经问过两个人，他们还没有给我特别有针对性的答案。所以继续问～ |
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发表于 2006-9-27 16:50:27
发表于 2006-9-27 23:03:46
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